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特定生物体的新陈代谢系统决定了哪些物质有营养，哪些有毒。例如，一些[[原核生物]]利用硫化氢作为营养物质，然而这种气体对动物是有毒的<ref name="Physiology1">{{cite book |author=Friedrich C |title=Physiology and genetics of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria |journal=Adv Microb Physiol |volume=39 |issue= |pages=235–89 |year=1998 |series=Advances in Microbial Physiology |isbn=978-0-12-027739-1}}</ref>。生物体的[[基础代谢率]]是所有这些化学反应所消耗能量的量度。

特定生物体的新陈代谢系统决定了哪些物质有营养，哪些有毒。例如，一些[[原核生物]]利用硫化氢作为营养物质，然而这种气体对动物是有毒的<ref name="Physiology1">{{cite book |author=Friedrich C |title=Physiology and genetics of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria |journal=Adv Microb Physiol |volume=39 |issue= |pages=235–89 |year=1998 |series=Advances in Microbial Physiology |isbn=978-0-12-027739-1}}</ref>。生物体的[[基础代谢率]]是所有这些化学反应所消耗能量的量度。

新陈代谢的一个显著特征是，不同物种之间的基本新陈代谢途径具有相似性<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pace NR | title = The universal nature of biochemistry | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 98 | issue = 3 | pages = 805–8 | date = January 2001 | pmid = 11158550 | pmc = 33372 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.98.3.805 | bibcode = 2001PNAS...98..805P }}</ref>。例如，作为[[三羧酸循环]]中的中间体，最著名的一组羧酸存在于所有已知的生物体中，它们在单细胞细菌[[大肠杆菌]]和巨大的多细胞生物（如大象）中都能被找到<ref name=SmithE>{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith E, Morowitz HJ | title = Universality in intermediary metabolism | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 101 | issue = 36 | pages = 13168–73 | date = September 2004 | pmid = 15340153 | pmc = 516543 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0404922101 | bibcode = 2004PNAS..10113168S }}</ref>。 这些代谢途径的相似性很可能是由于它们在演化史的早期出现，然后又因为它们的功效而保留下来<ref name=Ebenhoh>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ebenhöh O, Heinrich R | title = Evolutionary optimization of metabolic pathways. Theoretical reconstruction of the stoichiometry of ATP and NADH producing systems | journal = Bulletin of Mathematical Biology | volume = 63 | issue = 1 | pages = 21–55 | date = January 2001 | pmid = 11146883 | doi = 10.1006/bulm.2000.0197  }}</ref><ref name=Cascante>{{cite journal | vauthors = Meléndez-Hevia E, Waddell TG, Cascante M | title = The puzzle of the Krebs citric acid cycle: assembling the pieces of chemically feasible reactions, and opportunism in the design of metabolic pathways during evolution | journal = Journal of Molecular Evolution | volume = 43 | issue = 3 | pages = 293–303 | date = September 1996 | pmid = 8703096 | doi = 10.1007/BF02338838 | bibcode = 1996JMolE..43..293M }}</ref>。癌细胞的代谢也不同于正常细胞的代谢，这些差异可以用来寻找癌细胞治疗的靶点<ref name="Vander_Heiden_2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vander Heiden MG, DeBerardinis RJ | title = Understanding the Intersections between Metabolism and Cancer Biology | journal = Cell | volume = 168 | issue = 4 | pages = 657–669 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 28187287 | pmc = 5329766 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.039 }}</ref>。

新陈代谢的一个显著特征是，不同物种之间的基本新陈代谢途径具有相似性<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pace NR | title = The universal nature of biochemistry | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 98 | issue = 3 | pages = 805–8 | date = January 2001 | pmc = 33372 | bibcode = 2001PNAS...98..805P }}</ref>。例如，作为[[三羧酸循环]]中的中间体，最著名的一组羧酸存在于所有已知的生物体中，它们在单细胞细菌[[大肠杆菌]]和巨大的多细胞生物（如大象）中都能被找到<ref name=SmithE>{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith E, Morowitz HJ | title = Universality in intermediary metabolism | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 101 | issue = 36 | pages = 13168–73 | date = September 2004 | pmid = 15340153 | pmc = 516543 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0404922101 | bibcode = 2004PNAS..10113168S }}</ref>。 这些代谢途径的相似性很可能是由于它们在演化史的早期出现，然后又因为它们的功效而保留下来<ref name=Ebenhoh>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ebenhöh O, Heinrich R | title = Evolutionary optimization of metabolic pathways. Theoretical reconstruction of the stoichiometry of ATP and NADH producing systems | journal = Bulletin of Mathematical Biology | volume = 63 | issue = 1 | pages = 21–55 | date = January 2001 | pmid = 11146883 | doi = 10.1006/bulm.2000.0197  }}</ref><ref name=Cascante>{{cite journal | vauthors = Meléndez-Hevia E, Waddell TG, Cascante M | title = The puzzle of the Krebs citric acid cycle: assembling the pieces of chemically feasible reactions, and opportunism in the design of metabolic pathways during evolution | journal = Journal of Molecular Evolution | volume = 43 | issue = 3 | pages = 293–303 | date = September 1996 | pmid = 8703096 | doi = 10.1007/BF02338838 | bibcode = 1996JMolE..43..293M }}</ref>。癌细胞的代谢也不同于正常细胞的代谢，这些差异可以用来寻找癌细胞治疗的靶点<ref name="Vander_Heiden_2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vander Heiden MG, DeBerardinis RJ | title = Understanding the Intersections between Metabolism and Cancer Biology | journal = Cell | volume = 168 | issue = 4 | pages = 657–669 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 28187287 | pmc = 5329766 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.039 }}</ref>。

== 关键的生物化学成分 ==

== 关键的生物化学成分 ==

更多信息：生物分子，细胞（生物学）和生物化学

更多信息：生物分子，细胞（生物学）和生物化学

[[File:Aristotle's metabolism.png|thumb|right|upright=1.4|亚里士多德Aristotle的新陈代谢是一个开放性的流动模型。]]

[[File:Aristotle's metabolism.png|thumb|right|upright=1.4|亚里士多德Aristotle的新陈代谢是一个开放性的流动模型。]]

===希腊哲学 ===

===希腊哲学 ===

亚里士多德的《动物的各部分》详细阐述了他关于新陈代谢的观点，以便建立一个开放性的流动模型。他认为，在这个过程的每个阶段，来自食物的物质都会发生转化，释放出的热量成为火的典型元素，残余物质以尿液、胆汁或粪便的形式排出体外<ref>{{cite book|author=Leroi, Armand Marie|url=https://archive.org/stream/lagoonhowaristot0000lero?ref=ol#page/402/mode/2up|title=The Lagoon: How Aristotle Invented Science|date=2014|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=978-1-4088-3622-4|location=|pages=400–401|authorlink=Armand Marie Leroi}}</ref>。

亚里士多德的《动物的各部分》详细阐述了他关于新陈代谢的观点，以便建立一个开放性的流动模型。他认为，在这个过程的每个阶段，来自食物的物质都会发生转化，释放出的热量成为火的典型元素，残余物质以尿液、胆汁或粪便的形式排出体外<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/lagoonhowaristot0000lero?ref=ol#page/402/mode/2up|title=The Lagoon: How Aristotle Invented Science|date=2014|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=978-1-4088-3622-4|location=|pages=400–401|authorlink=Armand Marie Leroi}}</ref>。

===伊斯兰医学 ===

===伊斯兰医学 ===