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{{short description|English evolutionary biologist, and author}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2011}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Richard Dawkins
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|FRS|FRSL|size=100%}}
| image = Richard Dawkins Cooper Union Shankbone.jpg
| caption = Dawkins in 2010
| birth_name = Clinton Richard Dawkins
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1941|3|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya Colony|Colony and Protectorate of Kenya]]
| citizenship = [[United Kingdom]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = [[Oundle School]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Oxford]] (MA, DPhil) 
| doctoral_advisor = [[Nikolaas Tinbergen]]
| thesis_title = Selective pecking in the domestic chick
| thesis_url = http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.710826
| thesis_year = 1967
| workplaces = [[University of California, Berkeley]] [[New College, Oxford]] [[University of Oxford]] [[New College of the Humanities]]
| doctoral_students = {{Plainlist|
* [[Alan Grafen]]
* [[Mark Ridley (zoologist)|Mark Ridley]]<ref name=bw>{{cite book |title=The Blind Watchmaker |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |year=1986 |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-393-31570-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/blindwatchmaker0000dawk/page/ xvii] |title-link=The Blind Watchmaker }}</ref>}}
| known_for = {{Plainlist|
* [[Gene-centred view of evolution]]
* Concept of the [[meme]]
* [[Middle World]]
* [[Extended phenotype]]
* Advocacy of [[science]]; [[criticism of religion]]; "[[New Atheism]]"<ref>{{Cite IEP |url-id=n-atheis |title=The New Atheists |first=James E. |last=Taylor}}</ref>}}
| influences = [[Charles Darwin]], [[W. D. Hamilton]], [[Nikolaas Tinbergen]]<ref name="Appetite">{{cite book |title=An Appetite for Wonder |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Dawkins |year=2013 |publisher=Harper Collins |location=New York, New York |isbn=978-0-06-231580-9 |pages=271–283, 287–294 }}</ref>{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=67}}
| influenced = [[Andrew F. Read]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=3}} [[Helena Cronin]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=14}} [[John Krebs, Baron Krebs]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=27}} [[David Haig (biologist)|David Haig]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=50}} [[Alan Grafen]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=66}} [[Daniel Dennett]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=101}} [[David Deutsch]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=125}} [[Steven Pinker]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=130}} [[Martin Daly (professor)|Martin Daly]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=191}} [[Margo Wilson]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=191}} [[Randolph M. Nesse]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=203}} [[Kim Sterelny]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=213}} [[Michael Shermer]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=227}} [[Richard Harries, Baron Harries of Pentregarth]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=236}} [[A. C. Grayling]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=243}} [[Marek Kohn]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=248}} [[David P. Barash]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=255}} [[Matt Ridley]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=265}} [[Philip Pullman]]{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=270}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Marian Dawkins|Marian Stamp]] |19 August 1967|1984|end=divorced}} Eve Barham ({{abbr|m.|married}} 1984; {{abbr|div.|divorced}} 19??) [[Lalla Ward]] ({{abbr|m.|married}} 1992; [[Legal separation|{{abbr|sep.|separated}}]] 2016)
| children = 1
| awards = {{Plainlist|
* [[Zoological Society of London|ZSL]] [[Silver Medal (Zoological Society of London)|Silver Medal]] (1989)
* [[Michael Faraday Prize]] (1990)
* [[International Cosmos Prize]] (1997)
* [[Nierenberg Prize]] (2009)
* [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (2001)<ref name=frs>{{cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org/people/richard-dawkins-11316/ |publisher=[[Royal Society]] |location=London |title=Richard Dawkins |access-date=23 April 2016 |archive-date=10 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310184352/https://royalsociety.org/people/richard-dawkins-11316/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| signature = Richard Dawkins signature.svg
| website = {{URL|https://richarddawkins.net}}
| module = {{Listen| embed=yes | filename = Audio Richard Dawkins.wav | pos=center |title = Richard Dawkins introduces himself. (Recorded November, 2016.) | filename2 = Richard Dawkins BBC Radio4 Start the Week 17 Oct 2011 b015yr4h.flac | pos2=center | title2 = Richard Dawkins on science education. (From the BBC programme "Start the Week", 17 October 2011)}}
}}

'''Richard Dawkins''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|FRS|FRSL}} (born 26 March 1941)<ref name="deed poll">{{cite AV media|author=Tortoise |title=OMG – A ThinkIn with Richard Dawkins |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o5WxptJwL0Q?t=128 |website=YouTube |access-date=31 January 2020|time=2:08|date=2 December 2019}}</ref> is a British [[evolutionary biology|evolutionary biologist]] and [[author]]. He is an [[Oxford fellow|emeritus fellow]] of [[New College, Oxford]] and was [[Simonyi Professor for the Public Understanding of Science|Professor for Public Understanding of Science]] in the [[University of Oxford]] from 1995 to 2008. An [[atheist]], he is well known for his criticism of [[creationism]] and [[intelligent design]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/richard-dawkins-atheism-criticism-atheist-study-rice-university-science-scientists-a7389396.html |title=British scientists don't like Richard Dawkins, finds study that didn't even ask questions about Richard Dawkins |access-date=26 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609003903/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/richard-dawkins-atheism-criticism-atheist-study-rice-university-science-scientists-a7389396.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Richard Dawkins (born 26 March 1941) is a British evolutionary biologist and author. He is an emeritus fellow of New College, Oxford and was Professor for Public Understanding of Science in the University of Oxford from 1995 to 2008. An atheist, he is well known for his criticism of creationism and intelligent design.

理查德 · 道金斯(生于1941年3月26日)是英国进化生物学家和作家。他是牛津大学新学院的荣誉退休研究员，并于1995年至2008年在牛津大学担任公众理解科学教授。作为一个无神论者，他以对神创论和智慧设计论的批判而闻名。

Dawkins first came to prominence with his 1976 book ''[[The Selfish Gene]]'', which popularised the [[gene-centred view of evolution]] and introduced the term ''[[meme]]''. With his book ''[[The Extended Phenotype]]'' (1982), he introduced into [[evolutionary biology]] the influential concept that the [[phenotype|phenotypic]] effects of a [[gene]] are not necessarily limited to an organism's body, but can stretch far into the environment. In 2006, he founded the [[Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science]].

Dawkins first came to prominence with his 1976 book The Selfish Gene, which popularised the gene-centred view of evolution and introduced the term meme. With his book The Extended Phenotype (1982), he introduced into evolutionary biology the influential concept that the phenotypic effects of a gene are not necessarily limited to an organism's body, but can stretch far into the environment. In 2006, he founded the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science.

道金斯最早在1976年出版的《自私的基因》一书中崭露头角，该书推广了以基因为中心的进化论观点，并引入了“模因”(meme)一词。在1982年出版的《延伸表型》一书中，他将一个有影响力的概念引入进化生物学，即基因的表型效应不一定局限于有机体，而是可以延伸到环境中。2006年，他创立了理查德 · 道金斯理性与科学基金会。

In ''[[The Blind Watchmaker]]'' (1986), Dawkins argues against the [[watchmaker analogy]], an argument for the existence of a [[creator deity|supernatural creator]] based upon the [[Evolution of biological complexity|complexity of living organisms]]. Instead, he describes evolutionary processes as analogous to a ''blind'' watchmaker, in that [[reproduction]], [[mutation]], and [[Natural selection|selection]] are unguided by any designer. In ''[[The God Delusion]]'' (2006), Dawkins contends that a supernatural creator almost certainly does not exist and that religious faith is a [[delusion]]. Dawkins's atheist stances have sometimes attracted controversy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Is Richard Dawkins destroying his reputation?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/jun/09/is-richard-dawkins-destroying-his-reputation|newspaper=The Guardian|last=Elmhirst|first=Sophie|date=9 June 2015}}([[Op-ed]])</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Richard Dawkins on Charles Darwin|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7885670.stm|website=BBC News|date=14 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Richard Dawkins dropped from science event for tweeting video mocking feminists and Islamists|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/richard-dawkins-vdeo-twitter-necss-event-feminism-a6841161.html?amp|newspaper=The Independent|last=Blair|first=Olivia|date=29 January 2016}}</ref>

In The Blind Watchmaker (1986), Dawkins argues against the watchmaker analogy, an argument for the existence of a supernatural creator based upon the complexity of living organisms. Instead, he describes evolutionary processes as analogous to a blind watchmaker, in that reproduction, mutation, and selection are unguided by any designer. In The God Delusion (2006), Dawkins contends that a supernatural creator almost certainly does not exist and that religious faith is a delusion. Dawkins's atheist stances have sometimes attracted controversy.(Op-ed)

在《盲眼钟表匠(1986)中，Dawkins 反驳了基于生命有机体的复杂性而支持超自然创造者存在的钟表匠类比。相反，他将进化过程描述为类似于一个盲人钟表匠，因为繁殖、突变和选择是不受任何设计师指导的。在2006年出版的《上帝错觉，Dawkins 认为超自然的创造者几乎肯定不存在，而宗教信仰只是一种错觉。道金斯的无神论立场有时会引起争议。(点评)

Dawkins has been awarded academic and writing awards, and he makes television, radio, and internet appearances, predominantly discussing his books, atheism, and his ideas and opinions as a [[public intellectual]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The New Celebrity Scientists: Out of the Lab and into the Limelight |last=Fahy |first=Declan |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |year=2015 }}</ref>

Dawkins has been awarded academic and writing awards, and he makes television, radio, and internet appearances, predominantly discussing his books, atheism, and his ideas and opinions as a public intellectual.

道金斯被授予学术和写作奖，他在电视、广播和互联网上露面，主要讨论他的书籍、无神论以及他作为公共知识分子的想法和观点。

== Background ==

== Background ==

= = 背景 = =

=== Early life ===

=== Early life ===

= = 早年生活 = =

Clinton Richard Dawkins was born in [[Nairobi]], then the capital of the [[Kenya Colony|Colony and Protectorate of Kenya]], on 26 March 1941.<ref name="encycdotcom">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3449200042/dawkins-richard-1941.html |title=Dawkins, Richard 1941– – Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia.com |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |access-date=16 May 2014 |archive-date=12 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012161749/http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3449200042/dawkins-richard-1941.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Dawkins later dropped Clinton from his name by [[deed poll]].<ref name="deed poll"/> He is the son of Jean Mary Vyvyan (''née'' Ladner; 1916–2019)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dawkins |first1=Richard |title=My mother is 100 today. She & my late father gave me an idyllic childhood. Her writings on that time are quoted in An Appetite for Wonder |url=https://twitter.com/RichardDawkins/status/802104552195506178 |website=Twitter |access-date=26 November 2016 |archive-date=17 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617112151/https://twitter.com/RichardDawkins/status/802104552195506178 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dawkins |first1=Richard |title=My beloved mother died today, a month short of her 103rd birthday. As a young wartime bride she was brave and adventurous. Her epic journey up Africa, illegally accompanying my father, is recounted in passages from her diary, reproduced in An Appetite for Wonder. Rest in Peace. |url=https://twitter.com/RichardDawkins/status/1183908617541562369 |website=Twitter |access-date=15 October 2019 |archive-date=15 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015025639/https://twitter.com/RichardDawkins/status/1183908617541562369 |url-status=live }}</ref> and Clinton John Dawkins (1915–2010), an agricultural civil servant in the British [[Colonial Service]] in [[Nyasaland]] (present-day [[Malawi]]), of an Oxfordshire [[landed gentry]] family.<ref name="encycdotcom" /><ref>Burke's Landed Gentry 17th edition, ed. L. G. Pine, 1952, 'Dawkins of Over Norton' pedigree</ref><ref name="father's obit"/> His father was called up into the [[King's African Rifles]] during the [[Second World War]]<ref>{{cite book |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |title=The Ancestor's Tale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tub-X6wydKgC |date=October 2004 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-618-00583-3 |page=317 |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523013348/https://books.google.com/books?id=Tub-X6wydKgC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Brief Scientific Autobiography">{{cite web |url=http://richarddawkins.net/articles/4757-brief-scientific-autobiography |title=Brief Scientific Autobiography |access-date=17 July 2010 |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621114947/http://richarddawkins.net/articles/4757-brief-scientific-autobiography |archive-date=21 June 2010}}</ref> and returned to England in 1949, when Dawkins was eight. His father had inherited a country estate, [[Over Norton Park]] in [[Oxfordshire]], which he farmed commercially.<ref name="father's obit">{{Cite news |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |title=Lives Remembered: John Dawkins |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=11 December 2010 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/lives-remembered-john-dawkins-2157459.html |access-date=12 December 2010 |location=London |archive-date=13 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213080623/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/lives-remembered-john-dawkins-2157459.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Dawkins lives in [[Oxford]], England.<ref name="strident">{{cite news |title=Richard Dawkins: 'I don't think I am strident or aggressive' |first=Andrew |last=Anthony |date=15 September 2013 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/sep/15/richard-dawkins-interview-appetite-wonder |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=21 September 2014 |archive-date=29 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529212022/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/sep/15/richard-dawkins-interview-appetite-wonder |url-status=live }}</ref> He has a younger sister, Sarah.<ref name="Darwin's child"/>

Clinton Richard Dawkins was born in Nairobi, then the capital of the Colony and Protectorate of Kenya, on 26 March 1941. Dawkins later dropped Clinton from his name by deed poll. He is the son of Jean Mary Vyvyan (née Ladner; 1916–2019) and Clinton John Dawkins (1915–2010), an agricultural civil servant in the British Colonial Service in Nyasaland (present-day Malawi), of an Oxfordshire landed gentry family.Burke's Landed Gentry 17th edition, ed. L. G. Pine, 1952, 'Dawkins of Over Norton' pedigree His father was called up into the King's African Rifles during the Second World War and returned to England in 1949, when Dawkins was eight. His father had inherited a country estate, Over Norton Park in Oxfordshire, which he farmed commercially. Dawkins lives in Oxford, England. He has a younger sister, Sarah.

1941年3月26日，理查德·道金斯出生于当时的英属肯尼亚首都内罗毕。道金斯后来通过契约投票把克林顿从他的名字中去掉了。他是让 · 玛丽 · 维维安(Jean Mary Vyvyan，1916-2019年)和克林顿 · 约翰 · 道金斯(Clinton John Dawkins，1915-2010年)的儿子，后者是尼亚萨兰(今天的马拉维)英国殖民局的一名农业公务员，出身于牛津郡一个有土地的贵族家庭。17th edition，ed.他的父亲在第二次世界大战期间被召入国王的非洲步枪队，并于1949年返回英国，当时道金斯只有八岁。他的父亲继承了位于牛津郡诺顿公园的一处乡村庄园，并进行了商业开发。道金斯住在英国的牛津。他有一个妹妹，叫莎拉。

His parents were interested in [[natural science]]s, and they answered Dawkins's questions in scientific terms.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/uk/2000/newsmakers/1595744.stm |title=Richard Dawkins: The foibles of faith |access-date=13 March 2008 |date=12 October 2001 |work=BBC News |archive-date=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619035204/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/uk/2000/newsmakers/1595744.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Dawkins describes his childhood as "a normal [[Anglican]] upbringing".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pollard |first=Nick |title=High Profile |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=17rzvh_Ve0IC |volume=18 |date=April 1995 |page=15 |issn=0309-3492 |issue=3 |journal=[[Third Way Magazine|Third Way]] |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523013222/https://books.google.com/books?id=17rzvh_Ve0IC |url-status=live }}</ref> He embraced [[Christianity]] until halfway through his teenage years, at which point he concluded that the [[Extended evolutionary synthesis|theory of evolution]] alone was a better explanation for life's complexity, and ceased believing in a god.<ref name="Darwin's child">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/feb/10/religion.scienceandnature |last=Hattenstone |first=Simon |title=Darwin's child |access-date=22 April 2008 |date=10 February 2003 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |archive-date=24 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724001426/https://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/scienceandnature/story/0,6000,892495,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Dawkins states: "The main residual reason why I was religious was from being so impressed with the complexity of life and feeling that it had to have a designer, and I think it was when I realised that Darwinism was a far superior explanation that pulled the rug out from under the argument of design. And that left me with nothing."<ref name="Darwin's child"/>

His parents were interested in natural sciences, and they answered Dawkins's questions in scientific terms. Dawkins describes his childhood as "a normal Anglican upbringing". He embraced Christianity until halfway through his teenage years, at which point he concluded that the theory of evolution alone was a better explanation for life's complexity, and ceased believing in a god. Dawkins states: "The main residual reason why I was religious was from being so impressed with the complexity of life and feeling that it had to have a designer, and I think it was when I realised that Darwinism was a far superior explanation that pulled the rug out from under the argument of design. And that left me with nothing."

他的父母对自然科学很感兴趣，他们用科学的术语回答了道金斯的问题。道金斯将他的童年描述为“一个正常的英国国教徒的成长过程”。他信奉基督教直到青少年时期的一半，那时他得出结论，进化论本身是对生命复杂性更好的解释，并且不再相信上帝。道金斯说: “我信仰宗教的主要残余原因是，我对生活的复杂性印象深刻，感觉它必须有一个设计师，我认为这是当我意识到达尔文主义是一个远远优越的解释，从设计的论点下拉出地毯。这让我一无所有。”

=== Education ===
[[File:Oundlegreathall.jpg|thumb|260px|right|The Great Hall, [[Oundle School]]]]
On his return to England from Nyasaland in 1949, at the age of eight, Dawkins joined [[Chafyn Grove School]], in [[Wiltshire]],<ref>Alister E. McGrath, ''Dawkins' God: From The Selfish Gene to The God Delusion'' (2015), p. 33</ref> and after that from 1954 to 1959 attended [[Oundle School]] in [[Northamptonshire]], an English [[Public school (United Kingdom)|public school]] with a [[Church of England]] ethos,<ref name="Darwin's child"/> where he was in Laundimer House.<ref name="Oundle2012b">{{cite web |ref=CITEREFOundle2012b |url=http://www.oundleschool.org.uk./extracurric/lectures.php |title=The Oundle Lecture Series |publisher=[[Oundle School]] |year=2012b |access-date=12 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430063443/http://www.oundleschool.org.uk/extracurric/lectures.php |archive-date=30 April 2012}}</ref> While at Oundle, Dawkins read [[Bertrand Russell]]'s ''[[Why I Am Not a Christian]]'' for the first time.{{sfn|Dawkins|2015|p=175}} He studied [[zoology]] at [[Balliol College, Oxford]], graduating in 1962; while there, he was tutored by [[Nobel Prize]]-winning ethologist [[Nikolaas Tinbergen]]. He graduated with second-class honours.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3657215/Preaching-to-the-converted.html |title=Preaching to the converted |journal=Daily Telegraph |last=Preston |first=John |date=17 December 2006 |access-date=9 May 2019 |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235 |archive-date=9 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509210248/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3657215/Preaching-to-the-converted.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On his return to England from Nyasaland in 1949, at the age of eight, Dawkins joined Chafyn Grove School, in Wiltshire,Alister E. McGrath, Dawkins' God: From The Selfish Gene to The God Delusion (2015), p. 33 and after that from 1954 to 1959 attended Oundle School in Northamptonshire, an English public school with a Church of England ethos, where he was in Laundimer House. While at Oundle, Dawkins read Bertrand Russell's Why I Am Not a Christian for the first time. He studied zoology at Balliol College, Oxford, graduating in 1962; while there, he was tutored by Nobel Prize-winning ethologist Nikolaas Tinbergen. He graduated with second-class honours.

1949年，8岁的道金斯从尼亚萨兰回到英格兰，加入了威尔特郡的查芬格罗夫学校，阿利斯特 e. 麦格拉思，道金斯的《上帝: 从自私的基因到上帝错觉》(2015) ，第33页，之后从1954年到1959年，他进入了北安普敦郡的奥德尔学校，一所有着英格兰教会精神的英国公立学校，他在朗迪默学校。在昂德尔的时候，Dawkins 第一次读了伯特兰·罗素的《为什么我不是基督徒》。他于1962年毕业于牛津大学贝利尔学院，学习动物学; 在那里，他得到了诺贝尔奖获得者动物行为学家尼古拉斯·廷贝亨的指导。他以二等荣誉毕业。

He continued as a research student under Tinbergen's supervision, receiving his [[Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)|MA]] and [[Doctor of Philosophy]]<ref name=dawkins>{{cite thesis |degree=DPhil |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |title=Selective pecking in the domestic chick |publisher=University of Oxford |date=1966 |url=http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/OXVU1:LSCOP_OX:oxfaleph020515491 |website=bodleian.ox.ac.uk |access-date=8 November 2017 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060816/http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?vid=SOLO&docid=oxfaleph020515491&context=L&search_scope=LSCOP_OX |url-status=live }} {{EThOS|uk.bl.ethos.710826}}</ref> degrees by 1966, and remained a research assistant for another year.<ref name="cv">{{cite web |url=http://www.fontem.com/archivos/usuarios/cv_521.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103225115/http://www.fontem.com/archivos/usuarios/cv_521.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 November 2012 |title=Curriculum vitae |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |date=1 January 2006 |access-date=13 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="cv2">{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/CV.shtml |title=Richard Dawkins: CV |date=1 January 2006 |access-date=1 March 2007 |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423211133/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/CV.shtml |archive-date=23 April 2008}} For direct link to media, see [https://web.archive.org/web/20070225195322/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/CV.pdf this link]</ref> Tinbergen was a pioneer in the study of animal behaviour, particularly in the areas of [[instinct]], learning, and choice;<ref name="Shrage">{{cite news |first=Michael |last=Schrage |title=Revolutionary Evolutionist |date=July 1995 |url=https://www.wired.com/1995/07/dawkins/ |work=Wired |access-date=21 April 2008 |archive-date=29 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429065556/http://www.wired.com/1995/07/dawkins/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Dawkins's research in this period concerned models of animal decision-making.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |title=A threshold model of choice behaviour |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=17 |year=1969 |doi=10.1016/0003-3472(69)90120-1 |pages=120–133 |issue=1}}</ref>

He continued as a research student under Tinbergen's supervision, receiving his MA and Doctor of Philosophy degrees by 1966, and remained a research assistant for another year. For direct link to media, see this link Tinbergen was a pioneer in the study of animal behaviour, particularly in the areas of instinct, learning, and choice; Dawkins's research in this period concerned models of animal decision-making.

在丁伯根的指导下，他继续作为一名研究生，在1966年获得了哲学硕士和博士学位，又做了一年的研究助理。关于与媒体的直接联系，请看这一联系，廷伯根是动物行为研究的先驱，特别是在本能、学习和选择领域; 道金斯在这一时期的研究涉及动物决策模型。

=== Teaching ===

=== Teaching ===

= = 教学 = = =

From 1967 to 1969, Dawkins was an assistant professor of zoology at the [[University of California, Berkeley]]. During this period, the students and faculty at UC Berkeley were largely opposed to the ongoing [[Vietnam War]], and Dawkins became involved in the [[Opposition to the Vietnam War|anti-war]] demonstrations and activities.<ref name="belief interview">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/people/dawkins.shtml |title="Belief" interview |access-date=8 April 2008 |date=5 April 2004 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=29 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329090942/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/people/dawkins.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> He returned to the University of Oxford in 1970 as a lecturer. In 1990, he became a [[reader (academic rank)|reader]] in zoology. In 1995, he was appointed [[Simonyi Professorship for the Public Understanding of Science|Simonyi Professor for the Public Understanding of Science]] at Oxford, a position that had been endowed by [[Charles Simonyi]] with the express intention that the holder "be expected to make important contributions to the public understanding of some scientific field",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims/charles-simonyis-manifesto.html |title=Manifesto for the Simonyi Professorship |access-date=13 March 2008 |last=Simonyi |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Simonyi |date=15 May 1995 |publisher=The University of Oxford |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205051240/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims/charles-simonyis-manifesto.html |archive-date=5 February 2016}}</ref> and that its first holder should be Richard Dawkins.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims.html |title=Aims of the Simonyi Professorship |date=23 April 2008 |access-date=28 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206202718/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims.html |archive-date=6 February 2016}}</ref> He held that professorship from 1995 until 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/previous-holders-simonyi-professorship.html |title=Previous holders of The Simonyi Professorship |access-date=23 September 2010 |publisher=The University of Oxford |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131193825/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/previous-holders-simonyi-professorship.html |archive-date=31 January 2016}}</ref>

From 1967 to 1969, Dawkins was an assistant professor of zoology at the University of California, Berkeley. During this period, the students and faculty at UC Berkeley were largely opposed to the ongoing Vietnam War, and Dawkins became involved in the anti-war demonstrations and activities. He returned to the University of Oxford in 1970 as a lecturer. In 1990, he became a reader in zoology. In 1995, he was appointed Simonyi Professor for the Public Understanding of Science at Oxford, a position that had been endowed by Charles Simonyi with the express intention that the holder "be expected to make important contributions to the public understanding of some scientific field", and that its first holder should be Richard Dawkins. He held that professorship from 1995 until 2008.

从1967年到1969年，道金斯是加州大学伯克利分校的动物学助理教授。在此期间，加州大学伯克利分校的学生和教师大多反对正在进行的越南战争，道金斯参与了反战示威和活动。1970年，他回到牛津大学担任讲师。1990年，他成为动物学的读者。1995年，他被任命为牛津大学的公众科学普及教授，这个职位是 Charles Simonyi 授予的，明确的意图是持有者“应该对公众对某个科学领域的理解做出重要贡献”，第一个持有者应该是 Richard Dawkins。从1995年到2008年，他一直担任教授。

Since 1970, he has been a [[Oxford fellow|fellow]] of [[New College, Oxford]], and he is now an [[emeritus]] fellow.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.new.ox.ac.uk/emeritus-honorary-and-wykeham-fellows |title=Emeritus, Honorary and Wykeham Fellows |date=2 May 2008 |access-date=20 January 2016 |publisher=[[New College, Oxford]] |archive-date=10 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510045539/http://www.new.ox.ac.uk/Teaching_and_Research/Staff_Profile_Page.php?staffId=15 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/previous-holders-simonyi-professorship/professor-richard-dawkins.html |title=The Current Simonyi Professor: Richard Dawkins |access-date=13 March 2008 |publisher=The University of Oxford |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311205030/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/previous-holders-simonyi-professorship/professor-richard-dawkins.html |archive-date=11 March 2016}}</ref> He has delivered many lectures, including the [[Henry Sidgwick]] Memorial Lecture (1989), the first [[Erasmus Darwin]] Memorial Lecture (1990), the [[Michael Faraday]] Lecture (1991), the [[Thomas Henry Huxley|T. H. Huxley]] Memorial Lecture (1992), the [[James Irvine (chemist)|Irvine]] Memorial Lecture (1997), the Tinbergen Lecture (2004), and the [[Tanner Lectures]] (2003).<ref name=cv/> In 1991, he gave the [[Royal Institution Christmas Lectures|Royal Institution Christmas Lectures for Children]] on ''[[Growing Up in the Universe]]''. He also has edited several journals, and has acted as editorial advisor to the ''Encarta Encyclopedia'' and the ''[[Encyclopedia of Evolution]]''. He is listed as a senior editor and a columnist of the [[Council for Secular Humanism]]'s ''Free Inquiry'' magazine, and has been a member of the editorial board of ''[[Skeptic (U.S. magazine)|Skeptic]]'' magazine since its foundation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skeptic.com/the_magazine/editorial_board.html |title=Editorial Board |access-date=22 April 2008 |publisher=The Skeptics' Society |archive-date=10 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410145522/http://www.skeptic.com/the_magazine/editorial_board.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Since 1970, he has been a fellow of New College, Oxford, and he is now an emeritus fellow. He has delivered many lectures, including the Henry Sidgwick Memorial Lecture (1989), the first Erasmus Darwin Memorial Lecture (1990), the Michael Faraday Lecture (1991), the T. H. Huxley Memorial Lecture (1992), the Irvine Memorial Lecture (1997), the Tinbergen Lecture (2004), and the Tanner Lectures (2003). In 1991, he gave the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures for Children on Growing Up in the Universe. He also has edited several journals, and has acted as editorial advisor to the Encarta Encyclopedia and the Encyclopedia of Evolution. He is listed as a senior editor and a columnist of the Council for Secular Humanism's Free Inquiry magazine, and has been a member of the editorial board of Skeptic magazine since its foundation.

自1970年以来，他一直是牛津大学新学院的研究员，现在是名誉研究员。他曾发表多次演讲，包括亨利 · 西奇威克纪念讲座(1989年)、第一次伊拉斯谟斯 · 达尔文纪念讲座(1990年)、迈克尔 · 法拉第讲座(1991年)、 t · h · 赫胥黎纪念讲座(1992年)、欧文纪念讲座(1997年)、丁伯根讲座(2004年)及坦纳讲座(2003年)。1991年，他在《圣诞讲座发表了《在宇宙中成长的孩子》一书。他还编辑了几本期刊，并担任了 Encarta 百科全书和进化百科全书的编辑顾问。他是世俗人文主义自由调查杂志委员会的高级编辑和专栏作家，自《怀疑论》杂志成立以来，他一直是该杂志编辑委员会的成员。

Dawkins has sat on judging panels for awards as diverse as the [[Royal Society]]'s [[Faraday Award]] and the [[British Academy Television Awards]],<ref name="cv" /> and has been president of the Biological Sciences section of the [[British Association for the Advancement of Science]]. In 2004, [[Balliol College, Oxford]], instituted the Dawkins Prize, awarded for "outstanding research into the ecology and behaviour of animals whose welfare and survival may be endangered by human activities".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.balliol.ox.ac.uk/official/miscellany/dawkins/index.asp |title=The Dawkins Prize for Animal Conservation and Welfare |access-date=30 March 2008 |date=9 November 2007 |publisher=Balliol College, Oxford |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912192317/http://www.balliol.ox.ac.uk/official/miscellany/dawkins/index.asp |archive-date=12 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In September 2008, he retired from his professorship, announcing plans to "write a book aimed at youngsters in which he will warn them against believing in 'anti-scientific' fairytales."<ref name="telegraph2008">{{cite news |title=Harry Potter fails to cast spell over Professor Richard Dawkins |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/3255972/Harry-Potter-fails-to-cast-spell-over-Professor-Richard-Dawkins.html |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=1 November 2008 |author1=Beckford, Martin |author2=Khan, Urmee |name-list-style=amp |location=London |date=24 October 2008 |archive-date=4 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081104032214/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/3255972/Harry-Potter-fails-to-cast-spell-over-Professor-Richard-Dawkins.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Dawkins has sat on judging panels for awards as diverse as the Royal Society's Faraday Award and the British Academy Television Awards, and has been president of the Biological Sciences section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. In 2004, Balliol College, Oxford, instituted the Dawkins Prize, awarded for "outstanding research into the ecology and behaviour of animals whose welfare and survival may be endangered by human activities". In September 2008, he retired from his professorship, announcing plans to "write a book aimed at youngsters in which he will warn them against believing in 'anti-scientific' fairytales."

曾经担任过各种奖项的评委，包括皇家学会的法拉第奖和英国电视学院奖，同时也是英国科学协会生物科学部门的主席。2004年，牛津大学贝利奥尔学院设立了道金斯奖，以表彰“对动物生态和行为的杰出研究，这些动物的福祉和生存可能受到人类活动的威胁”。2008年9月，他从教授职位上退休，宣布计划“写一本针对年轻人的书，在书中他将警告他们不要相信‘反科学’的童话。”

In 2011, Dawkins joined the professoriate of the [[New College of the Humanities]], a [[private university]] in London established by [[A. C. Grayling]], which opened in September 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/8557555/New-university-to-rival-Oxbridge-will-charge-18000-a-year.html |title=New university to rival Oxbridge will charge £18,000 a year |date=5 June 2011 |access-date=20 January 2016 |work=[[Sunday Telegraph]] |archive-date=29 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429113425/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/8557555/New-university-to-rival-Oxbridge-will-charge-18000-a-year.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2011, Dawkins joined the professoriate of the New College of the Humanities, a private university in London established by A. C. Grayling, which opened in September 2012.

2011年，道金斯加入了新人文学院的教授职位，这是一所位于伦敦的私立大学，由 a · c · 格雷林创办，于2012年9月开办。

== Work ==

== Work ==

= = 工作 = =

===Evolutionary biology===
{{further|Gene-centred view of evolution}}

[[File:Dawkins at UT Austin.jpg|thumb|right|upright|At the [[University of Texas at Austin]], March 2008]]

Dawkins is best known for his popularisation of the [[gene]] as the principal [[unit of selection]] in [[evolution]]; this view is most clearly set out in his books:<ref>{{cite book |title=Richard Dawkins: How a Scientist Changed the Way We Think : Reflections by Scientists, Writers, and Philosophers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lH4sh2436rEC&q=%22evolutionary+biologist%22 |year=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-921466-2 |page=228 |first1=Mark |last1=Ridley |access-date=27 January 2016 |archive-date=19 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319065837/http://books.google.com/books?id=lH4sh2436rEC&q=%22evolutionary+biologist%22 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Lloyd |first=Elisabeth Anne |title=The structure and confirmation of evolutionary theory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hO8vHTSiBkAC |year=1994 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-00046-6 |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523013222/https://books.google.com/books?id=hO8vHTSiBkAC |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[The Selfish Gene]]'' (1976), in which he notes that "all life evolves by the differential survival of replicating entities".
* ''[[The Extended Phenotype]]'' (1982), in which he describes [[natural selection]] as "the process whereby [[DNA replication|replicators]] out-propagate each other". He introduces to a wider audience the influential concept he presented in 1977,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dawkins |first1=Richard |title=Replicator Selection and the Extended Phenotype |journal=Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie |date=1978 |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=61–76 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0310.1978.tb01823.x |pmid=696023}}</ref> that the [[phenotype|phenotypic]] effects of a gene are not necessarily limited to an organism's body, but can stretch far into the environment, including the bodies of other organisms. Dawkins regarded the extended phenotype as his single most important contribution to evolutionary biology and he considered [[niche construction]] to be a special case of extended phenotype. The concept of extended phenotype helps explain evolution, but it does not help predict specific outcomes.<ref name="esf">{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090119081333.htm |title=European Evolutionary Biologists Rally Behind Richard Dawkins's Extended Phenotype |publisher=Sciencedaily.com |date=20 January 2009 |access-date=28 June 2011 |archive-date=13 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213083316/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090119081333.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Dawkins is best known for his popularisation of the gene as the principal unit of selection in evolution; this view is most clearly set out in his books:
* The Selfish Gene (1976), in which he notes that "all life evolves by the differential survival of replicating entities".
* The Extended Phenotype (1982), in which he describes natural selection as "the process whereby replicators out-propagate each other". He introduces to a wider audience the influential concept he presented in 1977, that the phenotypic effects of a gene are not necessarily limited to an organism's body, but can stretch far into the environment, including the bodies of other organisms. Dawkins regarded the extended phenotype as his single most important contribution to evolutionary biology and he considered niche construction to be a special case of extended phenotype. The concept of extended phenotype helps explain evolution, but it does not help predict specific outcomes.

道金斯最著名的是他将基因作为进化中选择的主要单位而广为人知，这一观点在他的著作《自私的基因》(The Selfish Gene，1976)中得到了最清晰的阐述。他在书中指出，“所有生命都是通过复制实体的不同生存方式进化的”。
* 延伸表型(1982) ，其中他将自然选择描述为“复制因子相互超越繁殖的过程”。他向更广泛的受众介绍了他在1977年提出的有影响力的概念，即基因的表型效应不一定局限于有机体，而是可以延伸到环境中，包括其他有机体的表型效应。道金斯认为扩展表型是他对进化生物学最重要的贡献，他认为生态位构建是扩展表型的一个特例。扩展表型的概念有助于解释进化，但它无助于预测特定的结果。

Dawkins has consistently been sceptical about non-adaptive processes in evolution (such as [[spandrel (biology)|spandrels]], described by [[Stephen Jay Gould|Gould]] and [[Richard Lewontin|Lewontin]])<ref name="gould-lewontin">{{cite journal |last=Gould |first=Stephen Jay |author-link=Stephen Jay Gould |author2=Lewontin, Richard C. |author2-link=Richard Lewontin |year=1979 |title=The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London |volume=205 |issue=1161 |series=B |pages=581–98 |doi=10.1098/rspb.1979.0086 |pmid=42062 |bibcode=1979RSPSB.205..581G|s2cid=2129408 }}</ref> and about selection at levels "above" that of the gene.<ref name=Extended_Phenotype>{{cite book |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |title=The extended phenotype: the long reach of the gene |url=https://archive.org/details/extendedphenotyp0000dawk |url-access=registration |year=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0192880512 |edition=Revised with new afterword and further reading}}</ref> He is particularly sceptical about the practical possibility or importance of [[group selection]] as a basis for understanding [[altruism]].{{sfn|Dawkins|2006|p=169–72}}
This behaviour appears at first to be an evolutionary paradox, since helping others costs precious resources and decreases one's own [[fitness (biology)|fitness]]. Previously, many had interpreted this as an aspect of group selection: individuals are doing what is best for the survival of the population or species as a whole. British evolutionary biologist [[W. D. Hamilton]] used gene-frequency analysis in his [[inclusive fitness]] theory to show how hereditary altruistic traits can evolve if there is sufficient genetic similarity between actors and recipients of such altruism (including close relatives).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=W.D. |author-link=W. D. Hamilton |title=The genetical evolution of social behaviour I and II |journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1–16, 17–52 |year=1964 |doi=10.1016/0022-5193(64)90038-4 |pmid=5875341}}</ref>{{Ref label|a|a|none}} Hamilton's inclusive fitness has since been successfully applied to a wide range of organisms, including [[human inclusive fitness|humans]]. Similarly, [[Robert Trivers]], thinking in terms of the gene-centred model, developed the theory of [[reciprocal altruism]], whereby one organism provides a benefit to another in the expectation of future reciprocation.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Trivers |first=Robert |title=The evolution of reciprocal altruism |journal=Quarterly Review of Biology |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=35–57 |year=1971 |doi=10.1086/406755 |s2cid=19027999 |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4e671994e5b0c7aefbecd050e95fdb45272d7e12 |access-date=16 December 2019 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060816/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Evolution-of-Reciprocal-Altruism-Trivers/4e671994e5b0c7aefbecd050e95fdb45272d7e12 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dawkins popularised these ideas in ''The Selfish Gene'', and developed them in his own work.<ref name="dawkins79">{{cite journal |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |title=Twelve Misunderstandings of Kin Selection |journal=Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie |volume=51 |pages=184–200 |year=1979 |issue=2 |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/writings/Twelve%20Misunderstandings%20of%20Kin%20Selection.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529180009/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/writings/Twelve%20Misunderstandings%20of%20Kin%20Selection.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2008 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00682.x}}</ref> In June 2012, Dawkins was highly critical of fellow biologist [[E. O. Wilson]]'s 2012 book ''[[The Social Conquest of Earth]]'' as misunderstanding Hamilton's theory of kin selection.<ref>{{cite news |last=Thorpe |first=Vanessa |title=Richard Dawkins in furious row with EO Wilson over theory of evolution. Book review sparks war of words between grand old man of biology and Oxford's most high-profile Darwinist |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/jun/24/battle-of-the-professors |access-date=3 October 2012 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=24 June 2012 |location=London |archive-date=6 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506014702/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/jun/24/battle-of-the-professors |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dawkins |first1=Richard |title=The Descent of Edward Wilson |url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/edward-wilson-social-conquest-earth-evolutionary-errors-origin-species |access-date=24 October 2015 |work=[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]] |date=24 May 2012 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105332/http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/edward-wilson-social-conquest-earth-evolutionary-errors-origin-species |url-status=live }}</ref> Dawkins has also been strongly critical of the [[Gaia hypothesis]] of the independent scientist [[James Lovelock]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The molecular biology of Gaia |url=https://archive.org/details/molecularbiology0000will |url-access=registration |year=1996 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-10512-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/molecularbiology0000will/page/178 178] |first1=George Ronald |last1=Williams}} [https://archive.org/details/molecularbiology0000will/page/178 Extract of page 178]</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Scientists debate gaia: the next century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TOi1Cyj9h1UC |year=2004 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-19498-3 |page=72 |first1=Stephen Henry |last1=Schneider |access-date=27 January 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729013112/https://books.google.com/books?id=TOi1Cyj9h1UC |url-status=live }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=TOi1Cyj9h1UC&pg=PA72 Extract of p. 72] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319005453/http://books.google.com/books?id=TOi1Cyj9h1UC&pg=PA72 |date=19 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Unweaving the Rainbow: Science, Delusion and the Appetite for Wonder |journal=Unweaving the Rainbow : Science |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZudTchiioUoC |year=2000 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-618-05673-6 |page=223 |first1=Richard |last1=Dawkins |bibcode=1998ursd.book.....D |access-date=27 January 2016 |archive-date=21 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921122549/http://books.google.com/books?id=ZudTchiioUoC |url-status=live }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZudTchiioUoC&pg=PA223 Extract of p. 223] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064040/http://books.google.com/books?id=ZudTchiioUoC&pg=PA223 |date=19 March 2015 }}</ref>

Dawkins has consistently been sceptical about non-adaptive processes in evolution (such as spandrels, described by Gould and Lewontin) and about selection at levels "above" that of the gene. He is particularly sceptical about the practical possibility or importance of group selection as a basis for understanding altruism.
This behaviour appears at first to be an evolutionary paradox, since helping others costs precious resources and decreases one's own fitness. Previously, many had interpreted this as an aspect of group selection: individuals are doing what is best for the survival of the population or species as a whole. British evolutionary biologist W. D. Hamilton used gene-frequency analysis in his inclusive fitness theory to show how hereditary altruistic traits can evolve if there is sufficient genetic similarity between actors and recipients of such altruism (including close relatives). Hamilton's inclusive fitness has since been successfully applied to a wide range of organisms, including humans. Similarly, Robert Trivers, thinking in terms of the gene-centred model, developed the theory of reciprocal altruism, whereby one organism provides a benefit to another in the expectation of future reciprocation. Dawkins popularised these ideas in The Selfish Gene, and developed them in his own work. In June 2012, Dawkins was highly critical of fellow biologist E. O. Wilson's 2012 book The Social Conquest of Earth as misunderstanding Hamilton's theory of kin selection. Dawkins has also been strongly critical of the Gaia hypothesis of the independent scientist James Lovelock. Extract of page 178 Extract of p. 72 Extract of p. 223

道金斯一直对进化过程中的非适应性过程(如古尔德和路翁丁所描述的卷轴)以及“高于”基因水平的选择持怀疑态度。他特别怀疑群体选择作为理解利他主义的基础的实际可能性或重要性。这种行为起初似乎是一种进化悖论，因为帮助他人会耗费宝贵的资源，并降低自己的适应能力。以前，许多人把这解释为群体选择的一个方面: 个体做的是对种群或整个物种的生存最有利的事情。英国进化生物学家 w. d. Hamilton 在他的整体适应度理论中使用基因频率分析来说明如果这种利他主义的行为者和接受者(包括近亲)之间有足够的遗传相似性，那么遗传的利他主义特征是如何进化的。汉密尔顿的整体适应度已经成功地应用于包括人类在内的广泛的生物体中。类似地，Robert Trivers，从以基因为中心的模型的角度思考，发展了互利主义理论，即一个有机体在对未来互换的预期中为另一个有机体提供利益。道金斯在《自私的基因》中推广了这些观点，并在自己的作品中加以发展。2012年6月，道金斯对生物学家 e. o. 威尔逊2012年出版的《地球的社会征服》一书提出严厉批评，认为该书误解了汉密尔顿的亲缘选择理论。道金斯还强烈批评独立科学家詹姆斯 · 洛夫洛克的盖亚假说。第178页摘录第72页摘录第223页

Critics of Dawkins's biological approach suggest that taking the [[gene]] as the unit of ''selection'' (a single event in which an individual either succeeds or fails to reproduce) is misleading. The gene could be better described, they say, as a unit of ''evolution'' (the long-term changes in [[allele]] frequencies in a population).<ref>{{cite book |last=Dover |first=Gabriel |title=Dear Mr Darwin |year=2000 |publisher=London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson |isbn=978-0-7538-1127-6}}</ref> In ''The Selfish Gene'', Dawkins explains that he is using [[George C. Williams (biologist)|George C. Williams]]'s definition of the gene as "that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency".<ref>{{cite book |last=Williams |first=George C. |title=Adaptation and Natural Selection |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWZEq87CqO0C |year=1966 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=United States |isbn=978-0-691-02615-2 |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523013348/https://books.google.com/books?id=wWZEq87CqO0C |url-status=live }}</ref> Another common objection is that a gene cannot survive alone, but must cooperate with other genes to build an individual, and therefore a gene cannot be an independent "unit".<ref>{{cite book |last=Mayr |first=Ernst |author-link=Ernst Mayr |title=What Evolution Is |year=2000 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-04426-9}}</ref> In ''The Extended Phenotype'', Dawkins suggests that from an individual gene's viewpoint, all other genes are part of the environment to which it is adapted.

Critics of Dawkins's biological approach suggest that taking the gene as the unit of selection (a single event in which an individual either succeeds or fails to reproduce) is misleading. The gene could be better described, they say, as a unit of evolution (the long-term changes in allele frequencies in a population). In The Selfish Gene, Dawkins explains that he is using George C. Williams's definition of the gene as "that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency". Another common objection is that a gene cannot survive alone, but must cooperate with other genes to build an individual, and therefore a gene cannot be an independent "unit". In The Extended Phenotype, Dawkins suggests that from an individual gene's viewpoint, all other genes are part of the environment to which it is adapted.

道金斯的生物学方法的批评者认为，把基因作为选择的单位(一个个体要么成功要么失败的单一事件)是误导性的。他们说，这种基因可以更好地描述为一个进化单位(一个种群中等位基因频率的长期变化)。在《自私的基因》一书中，Dawkins 解释说他使用的是乔治·C ·威廉斯对基因的定义，即“以可观的频率分离和重组基因”。另一个常见的反对意见是，一个基因不能单独存活，而必须与其他基因合作来建立一个个体，因此一个基因不可能是一个独立的“单元”。在《延伸表型》一书中，道金斯提出，从单个基因的观点来看，所有其他基因都是它所适应的环境的一部分。

Advocates for higher levels of selection (such as [[Richard Lewontin]], [[David Sloan Wilson]], and [[Elliott Sober]]) suggest that there are many phenomena (including altruism) that gene-based selection cannot satisfactorily explain. The philosopher [[Mary Midgley]], with whom Dawkins clashed in print concerning ''The Selfish Gene'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Midgley |first=Mary |year=1979 |title=Gene-Juggling |periodical=Philosophy |volume=54 |issue=210 |pages=439–58 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3520652 |doi=10.1017/S0031819100063488 |access-date=18 March 2008 |archive-date=31 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731184320/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3520652 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |year=1981 |title=In Defence of Selfish Genes |periodical=Philosophy |volume=56 |pages=556–73 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3512724 |doi=10.1017/S0031819100050580 |access-date=17 March 2008 |archive-date=31 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731181424/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3512724 |url-status=live }}</ref> has criticised gene selection, memetics, and sociobiology as being excessively [[reductionism|reductionist]];<ref>{{cite book |last=Midgley |first=Mary |title=Science and Poetry |year=2000 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-27632-0}}</ref> she has suggested that the popularity of Dawkins's work is due to factors in the [[Zeitgeist]] such as the increased individualism of the Thatcher/Reagan decades.<ref>{{cite book |first=Mary |last=Midgley |title=The solitary self: Darwin and the selfish gene |year=2010 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=978-1-84465-253-2}}</ref> Besides, other, more recent views and analysis on his popular science works also exist.<ref>{{cite book |first=Alan G.|last=Gross|title=The Scientific Sublime: Popular Science Unravels the Mysteries of the Universe (Chapter 11: Richard Dawkins: The Mathematical Sublime) |year=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press |asin=B07C8L2CZY}}</ref>

Advocates for higher levels of selection (such as Richard Lewontin, David Sloan Wilson, and Elliott Sober) suggest that there are many phenomena (including altruism) that gene-based selection cannot satisfactorily explain. The philosopher Mary Midgley, with whom Dawkins clashed in print concerning The Selfish Gene, has criticised gene selection, memetics, and sociobiology as being excessively reductionist; she has suggested that the popularity of Dawkins's work is due to factors in the Zeitgeist such as the increased individualism of the Thatcher/Reagan decades. Besides, other, more recent views and analysis on his popular science works also exist.

支持更高水平选择的人(如理查德 · 莱翁廷、大卫 · 斯隆 · 威尔逊和艾略特 · 索伯)认为，有许多现象(包括利他主义)是基因选择无法令人满意地解释的。哲学家玛丽•米吉利(Mary Midgley)曾批评道金斯的基因选择、模因论和社会生物学过于简化; 她指出，道金斯作品之所以受欢迎，是因为时代精神中的因素，比如撒切尔/里根时代日益增强的个人主义。道金斯在《自私的基因》(The Selfish Gene)一书中与道金斯发生了冲突。此外，对他的科普作品也有其他较新的观点和分析。

In a set of controversies over the mechanisms and interpretation of evolution (what has been called 'The Darwin Wars'),<ref>{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Brown (writer) |title=The Darwin Wars: How stupid genes became selfish genes |year=1999 |publisher=London: Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-684-85144-0}}</ref><ref name="AndrewBrown2000">{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Brown (writer) |title=The Darwin Wars: The Scientific Battle for the Soul of Man |year=2000 |publisher=Touchstone |isbn=978-0-684-85145-7}}</ref> one faction is often named after Dawkins, while the other faction is named after the American palaeontologist [[Stephen Jay Gould]], reflecting the pre-eminence of each as a populariser of the pertinent ideas.<ref name="Brockman">{{cite book |last=Brockman |first=J. |title=The Third Culture: Beyond the Scientific Revolution |year=1995 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=978-0-684-80359-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/thirdculture00broc}}</ref><ref name="Sterelny">{{cite book |last=Sterelny |first=K. |author-link=Kim Sterelny |title=Dawkins vs. Gould: Survival of the Fittest |year=2007 |publisher=Icon Books |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=978-1-84046-780-2 |title-link=Dawkins vs. Gould}} Also {{ISBN|978-1-84046-780-2}}</ref> In particular, Dawkins and Gould have been prominent commentators in the controversy over [[sociobiology]] and [[evolutionary psychology]], with Dawkins generally approving and Gould generally being critical.<ref>{{cite book |last=Morris |first=Richard |title=The Evolutionists |year=2001 |publisher=W. H. Freeman |isbn=978-0-7167-4094-0}}</ref> A typical example of Dawkins's position is his scathing review of ''[[Not in Our Genes]]'' by [[Steven Rose]], [[Leon J. Kamin]], and Richard C. Lewontin.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |date=24 January 1985 |title=Sociobiology: the debate continues |periodical=New Scientist |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/WorldOfDawkins-archive/Dawkins/Work/Reviews/1985-01-24notinourgenes.shtml |access-date=3 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501043602/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/WorldOfDawkins-archive/Dawkins/Work/Reviews/1985-01-24notinourgenes.shtml |archive-date=1 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Two other thinkers who are often considered to be allied with Dawkins on the subject are [[Steven Pinker]] and [[Daniel Dennett]]; Dennett has promoted a gene-centred view of evolution and defended [[reductionism]] in biology.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dennett |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Dennett |title=Darwin's Dangerous Idea |journal=Complexity |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/darwinsdangerous0000denn/page/32 32–36] |year=1995 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=United States |isbn=978-0-684-80290-9 |bibcode=1996Cmplx...2a..32M |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-0526(199609/10)2:1<32::AID-CPLX8>3.0.CO;2-H |url=https://archive.org/details/darwinsdangerous0000denn/page/32 }}</ref> Despite their academic disagreements, Dawkins and Gould did not have a hostile personal relationship, and Dawkins dedicated a large portion of his 2003 book ''[[A Devil's Chaplain]]'' posthumously to Gould, who had died the previous year.

In a set of controversies over the mechanisms and interpretation of evolution (what has been called 'The Darwin Wars'), one faction is often named after Dawkins, while the other faction is named after the American palaeontologist Stephen Jay Gould, reflecting the pre-eminence of each as a populariser of the pertinent ideas. Also In particular, Dawkins and Gould have been prominent commentators in the controversy over sociobiology and evolutionary psychology, with Dawkins generally approving and Gould generally being critical. A typical example of Dawkins's position is his scathing review of Not in Our Genes by Steven Rose, Leon J. Kamin, and Richard C. Lewontin. Two other thinkers who are often considered to be allied with Dawkins on the subject are Steven Pinker and Daniel Dennett; Dennett has promoted a gene-centred view of evolution and defended reductionism in biology. Despite their academic disagreements, Dawkins and Gould did not have a hostile personal relationship, and Dawkins dedicated a large portion of his 2003 book A Devil's Chaplain posthumously to Gould, who had died the previous year.

在一系列关于进化机制和解释的争论中，一个派别经常以 Dawkins 的名字命名，而另一个派别则以美国古生物学家史蒂芬·古尔德的名字命名，反映出每个派别都是相关思想的普及者。同样值得一提的是，道金斯和古尔德在社会生物学和进化心理学的争论中是杰出的评论家，道金斯普遍赞同古尔德的观点，而古尔德普遍持批判态度。道金斯立场的一个典型例子是他对史蒂文 · 罗斯、里昂 · j · 卡明和理查德 · c · 莱翁廷的《我们的基因里没有》的严厉评论。在这个问题上，另外两位经常被认为与道金斯意见一致的思想家是史蒂文•平克(Steven Pinker)和丹尼尔•丹尼特(Daniel Dennett) ; 丹尼特提倡以基因为中心的进化论观点，并为生物学中的还原论辩护。道金斯和古尔德尽管在学术上存在分歧，但他们之间并没有敌对的个人关系，道金斯在他2003年出版的《一个魔鬼的牧师》一书中，将很大一部分献给了去年去世的古尔德。

When asked if [[Neo-Darwinism|Darwinism]] informs his everyday apprehension of life, Dawkins says, "In one way it does. My eyes are constantly wide open to the extraordinary fact of existence. Not just human existence but the existence of life and how this breathtakingly powerful process, which is natural selection, has managed to take the very simple facts of physics and chemistry and build them up to redwood trees and humans. That's never far from my thoughts, that sense of amazement. On the other hand I certainly don't allow Darwinism to influence my feelings about human social life," implying that he feels that individual human beings can opt out of the survival machine of Darwinism since they are freed by the [[consciousness]] of self.<ref name="strident" />

When asked if Darwinism informs his everyday apprehension of life, Dawkins says, "In one way it does. My eyes are constantly wide open to the extraordinary fact of existence. Not just human existence but the existence of life and how this breathtakingly powerful process, which is natural selection, has managed to take the very simple facts of physics and chemistry and build them up to redwood trees and humans. That's never far from my thoughts, that sense of amazement. On the other hand I certainly don't allow Darwinism to influence my feelings about human social life," implying that he feels that individual human beings can opt out of the survival machine of Darwinism since they are freed by the consciousness of self.

当被问及达尔文主义是否影响了他对生活的日常理解时，道金斯说，“在某种程度上是这样的。我的眼睛一直睁得大大的，看着存在的非凡事实。不仅仅是人类的存在，还有生命的存在，以及这个惊人的强大过程---- 自然选择---- 是如何将物理学和化学的简单事实应用到红杉树和人类身上的。那种惊奇的感觉从未离开过我的脑海。另一方面，我当然不允许达尔文主义影响我对人类社会生活的感受,”这意味着他认为个体人类可以选择退出达尔文主义的生存机器，因为他们被自我意识解放了。

=== Fathering the meme ===
{{Main|Meme}}

In his book ''The Selfish Gene'', Dawkins [[neologism|coined]] the word ''meme'' (the behavioural equivalent of a gene) as a way to encourage readers to think about how Darwinian principles might be extended beyond the realm of genes.{{sfn|Dawkins|1989|p=11}} It was intended as an extension of his "replicators" argument, but it took on a life of its own in the hands of other authors, such as [[Daniel Dennett]] and [[Susan Blackmore]]. These popularisations then led to the emergence of [[memetics]], a field from which Dawkins has distanced himself.<ref name="misunderstanding">{{cite journal |last1=Burman |first1=J. T. |year=2012 |title=The misunderstanding of memes: Biography of an unscientific object, 1976–1999 |journal=[[Perspectives on Science]] |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=75–104 |doi=10.1162/POSC_a_00057|s2cid=57569644 }}{{open access}}</ref>

In his book The Selfish Gene, Dawkins coined the word meme (the behavioural equivalent of a gene) as a way to encourage readers to think about how Darwinian principles might be extended beyond the realm of genes. It was intended as an extension of his "replicators" argument, but it took on a life of its own in the hands of other authors, such as Daniel Dennett and Susan Blackmore. These popularisations then led to the emergence of memetics, a field from which Dawkins has distanced himself.

道金斯在《自私的基因》(The Selfish Gene)一书中创造了“模因”(meme)这个词(在行为学上相当于基因) ，以此鼓励读者思考达尔文的原则如何能够超越基因的范畴。这本来是他的“复制因子”论点的延伸，但是在其他作家的手中，如丹尼尔•丹尼特(Daniel Dennett)和苏珊•布莱克莫尔(Susan Blackmore) ，这本书呈现出了自己的生命力。这些流行后来导致了模因论的出现，道金斯已经远离了这个领域。

Dawkins's ''meme'' refers to any cultural entity that an observer might consider a replicator of a certain idea or set of ideas. He hypothesised that people could view many cultural entities as capable of such replication, generally through communication and contact with humans, who have evolved as efficient (although not perfect) copiers of information and behaviour. Because memes are not always copied perfectly, they might become refined, combined, or otherwise modified with other ideas; this results in new memes, which may themselves prove more or less efficient replicators than their predecessors, thus providing a framework for a hypothesis of [[cultural evolution]] based on memes, a notion that is analogous to the theory of biological evolution based on genes.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kelly |first=Kevin |title=Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World |year=1994 |publisher=Addison-Wesley |location=United States |isbn=978-0-201-48340-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/outofcontrolnewb00kell/page/360 360]| title-link = Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World}}</ref>

Dawkins's meme refers to any cultural entity that an observer might consider a replicator of a certain idea or set of ideas. He hypothesised that people could view many cultural entities as capable of such replication, generally through communication and contact with humans, who have evolved as efficient (although not perfect) copiers of information and behaviour. Because memes are not always copied perfectly, they might become refined, combined, or otherwise modified with other ideas; this results in new memes, which may themselves prove more or less efficient replicators than their predecessors, thus providing a framework for a hypothesis of cultural evolution based on memes, a notion that is analogous to the theory of biological evolution based on genes.

道金斯的模因指的是任何文化实体，一个观察者可能会考虑一个复制者的某个想法或一套想法。他推测，人们可能认为许多文化实体有能力进行这种复制，通常是通过与人类的交流和接触，人类已经进化成了高效(尽管并不完美)的信息和行为复制者。因为模因并不总是完美的复制，它们可能会被改进，结合，或者被其他观点修改; 这就导致了新的模因，它们自身可能证明比它们的前辈更多或更少有效的复制因子，从而为基于模因的文化进化假设提供了一个框架，这个概念类似于基于基因的生物进化理论。

Although Dawkins invented the term ''meme'', he has not claimed that the idea was entirely novel,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/formerly-hyper-weird/memetics.html |title=Memes |work=Center for the Study of Complex Systems |publisher=University of Michigan |access-date=14 August 2009 |last=Shalizi |first=Cosma Rohilla |archive-date=22 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422091304/http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/formerly-hyper-weird/memetics.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and there have been other expressions for similar ideas in the past. For instance, John Laurent has suggested that the term may have derived from the work of the little-known German biologist [[Richard Semon]].<ref name="mneme">{{Cite book |last=Laurent |first=John |year=1999 |title=A Note on the Origin of 'Memes'/'Mnemes' |work=Journal of Memetics |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=14–19 |url=http://cfpm.org/jom-emit/1999/vol3/laurent_j.html |access-date=17 March 2008 |archive-date=25 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325202014/http://cfpm.org/jom-emit/1999/vol3/laurent_j.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Semon regarded "mneme" as the collective set of neural memory traces (conscious or subconscious) that were inherited, although such view would be considered as [[Lamarckian]] by modern biologists.<ref name="leiden">{{Cite web |last=van Driem |first=George |year=2007 |title=Symbiosism, Symbiomism and the Leiden definition of the meme |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249904767 |access-date=6 November 2018 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060835/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249904767_Symbiosism_Symbiomism_and_the_Leiden_definition_of_the_meme |url-status=live }}</ref> Laurent also found the use of the term ''mneme'' in [[Maurice Maeterlinck]]'s ''The Life of the White Ant'' (1926), and Maeterlinck himself stated that he obtained the phrase from Semon's work.<ref name=mneme/> In his own work, Maeterlinck tried to explain memory in termites and ants by claiming that neural memory traces were added "upon the individual mneme".<ref name="leiden"/> Nonetheless, [[James Gleick]] describes Dawkins's concept of the meme as "his most famous memorable invention, far more influential than his [[The Selfish Gene|selfish gene]]s or his later proselytising against religiosity".<ref>{{cite book |first=James |last=Gleick |title=The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood |date=15 February 2011 |publisher=Pantheon |isbn=978-0-375-42372-7 |page=269}}</ref>

Although Dawkins invented the term meme, he has not claimed that the idea was entirely novel, and there have been other expressions for similar ideas in the past. For instance, John Laurent has suggested that the term may have derived from the work of the little-known German biologist Richard Semon. Semon regarded "mneme" as the collective set of neural memory traces (conscious or subconscious) that were inherited, although such view would be considered as Lamarckian by modern biologists. Laurent also found the use of the term mneme in Maurice Maeterlinck's The Life of the White Ant (1926), and Maeterlinck himself stated that he obtained the phrase from Semon's work. In his own work, Maeterlinck tried to explain memory in termites and ants by claiming that neural memory traces were added "upon the individual mneme". Nonetheless, James Gleick describes Dawkins's concept of the meme as "his most famous memorable invention, far more influential than his selfish genes or his later proselytising against religiosity".

虽然道金斯发明了模因这个词，但他并没有宣称这个想法是完全新颖的，过去也有其他类似的表达方式。例如，约翰•洛朗(John Laurent)表示，这个术语可能源自鲜为人知的德国生物学家理查德•塞蒙(Richard Semon)的研究。Semon 认为“ mneme”是遗传的神经记忆痕迹(有意识或潜意识)的集合，尽管这种观点被现代生物学家认为是拉马克主义的。劳伦特还发现了 mneme 这个词在莫里斯·梅特林克的《白蚁的生活》(1926)中的使用，梅特林克自己也表示，他是从塞蒙的作品中得到这个短语的。在他自己的工作中，梅特林克试图解释白蚁和蚂蚁的记忆，声称神经记忆痕迹是“在个人记忆中”添加的。尽管如此，詹姆斯•格雷克(James Gleick)将道金斯的“文化基因”(meme)概念描述为“他最著名的创造，远比他自私的基因或后来反对宗教狂热的说教更具影响力”。

=== Foundation ===
{{Main|Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science}}

In 2006, Dawkins founded the ''Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science'' (''RDFRS''), a [[non-profit organisation]]. RDFRS financed research on the [[psychology of religion|psychology of belief and religion]], financed scientific education programs and materials, and publicised and supported [[charitable organisation]]s that are [[secularity|secular]] in nature.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.richarddawkins.net/foundation,ourMission |title=Our Mission |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |access-date=17 November 2006 |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117150429/http://www.richarddawkins.net/foundation,ourMission |archive-date=17 November 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In January 2016, it was announced that the foundation was merging with the [[Center for Inquiry]], with Dawkins becoming a member of the new organization's board of directors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldreligionnews.com/religion-news/atheism/richard-dawkins-atheist-organization-merges-with-center-for-inquiry |title=Richard Dawkins' Atheist Organization Merges with Center for Inquiry |date=26 January 2016 |access-date=26 January 2016 |website=WorldReligionNews.com |last=Lesley |first=Alison |archive-date=28 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128080214/http://www.worldreligionnews.com/religion-news/atheism/richard-dawkins-atheist-organization-merges-with-center-for-inquiry |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2006, Dawkins founded the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science (RDFRS), a non-profit organisation. RDFRS financed research on the psychology of belief and religion, financed scientific education programs and materials, and publicised and supported charitable organisations that are secular in nature. In January 2016, it was announced that the foundation was merging with the Center for Inquiry, with Dawkins becoming a member of the new organization's board of directors.

2006年，Dawkins 成立了 Richard Dawkins 理性与科学基金会，这是一个非营利组织基金会。为信仰和宗教心理学的研究提供资金，资助科学教育项目和材料，宣传和支持世俗性的慈善组织。2016年1月，基金会宣布与调查中心合并，道金斯成为新组织的董事会成员。

===Criticism of religion===
[[File:Richard dawkins lecture.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Lecturing on his book ''[[The God Delusion]]'', 24 June 2006]]

Dawkins was confirmed into the Church of England at the age of 13, but began to grow sceptical of the beliefs. He said that his understanding of science and evolutionary processes led him to question how adults in positions of leadership in a civilised world could still be so uneducated in biology,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beliefnet.com/story/178/story_17889_2.html |title=The Problem with God: Interview with Richard Dawkins (2) |access-date=11 April 2008 |last=Sheahen |first=Laura |date=October 2005 |publisher=Beliefnet.com |archive-date=10 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410075833/http://www.beliefnet.com/story/178/story_17889_2.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and is puzzled by how belief in God could remain among individuals who are sophisticated in science. Dawkins notes that some physicists use 'God' as a metaphor for the general awe-inspiring mysteries of the universe, which causes confusion and misunderstanding among people who incorrectly think they are talking about a mystical being who forgives sins, transubstantiates wine, or makes people live after they die.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/faithandreason/transcript/dawk-frame.html |title=Interview with Richard Dawkins |access-date=12 April 2008 |publisher=PBS |archive-date=20 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620151103/http://www.pbs.org/faithandreason/transcript/dawk-frame.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He disagrees with [[Stephen Jay Gould]]'s principle of [[Non-overlapping magisteria|nonoverlapping magisteria (NOMA)]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1555132-3,00.html |title=God vs. Science (3) |access-date=3 April 2008 |date=5 November 2006 |last=Van Biema |first=David |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-date=18 February 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65XmbJal2?url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1555132-3,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and suggests that the [[existence of God]] should be treated as a scientific hypothesis like any other.{{sfn|Dawkins|2006|p=50}} Dawkins became a prominent [[criticism of religion|critic of religion]] and has stated his [[Antireligion|opposition to religion]] as twofold: religion is both a source of conflict and a justification for belief without evidence.{{sfn|Dawkins|2006|pp=282–86}} He considers faith—belief that is not based on evidence—as "one of the world's great evils".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehumanist.org/humanist/articles/dawkins.html |title=Is Science A Religion? |publisher=The Humanist |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |date=1 January 1997 |access-date=31 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030144700/http://www.thehumanist.org/humanist/articles/dawkins.html |archive-date=30 October 2012}}</ref>

Dawkins was confirmed into the Church of England at the age of 13, but began to grow sceptical of the beliefs. He said that his understanding of science and evolutionary processes led him to question how adults in positions of leadership in a civilised world could still be so uneducated in biology, and is puzzled by how belief in God could remain among individuals who are sophisticated in science. Dawkins notes that some physicists use 'God' as a metaphor for the general awe-inspiring mysteries of the universe, which causes confusion and misunderstanding among people who incorrectly think they are talking about a mystical being who forgives sins, transubstantiates wine, or makes people live after they die. He disagrees with Stephen Jay Gould's principle of nonoverlapping magisteria (NOMA) and suggests that the existence of God should be treated as a scientific hypothesis like any other. Dawkins became a prominent critic of religion and has stated his opposition to religion as twofold: religion is both a source of conflict and a justification for belief without evidence. He considers faith—belief that is not based on evidence—as "one of the world's great evils".

道金斯在13岁时加入英国国教，但他开始对这些信仰产生怀疑。他说，他对科学和进化过程的理解使他质疑，在文明世界中担任领导职务的成年人怎么还没有受过生物学方面的教育，他还对在科学领域精通的人中怎么还能保持对上帝的信仰感到困惑。道金斯指出，一些物理学家用“上帝”来比喻宇宙中普遍存在的令人敬畏的神秘事物，这在人们中间造成了困惑和误解，他们错误地认为自己在谈论一个神秘的存在，这个存在可以宽恕罪恶，改变葡萄酒的质量，或者让人们在死后继续活着。他不同意史蒂芬·古尔德的不重叠的原则，并建议上帝的存在应该被视为一个科学假说像任何其他。道金斯成为了一个著名的宗教批评家，并表示他对宗教的反对是双重的: 宗教既是冲突的来源，也是无证据信仰的正当理由。他认为信仰——没有事实依据的信仰——是“世界上最大的罪恶之一”。

On his [[spectrum of theistic probability]], which has seven levels between 1 (100% certainty that a God or gods exist) and 7 (100% certainty that a God or gods do not exist), Dawkins has said he is a 6.9, which represents a "de facto atheist" who thinks "I cannot know for certain but I think God is very improbable, and I live my life on the assumption that he is not there." When asked about his slight uncertainty, Dawkins quips, "I am agnostic to the extent that I am agnostic about fairies at the bottom of the garden."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/9102740/Richard-Dawkins-I-cant-be-sure-God-does-not-exist.html |title=Richard Dawkins: I can't be sure God does not exist |date=24 February 2012 |access-date=5 March 2016 |first=John |last=Bingham |location=London |work=The Telegraph |archive-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524001926/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/9102740/Richard-Dawkins-I-cant-be-sure-God-does-not-exist.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/side-effects/201202/why-does-richard-dawkins-take-issue-agnosticism |title=Why Does Richard Dawkins Take Issue With Agnosticism? |date=2 February 2012 |access-date=5 April 2016 |work=Psychology Today |first=Christopher |last=Lane }}</ref> In May 2014, at the [[Hay Festival]] in Wales, Dawkins explained that while he does not believe in the supernatural elements of the Christian faith, he still has nostalgia for the ceremonial side of religion.<ref>{{cite news |first=Sarah |last=Knapton |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/hay-festival/10853648/Richard-Dawkins-I-am-a-secular-Christian.html |title=Richard Dawkins: 'I am a secular Christian' |newspaper=Telegraph |access-date=9 June 2014 |archive-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221043247/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/hay-festival/10853648/Richard-Dawkins-I-am-a-secular-Christian.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to beliefs in deities, Dawkins has criticized religious beliefs as irrational, such as that Jesus turned water into wine, that an embryo starts as a blob, that [[Temple garment|magic underwear]] will protect you, that Jesus was resurrected, that [[semen]] comes from the spine, that Jesus walked on water, that the sun sets in a marsh, that the Garden of Eden existed in [[Adam-ondi-Ahman]], Missouri, that Jesus' mother was a virgin, that [[Splitting of the moon|Muhammad split the moon]], and that [[Raising of Lazarus|Lazarus was raised from the dead]].{{refn|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/richard-dawkins-islamophobic-berkeley-event-cancelled-islam-muslim-uc-university-california-a7860281.html|title=Richard Dawkins hits back at allegations he is Islamophobic after Berkeley event is cancelled|date=26 July 2017|access-date=10 September 2017|archive-date=29 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829181754/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/richard-dawkins-islamophobic-berkeley-event-cancelled-islam-muslim-uc-university-california-a7860281.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/681453611906396160 |title=Dawkins Twitter This is almost as impressive as the prescient knowledge that embryo starts as a blob, semen comes from the spine & the sun sets in a marsh. |access-date=26 July 2017 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060816/https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/681453611906396160 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/344419641101275137 |title="Did Jesus exist?" Who cares? "Did Jesus lack a father? Raise Lazarus? Walk on water? Resurrect?" I care, and the answer is no in all cases. |access-date=1 August 2017 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060841/https://pbs.twimg.com/hashflag/config-2020-11-21-06.json |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/677189384169512960 |title=There are people who believe Jesus turned water into wine. How do they hold down a job in the 21st century? |access-date=1 August 2017 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060819/https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/677189384169512960 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/685591187479212032 |title=Ridicule is the proper response to beliefs such as Jesus' mother was a virgin, Joshua slowed Earth's rotation or Muhammad split the moon. |access-date=1 August 2017 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060820/https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/685591187479212032 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/255543797528817664 |title=Over and above believing surreal nonsense about planets and magic stones, hats and underwear, Romney is also a liar |access-date=1 August 2017 |archive-date=19 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719043539/https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/255543797528817664 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/244790357420826626 |title=Could you really vote for a man who thinks the Garden of Eden was in Missouri? |access-date=1 August 2017 |archive-date=30 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030133510/https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/244790357420826626 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

On his spectrum of theistic probability, which has seven levels between 1 (100% certainty that a God or gods exist) and 7 (100% certainty that a God or gods do not exist), Dawkins has said he is a 6.9, which represents a "de facto atheist" who thinks "I cannot know for certain but I think God is very improbable, and I live my life on the assumption that he is not there." When asked about his slight uncertainty, Dawkins quips, "I am agnostic to the extent that I am agnostic about fairies at the bottom of the garden." In May 2014, at the Hay Festival in Wales, Dawkins explained that while he does not believe in the supernatural elements of the Christian faith, he still has nostalgia for the ceremonial side of religion. In addition to beliefs in deities, Dawkins has criticized religious beliefs as irrational, such as that Jesus turned water into wine, that an embryo starts as a blob, that magic underwear will protect you, that Jesus was resurrected, that semen comes from the spine, that Jesus walked on water, that the sun sets in a marsh, that the Garden of Eden existed in Adam-ondi-Ahman, Missouri, that Jesus' mother was a virgin, that Muhammad split the moon, and that Lazarus was raised from the dead.

在他的“神存在”这一陈述的光谱中，有7个等级介于1(100% 确定上帝或神存在)和7(100% 确定上帝或神不存在) ，Dawkins 说他是6.9，这代表了一个“事实上的无神论者”，他认为“我不能确定，但我认为上帝是非常不可能的，我的生活在他不存在的假设之上。”当被问及他的轻微的不确定性时，道金斯戏谑地说: “我是不可知论者，以至于我对花园尽头的仙女是不可知论者。”2014年5月，在威尔士的海伊节上，道金斯解释说，虽然他不相信基督教信仰的超自然元素，但他仍然怀念宗教仪式的一面。除了对神的信仰之外，Dawkins 还批评宗教信仰是非理性的，比如耶稣把水变成了酒，胚胎开始时只是一小块，神奇的内衣会保护你，耶稣复活了，精液来自脊椎，耶稣在水上行走，太阳落在沼泽里，伊甸园(2008年电影)存在于 Adam-ondi-Ahman，耶稣的母亲是一个处女，穆罕默德分裂了月亮，还有拉撒路从死亡中复活。

Dawkins has risen to prominence in public debates concerning science and religion since the publication of his most popular book, ''[[The God Delusion]]'', in 2006, which became an international best seller.<ref name="michaelpowell">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/science/20dawkins.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |title=A Knack for Bashing Orthodoxy |newspaper=The New York Times |first=Michael |last=Powell |access-date=31 December 2012 |date=19 September 2011 |archive-date=27 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227231703/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/science/20dawkins.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2015, more than three million copies have been sold and the book has been translated into over 30 languages.{{sfn|Dawkins|2015|p=173}} Its success has been seen by many as indicative of a change in the contemporary cultural [[zeitgeist]] and has also been identified with the rise of [[New Atheism]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/11/08/atheism.feature/index.html |title=The rise of the New Atheists |publisher=CNN |first=Simon |last=Hooper |date=9 November 2006 |access-date=16 March 2010 |archive-date=8 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408094135/http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/11/08/atheism.feature/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the book, Dawkins contends that a supernatural creator almost certainly does not exist and that religious faith is a [[delusion]]—"a fixed false belief".{{sfn|Dawkins|2006|p=5}} In his February 2002 [[TED (conference)|TED]] talk entitled "Militant atheism", Dawkins urged all atheists to openly state their position and to fight the incursion of the church into politics and science.<ref name="militant" /> On 30 September 2007, Dawkins, [[Christopher Hitchens]], [[Sam Harris (author)|Sam Harris]], and [[Daniel Dennett]] met at Hitchens's residence for a private, unmoderated discussion that lasted two hours. The event was videotaped and entitled "The Four Horsemen".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://richarddawkins.net/2013/10/the-four-horsemen-dvd-19-95/ |title=The Four Horsemen DVD |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |date=1 October 2013 |website=Richard Dawkins Foundation |language=en-US |access-date=13 April 2016 |archive-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611214236/https://richarddawkins.net/2013/10/the-four-horsemen-dvd-19-95/ |url-status=live }} See also {{YouTube | n7IHU28aR2E }}</ref>

Dawkins has risen to prominence in public debates concerning science and religion since the publication of his most popular book, The God Delusion, in 2006, which became an international best seller. As of 2015, more than three million copies have been sold and the book has been translated into over 30 languages. Its success has been seen by many as indicative of a change in the contemporary cultural zeitgeist and has also been identified with the rise of New Atheism. In the book, Dawkins contends that a supernatural creator almost certainly does not exist and that religious faith is a delusion—"a fixed false belief". In his February 2002 TED talk entitled "Militant atheism", Dawkins urged all atheists to openly state their position and to fight the incursion of the church into politics and science. On 30 September 2007, Dawkins, Christopher Hitchens, Sam Harris, and Daniel Dennett met at Hitchens's residence for a private, unmoderated discussion that lasted two hours. The event was videotaped and entitled "The Four Horsemen". See also

自从2006年他最畅销的书《上帝错觉出版以来，Dawkins 在有关科学和宗教的公共辩论中声名鹊起，这本书成为了国际畅销书。截至2015年，该书已售出300多万册，并被翻译成30多种语言。它的成功已被许多人视为当代文化时代精神变化的标志，也被认为是新无神论的兴起。道金斯在书中主张，几乎可以肯定，超自然的创造者是不存在的，宗教信仰是一种错觉ーー“一种固定的错误信仰”。在2002年2月的 TED 演讲中，道金斯呼吁所有无神论者公开表明自己的立场，抵制教会对政治和科学的入侵。2007年9月30日，Dawkins，克里斯托弗·希钦斯，Sam Harris，和 Daniel Dennett 在 Hitchens 的住所进行了长达两个小时的私人的，不加修饰的讨论。这次活动被拍摄下来并命名为“303室帅哥军团”。参见

Dawkins sees education and [[consciousness raising|consciousness-raising]] as the primary tools in opposing what he considers to be religious dogma and indoctrination.<ref name="belief interview"/><ref name="education">{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Alexandra |url=http://education.guardian.co.uk/schools/story/0,,1958138,00.html |title=Dawkins campaigns to keep God out of classroom |access-date=15 January 2007 |date=27 November 2006 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |archive-date=9 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709084224/http://education.guardian.co.uk/schools/story/0,,1958138,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bright">{{cite news |url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,12084,981412,00.html |title=The future looks bright |access-date=13 March 2008 |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |date=21 June 2003 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |archive-date=6 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080606085217/http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,12084,981412,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> These tools include the fight against certain stereotypes, and he has adopted the term ''[[brights movement|bright]]'' as a way of associating positive public connotations with those who possess a [[naturalism (philosophy)|naturalistic]] worldview.<ref name="bright"/> He has given support to the idea of a free-thinking school,<ref name="Powell">{{cite news |last=Powell |first=Michael |title=A Knack for Bashing Orthodoxy |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/science/20dawkins.html |date=19 September 2011 |work=The New York Times |page=4 |access-date=20 September 2011 |archive-date=17 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317151949/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/science/20dawkins.html |url-status=live }}</ref> which would not "indoctrinate children" but would instead teach children to ask for evidence and be skeptical, critical, and open-minded. Such a school, says Dawkins, should "teach comparative religion, and teach it properly without any bias towards particular religions, and including historically important but dead religions, such as those of ancient Greece and the Norse gods, if only because these, like the Abrahamic scriptures, are important for understanding English literature and European history.<ref name="telegraph1">{{cite news |last=Beckford |first=Martin |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/7849563/Richard-Dawkins-interested-in-setting-up-atheist-free-school.html |title=Richard Dawkins interested in setting up 'atheist free school' |newspaper=Telegraph |date=24 June 2010 |access-date=29 July 2010 |location=London |archive-date=27 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627144143/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/7849563/Richard-Dawkins-interested-in-setting-up-atheist-free-school.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/gove-welcomes-atheist-schools-2037990.html |title=Gove welcomes atheist schools – Education News, Education |newspaper=The Independent |date=29 July 2010 |access-date=29 July 2010 |location=London |first=Richard |last=Garner |archive-date=1 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100801053001/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/gove-welcomes-atheist-schools-2037990.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Inspired by the consciousness-raising successes of [[Feminism|feminists]] in arousing widespread embarrassment at the routine use of "he" instead of "she", Dawkins similarly suggests that phrases such as "Catholic child" and "Muslim child" should be considered as socially absurd as, for instance, "Marxist child", as he believes that children should not be classified based on the ideological or religious beliefs of their parents.<ref name="bright" />

Dawkins sees education and consciousness-raising as the primary tools in opposing what he considers to be religious dogma and indoctrination. These tools include the fight against certain stereotypes, and he has adopted the term bright as a way of associating positive public connotations with those who possess a naturalistic worldview. He has given support to the idea of a free-thinking school, which would not "indoctrinate children" but would instead teach children to ask for evidence and be skeptical, critical, and open-minded. Such a school, says Dawkins, should "teach comparative religion, and teach it properly without any bias towards particular religions, and including historically important but dead religions, such as those of ancient Greece and the Norse gods, if only because these, like the Abrahamic scriptures, are important for understanding English literature and European history. Inspired by the consciousness-raising successes of feminists in arousing widespread embarrassment at the routine use of "he" instead of "she", Dawkins similarly suggests that phrases such as "Catholic child" and "Muslim child" should be considered as socially absurd as, for instance, "Marxist child", as he believes that children should not be classified based on the ideological or religious beliefs of their parents.

道金斯认为教育和提高意识是反对他所认为的宗教教条和灌输的主要工具。这些工具包括反对某些刻板印象的斗争，他采用了光明这个词作为一种方式，将积极的公众内涵与那些拥有自然主义世界观的人联系起来。他支持建立一所自由思考的学校的想法，这所学校不会“向孩子们灌输思想”，而是教导孩子们寻求证据，保持怀疑、批判和开放的心态。道金斯说，这样的学校应该“教授宗教比较，正确地教授它，不偏向于特定的宗教，包括历史上重要但已经消亡的宗教，如古希腊和挪威神，如果仅仅因为这些，如亚伯拉罕经文，对于理解英国文学和欧洲历史是重要的。道金斯同样认为,”天主教儿童”和”穆斯林儿童”等短语在社会上应被认为是荒谬的，例如,”马克思主义儿童”，因为他认为，儿童不应根据其父母的意识形态或宗教信仰来分类。

While some critics, such as writer [[Christopher Hitchens]], psychologist [[Steven Pinker]] and [[Nobel laureate]]s Sir [[Harold Kroto]], [[James D. Watson]], and [[Steven Weinberg]] have defended Dawkins's stance on religion and praised his work,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://richarddawkins.net/godDelusionReviews |title=The God Delusion – Reviews |access-date=8 April 2008 |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080702000504/http://richarddawkins.net/godDelusionReviews |archive-date=2 July 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> others, including [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]-winning [[theoretical physicist]] [[Peter Higgs]], [[astrophysicist]] [[Martin Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow|Martin Rees]], philosopher of science [[Michael Ruse]], literary critic [[Terry Eagleton]], philosopher [[Roger Scruton]], academic and social critic [[Camille Paglia]], atheist philosopher Daniel Came and theologian [[Alister McGrath]],{{refn|<ref>{{cite book |last=McGrath |first=Alister |author-link=Alister McGrath |title=Dawkins' God: Genes, Memes, and the Meaning of Life |year=2004 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |location=Oxford, England |isbn=978-1-4051-2538-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dawkinsgodgenesm0000mcgr/page/81 81] |url=https://archive.org/details/dawkinsgodgenesm0000mcgr/page/81 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/nov/02/atheism-dawkins-ruse |location=London |work=The Guardian |first=Michael |last=Ruse |author-link=Michael Ruse |title=Dawkins et al bring us into disrepute |date=2 November 2009 |access-date=23 April 2016 |archive-date=19 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919173459/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/nov/02/atheism-dawkins-ruse |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2012/oct/02/richard-dawkins-humanists-religion-atheists |location=London |work=The Guardian |first=Michael |last=Ruse |author-link=Michael Ruse |title=Why Richard Dawkins' humanists remind me of a religion |date=2 October 2012 |access-date=13 December 2016 |archive-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821191854/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2012/oct/02/richard-dawkins-humanists-religion-atheists |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="salon.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.salon.com/2015/07/29/camille_paglia_takes_on_jon_stewart_trump_sanders_liberals_think_of_themselves_as_very_open_minded_but_that%e2%80%99s_simply_not_true/ |title=Camille Paglia takes on Jon Stewart, Trump, Sanders: "Liberals think of themselves as very open-minded, but that's simply not true!" |date=29 July 2015 |website=Salon |access-date=4 February 2019 |archive-date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204231514/https://www.salon.com/2015/07/29/camille_paglia_takes_on_jon_stewart_trump_sanders_liberals_think_of_themselves_as_very_open_minded_but_that%e2%80%99s_simply_not_true/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="spectator.co.uk">{{cite web |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/2006/01/dawkins-is-wrong-about-god/ |title=Dawkins is wrong about God |date=14 January 2006 |website=The Spectator |access-date=19 January 2019 |archive-date=12 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612141649/https://www.spectator.co.uk/2006/01/dawkins-is-wrong-about-god/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2011/oct/22/richard-dawkins-refusal-debate-william-lane-craig |title=Richard Dawkins's refusal to debate is cynical and anti-intellectualist |first=Daniel |last=Came |date=22 October 2011 |via=www.theguardian.com |access-date=19 January 2019 |archive-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930081527/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2011/oct/22/richard-dawkins-refusal-debate-william-lane-craig |url-status=live }}</ref>}} have criticised Dawkins on various grounds, including the assertion that his work simply serves as an atheist counterpart to religious fundamentalism rather than a productive critique of it, and that he has fundamentally misapprehended the foundations of the [[theological]] positions he claims to refute. Rees and Higgs, in particular, have both rejected Dawkins's confrontational stance toward religion as narrow and "embarrassing", with Higgs going as far as to equate Dawkins with the religious fundamentalists he criticises.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n20/terry-eagleton/lunging-flailing-mispunching |title=Lunging, Flailing, Mispunching |first=Terry |last=Eagleton· |date=19 October 2006 |magazine=[[London Review of Books]] |access-date=16 May 2014 |volume=28 |issue=20 |pages=32–34 |archive-date=10 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310145648/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n20/terry-eagleton/lunging-flailing-mispunching |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://richarddawkins.net/articleComments,1647,Do-you-have-to-read-up-on-leprechology-before-disbelieving-in-them,Richard-Dawkins-The-Independent,page27 |title=Do you have to read up on leprechology before disbelieving in them? |access-date=14 November 2007 |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |date=17 September 2007 |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214014838/http://richarddawkins.net/articleComments,1647,Do-you-have-to-read-up-on-leprechology-before-disbelieving-in-them,Richard-Dawkins-The-Independent,page27 |archive-date=14 December 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/hay2007/story/0,,2089947,00.html |title=Scientists divided over alliance with religion |access-date=17 March 2008 |last=Jha |first=Alok |date=29 May 2007 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |archive-date=19 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719103328/http://books.guardian.co.uk/hay2007/story/0,,2089947,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Jha |first=Alok |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/dec/26/peter-higgs-richard-dawkins-fundamentalism |title=Peter Higgs criticises Richard Dawkins over anti-religious 'fundamentalism' |date=26 December 2012 |access-date=20 January 2016 |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028180407/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/dec/26/peter-higgs-richard-dawkins-fundamentalism |url-status=live }}</ref> Atheist philosopher [[John Gray (philosopher)|John Gray]] has denounced Dawkins as an "anti-religious missionary", whose assertions are "in no sense novel or original," suggesting that "transfixed in wonderment at the workings of his own mind, Dawkins misses much that is of importance in human beings." Gray has also criticised Dawkins's perceived allegiance to Darwin, stating that if "science, for Darwin, was a method of inquiry that enabled him to edge tentatively and humbly toward the truth, for Dawkins, science is an unquestioned view of the world."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/119596/appetite-wonder-review-closed-mind-richard-dawkins |title=The Closed Mind of Richard Dawkins |date=2 October 2014 |access-date=20 January 2016 |first=John |last=Gray |work=New Republic |archive-date=16 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216012235/https://newrepublic.com/article/119596/appetite-wonder-review-closed-mind-richard-dawkins |url-status=live }}</ref> In response to his critics, Dawkins maintains that theologians are no better than scientists in addressing deep [[cosmological]] questions and that he is not a fundamentalist, as he is willing to change his mind in the face of new evidence.{{sfn|Dawkins|2006}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.secularhumanism.org/library/fi/dawkins_18_2.html |title=When Religion Steps on Science's Turf |access-date=3 April 2008 |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |year=2006 |work=Free Inquiry |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419125549/http://www.secularhumanism.org/library/fi/dawkins_18_2.html |archive-date=19 April 2008}}</ref><ref name=rdf-fundamentalist>{{cite web |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |title=How dare you call me a fundamentalist |url=http://old.richarddawkins.net/articles/1071-how-dare-you-call-me-a-fundamentalist |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231022508/http://old.richarddawkins.net/articles/1071-how-dare-you-call-me-a-fundamentalist |archive-date=31 December 2012}}</ref>

While some critics, such as writer Christopher Hitchens, psychologist Steven Pinker and Nobel laureates Sir Harold Kroto, James D. Watson, and Steven Weinberg have defended Dawkins's stance on religion and praised his work, others, including Nobel Prize-winning theoretical physicist Peter Higgs, astrophysicist Martin Rees, philosopher of science Michael Ruse, literary critic Terry Eagleton, philosopher Roger Scruton, academic and social critic Camille Paglia, atheist philosopher Daniel Came and theologian Alister McGrath, have criticised Dawkins on various grounds, including the assertion that his work simply serves as an atheist counterpart to religious fundamentalism rather than a productive critique of it, and that he has fundamentally misapprehended the foundations of the theological positions he claims to refute. Rees and Higgs, in particular, have both rejected Dawkins's confrontational stance toward religion as narrow and "embarrassing", with Higgs going as far as to equate Dawkins with the religious fundamentalists he criticises. Atheist philosopher John Gray has denounced Dawkins as an "anti-religious missionary", whose assertions are "in no sense novel or original," suggesting that "transfixed in wonderment at the workings of his own mind, Dawkins misses much that is of importance in human beings." Gray has also criticised Dawkins's perceived allegiance to Darwin, stating that if "science, for Darwin, was a method of inquiry that enabled him to edge tentatively and humbly toward the truth, for Dawkins, science is an unquestioned view of the world." In response to his critics, Dawkins maintains that theologians are no better than scientists in addressing deep cosmological questions and that he is not a fundamentalist, as he is willing to change his mind in the face of new evidence.

当一些批评家，如作家克里斯托弗·希钦斯，心理学家 Steven Pinker 和诺贝尔奖获得者 Harold Kroto，James d. Watson 和 Steven Weinberg 为 Dawkins 在宗教上的立场辩护并赞扬他的工作时，其他人，包括诺贝尔奖获得者理论物理学家 Peter Higgs，天体物理学家 Martin Rees，科学哲学家 Michael Ruse,文学批评家特里 · 伊格尔顿、哲学家罗杰 · 斯克鲁顿、学术界和社会批评家卡米尔 · 帕格利亚、无神论哲学家丹尼尔 · 科尔姆和神学家阿利斯特 · 麦格拉斯都从各个方面批评道金斯，包括断言他的作品只是作为宗教原教旨主义的无神论对应物，而不是对它的富有成效的批判，他从根本上误解了他声称反驳的神学立场的基础。特别是里斯和希格斯，他们都反对道金斯对宗教的对抗姿态，认为这种姿态狭隘而“令人尴尬”，希格斯甚至将道金斯与他所批评的宗教原教旨主义者等同起来。无神论哲学家约翰 · 格雷(John Gray)谴责道金斯是“反宗教的传教士”，他的主张“从任何意义上讲都不是新颖的或原创的”，他暗示道金斯“对自己思想的运作惊叹不已，错过了许多对人类至关重要的东西。”格雷还批评道金斯对达尔文的忠诚，他说，如果“对达尔文来说，科学是一种探究的方法，使他能够试探性和谦逊地走向真理，对道金斯来说，科学是一种不容置疑的世界观。”作为对他的批评的回应，道金斯坚持认为神学家在解决深奥的宇宙学问题上并不比科学家好，他不是一个原教旨主义者，因为他愿意在新的证据面前改变自己的想法。

Dawkins has faced backlash over some of his public comments about Islam. In 2013, Dawkins tweeted "All the world's Muslims have fewer Nobel Prizes than Trinity College, Cambridge. They did great things in the Middle Ages, though."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Malik |first1=Nesrine |title=Richard Dawkins' tweets on Islam are as rational as the rants of an extremist Muslim cleric |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/08/richard-dawkins-tweets-islam-muslim-nobel |access-date=5 August 2021 |publisher=The Guardian |date=8 August 2013}}</ref>. In 2016, Dawkins' invitation to speak at the [[Northeast Conference on Science and Skepticism]] was withdrawn over his sharing of a "'highly offensive' video "mocking feminists and Islamists".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Blair |first1=Olivia |title=Richard Dawkins dropped from science event for tweeting video mocking feminists and Islamists |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/richard-dawkins-vdeo-twitter-necss-event-feminism-a6841161.html |access-date=5 August 2021 |publisher=The Independent |date=29 January 2016}}</ref>

Dawkins has faced backlash over some of his public comments about Islam. In 2013, Dawkins tweeted "All the world's Muslims have fewer Nobel Prizes than Trinity College, Cambridge. They did great things in the Middle Ages, though.". In 2016, Dawkins' invitation to speak at the Northeast Conference on Science and Skepticism was withdrawn over his sharing of a "'highly offensive' video "mocking feminists and Islamists".

道金斯的一些关于伊斯兰教的公开言论遭到了强烈反对。2013年，道金斯在推特上写道: “世界上所有的穆斯林获得的诺贝尔奖都比剑桥大学三一学院少。然而，他们在中世纪做了很多伟大的事情。”。2016年，道金斯邀请他在东北科学与怀疑论大会(Northeast Conference on Science and suspicious)上发表演讲，但因为他分享了一段“极具攻击性”的视频，嘲笑女权主义者和伊斯兰主义者”而被撤回。

=== Criticism of creationism ===

=== Criticism of creationism ===

= = 批判神创论 = =

Dawkins is a prominent critic of [[creationism]], a religious belief that [[human]]ity, [[life]], and the [[universe]] were created by a [[deity]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/creationism/ |title=Creationism |last=Ruse |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Ruse |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Laboratory, [[Stanford University]] |quote=a Creationist is someone who believes in a god who is absolute creator of heaven and earth. |access-date=9 September 2009 |archive-date=9 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609094515/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/creationism/ |url-status=live }}</ref> without recourse to evolution.<ref>{{cite book |last=Scott |first=Eugenie C |author-link=Eugenie Scott |title=Evolution vs. creationism: an introduction |date=3 August 2009 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-26187-7 |page=51 |chapter=Creationism |quote=The term 'creationism' to many people connotes the theological doctrine of special creationism: that God created the universe essentially as we see it today, and that this universe has not changed appreciably since that creation event. Special creationism includes the idea that God created living things in their present forms...}}</ref> He has described the [[Young Earth creationism|Young Earth creationist]] view that the Earth is only a few thousand years old as "a preposterous, mind-shrinking falsehood".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/mar/09/religion.schools1 |title=A scientist's view |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |date=9 March 2002 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=7 November 2009 |location=London |archive-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821191933/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/mar/09/religion.schools1 |url-status=live }}</ref> His 1986 book, ''[[The Blind Watchmaker]]'', contains a sustained critique of the [[Teleological argument|argument from design]], an important creationist argument. In the book, Dawkins argues against the [[watchmaker analogy]] made famous by the eighteenth-century English [[theology|theologian]] [[William Paley]] via his book ''Natural Theology'', in which Paley argues that just as a watch is too complicated and too functional to have sprung into existence merely by accident, so too must all living things—with their far greater complexity—be purposefully designed. Dawkins shares the view generally held by scientists that natural selection is sufficient to explain the apparent functionality and non-random complexity of the biological world, and can be said to play the role of watchmaker in nature, albeit as an automatic, unguided by any designer, nonintelligent, ''blind'' watchmaker.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/WorldOfDawkins-archive/Dawkins/Work/Books/blind.shtml |title=Book: The Blind Watchmaker |access-date=28 February 2008 |last=Catalano |first=John |publisher=The University of Oxford |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415140851/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/WorldOfDawkins-archive/Dawkins/Work/Books/blind.shtml |date=1 August 1996 |archive-date=15 April 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Dawkins is a prominent critic of creationism, a religious belief that humanity, life, and the universe were created by a deity without recourse to evolution. He has described the Young Earth creationist view that the Earth is only a few thousand years old as "a preposterous, mind-shrinking falsehood". His 1986 book, The Blind Watchmaker, contains a sustained critique of the argument from design, an important creationist argument. In the book, Dawkins argues against the watchmaker analogy made famous by the eighteenth-century English theologian William Paley via his book Natural Theology, in which Paley argues that just as a watch is too complicated and too functional to have sprung into existence merely by accident, so too must all living things—with their far greater complexity—be purposefully designed. Dawkins shares the view generally held by scientists that natural selection is sufficient to explain the apparent functionality and non-random complexity of the biological world, and can be said to play the role of watchmaker in nature, albeit as an automatic, unguided by any designer, nonintelligent, blind watchmaker.

道金斯是神创论的杰出批评家，神创论是一种宗教信仰，认为人类、生命和宇宙都是由神创造的，不依赖于进化。他将年轻的地球创造论者认为地球只有几千岁的观点描述为“一个荒谬的、意识萎缩的谬误”。他在1986年出版的《盲眼钟表匠持续批判了设计论，这是一个重要的神创论论点。在书中，Dawkins 反驳了18世纪英国神学家 William Paley 通过他的著作《钟表匠类比自然神学而闻名于世的手表。道金斯同意科学家们普遍持有的观点，即自然选择足以解释生物世界表面的功能性和非随机的复杂性，可以说在自然界中扮演着钟表匠的角色，尽管是自动的，不受任何设计师、非智能的盲人钟表匠的指导。

[[File:Dawkins aaconf.jpg|thumb|Wearing a [[scarlet 'A']] lapel pin, at the 34th annual conference of [[American Atheists]] (2008)]]

In 1986, Dawkins and biologist [[John Maynard Smith]] participated in an [[Oxford Union]] debate against [[A. E. Wilder-Smith]] (a Young Earth creationist) and [[Edgar Andrews]] (president of the [[Biblical Creation Society]]).{{Ref label|b|b|none}} In general, however, Dawkins has followed the advice of his late colleague [[Stephen Jay Gould]] and refused to participate in formal debates with creationists because "what they seek is the oxygen of respectability", and doing so would "give them this oxygen by the mere act of ''engaging'' with them at all". He suggests that creationists "don't mind being beaten in an argument. What matters is that we give them recognition by bothering to argue with them in public."{{sfn|Dawkins|2003|p=218}} In a December 2004 interview with American journalist [[Bill Moyers]], Dawkins said that "among the things that science does know, evolution is about as certain as anything we know." When Moyers questioned him on the [[Evolution as theory and fact|use of the word ''theory'']], Dawkins stated that "evolution has been observed. It's just that it hasn't been observed while it's happening." He added that "it is rather like a detective coming on a murder after the scene... the detective hasn't actually seen the murder take place, of course. But what you do see is a massive clue... Huge quantities of circumstantial evidence. It might as well be spelled out in words of English."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/now/transcript/transcript349_full.html#dawkins |title=''Now'' with Bill Moyers |access-date=29 January 2006 |last=Moyers |first=Bill |date=3 December 2004 |publisher=Public Broadcasting Service |archive-date=16 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516223956/http://www.pbs.org/now/transcript/transcript349_full.html#dawkins |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1986, Dawkins and biologist John Maynard Smith participated in an Oxford Union debate against A. E. Wilder-Smith (a Young Earth creationist) and Edgar Andrews (president of the Biblical Creation Society). In general, however, Dawkins has followed the advice of his late colleague Stephen Jay Gould and refused to participate in formal debates with creationists because "what they seek is the oxygen of respectability", and doing so would "give them this oxygen by the mere act of engaging with them at all". He suggests that creationists "don't mind being beaten in an argument. What matters is that we give them recognition by bothering to argue with them in public." In a December 2004 interview with American journalist Bill Moyers, Dawkins said that "among the things that science does know, evolution is about as certain as anything we know." When Moyers questioned him on the use of the word theory, Dawkins stated that "evolution has been observed. It's just that it hasn't been observed while it's happening." He added that "it is rather like a detective coming on a murder after the scene... the detective hasn't actually seen the murder take place, of course. But what you do see is a massive clue... Huge quantities of circumstantial evidence. It might as well be spelled out in words of English."

1986年，Dawkins 和生物学家约翰·梅纳德·史密斯参加了牛津大学联盟对抗年轻的地球创造论者 a. e. Wilder-Smith 和圣经创造学会主席 Edgar Andrews 的辩论。然而，总的来说，Dawkins 听从了他已故同事史蒂芬·古尔德的建议，拒绝参加与神创论者的正式辩论，因为“他们寻求的是体面的氧气”，这样做将“仅仅通过与他们接触的行为就能给他们这种氧气”。他认为神创论者“不介意在争论中被击败。重要的是，我们必须通过在公共场合与他们争论来给予他们认可。”2004年12月，道金斯在接受美国记者比尔 · 莫耶斯(Bill Moyers)的采访时说，“在科学确实知道的事情中，进化论和我们知道的任何事情一样确定。”当莫耶斯就“理论”这个词的用法向他提出质疑时，道金斯说: “进化论已经被观察到了。这只是因为它发生的时候没有被观察到而已。”他补充说: “这很像一个侦探在犯罪现场之后调查谋杀案... ... 当然，这个侦探实际上并没有亲眼看到谋杀发生。但是你所看到的是一个巨大的线索..。大量的间接证据。这就像是用英语拼写出来的一样。”

Dawkins has opposed the inclusion of [[intelligent design]] in science education, describing it as "not a scientific argument at all, but a religious one".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2005/sep/01/schools.research |title=One side can be wrong |access-date=21 December 2006 |date=1 September 2005 |author1=Dawkins, Richard |author2=Coyne, Jerry |name-list-style=amp |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |archive-date=26 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226232200/http://www.theguardian.com/science/2005/sep/01/schools.research |url-status=live }}</ref> He has been referred to in the media as "Darwin's [[Rottweiler]]",<ref name="discover">{{cite web |url=http://discovermagazine.com/2005/sep/darwins-rottweiler |title=Darwin's Rottweiler |access-date=22 March 2008 |last=Hall |first=Stephen S. |date=9 August 2005 |work=[[Discover (magazine)|Discover]] magazine |archive-date=21 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321202431/http://discovermagazine.com/2005/sep/darwins-rottweiler/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=mcgrath>{{cite book |last1=McGrath |first1=Alister |title=Dawkins' God : genes, memes, and the meaning of life |date=2007 |publisher=Blackwell |location=Malden, MA |isbn=978-1405125383 |page=i |edition=Reprinted |url=https://archive.org/details/dawkinsgodgenesm0000mcgr }}</ref> a reference to English biologist [[Thomas Henry Huxley|T. H. Huxley]], who was known as "Darwin's [[Bulldog]]" for his advocacy of [[Charles Darwin]]'s evolutionary ideas. He has been a strong critic of the British organisation [[Truth in Science]], which promotes the teaching of creationism in state schools, and whose work Dawkins has described as an "educational scandal". He plans to subsidise schools through the [[Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science]] with the delivery of books, DVDs, and pamphlets that counteract their work.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/student/news/article641971.ece |title=Godless Dawkins challenges schools |access-date=3 April 2008 |date=19 November 2006 |last=Swinford |first=Steven |work=The Times |location=London |archive-date=5 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805101216/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/student/news/article641971.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Dawkins has opposed the inclusion of intelligent design in science education, describing it as "not a scientific argument at all, but a religious one". He has been referred to in the media as "Darwin's Rottweiler", a reference to English biologist T. H. Huxley, who was known as "Darwin's Bulldog" for his advocacy of Charles Darwin's evolutionary ideas. He has been a strong critic of the British organisation Truth in Science, which promotes the teaching of creationism in state schools, and whose work Dawkins has described as an "educational scandal". He plans to subsidise schools through the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science with the delivery of books, DVDs, and pamphlets that counteract their work.

道金斯反对将智能设计论纳入科学教育，称其“根本不是一个科学论点，而是一个宗教论点”。他被媒体称为“达尔文的罗特韦尔犬”，这里指的是英国生物学家 t · h · 赫胥黎，他因拥护查尔斯 · 达尔文的进化论而被称为“达尔文的斗牛犬”。他一直强烈批评英国组织“科学真理”(Truth in Science) ，该组织在公立学校推广神创论教学，道金斯的著作被称为“教育丑闻”。他计划通过理查德 · 道金斯理性与科学基金会资助学校，提供书籍、 dvd 和小册子，抵消他们的工作。

=== Political views ===
{{see also|Political views of Richard Dawkins}}

[[File:Ariane Sherine and Richard Dawkins at the Atheist Bus Campaign launch.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|left|With [[Ariane Sherine]] at the [[Atheist Bus Campaign]] launch in London]]

Dawkins is an outspoken [[atheism|atheist]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Bass |first=Thomas A. |title=Reinventing the future: Conversations with the World's Leading Scientists |url=https://archive.org/details/reinventingfutur00bass |url-access=registration |year=1994 |publisher=Addison Wesley |isbn=978-0-201-62642-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/reinventingfutur00bass/page/118 118] }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=yRZYc-LPz1oC&hl=en&pg=PA118 Extract of page 118] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523013314/https://books.google.com/books?id=yRZYc-LPz1oC&hl=en&pg=PA118 |date=23 May 2020 }}</ref> and a supporter of various atheist, secular, and humanistic organisations,<ref name="cv" /><ref>{{cite web |publisher=National Secular Society |url=http://www.secularism.org.uk/honoraryassociates.html |title=Our Honorary Associates |year=2005 |access-date=21 April 2007 |archive-date=9 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709124141/http://www.secularism.org.uk/honoraryassociates.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=The Humanist Society of Scotland |url=http://www.humanism-scotland.org.uk/about-us/the-hss-today.html |title=The HSS Today |year=2007 |access-date=3 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418122008/http://www.humanism-scotland.org.uk/about-us/the-hss-today.html |archive-date=18 April 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.secular.org/bios/Richard_Dawkins.html |title=Secular Coalition for America Advisory Board Biography |publisher=Secular.org |access-date=29 July 2010 |archive-date=31 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331152929/http://secular.org/bios/Richard_Dawkins.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php/3258 |title=The International Academy Of Humanism – Humanist Laureates |access-date=7 April 2008 |publisher=[[Council for Secular Humanism]] |archive-date=30 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330192331/https://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php/3258 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csicop.org/about/fellows.html |title=The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry – Fellows |access-date=7 April 2008 |publisher=[[The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615215501/http://www.csicop.org/about/fellows.html |archive-date=15 June 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.americanhumanist.org/Who_We_Are/About_Humanism/Humanist_Manifesto_III/Notable_Signers |title=Humanism and Its Aspirations  – Notable Signers |access-date=9 February 2010 |publisher=[[American Humanist Association]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619130831/http://americanhumanist.org/Who_We_Are/About_Humanism/Humanist_Manifesto_III/Notable_Signers |archive-date=19 June 2010}}</ref> including [[Humanists UK]] and the [[Brights movement]].<ref name="militant">{{cite web |url=http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/richard_dawkins_on_militant_atheism.html |title=Richard Dawkins on militant atheism |date=February 2002 |access-date=14 December 2011 |publisher=TED Conferences, LLC |archive-date=11 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211194007/http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/richard_dawkins_on_militant_atheism.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Dawkins suggests that atheists should be proud, not apologetic, stressing that atheism is evidence of a healthy, independent mind.{{sfn|Dawkins|2006|p=3}} He hopes that the more atheists identify themselves, the more the public will become aware of just how many people are nonbelievers, thereby reducing the negative opinion of atheism among the religious majority.<ref name="suntimes">{{cite news |last=Chittenden |first=Maurice |author2=Waite, Roger |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article3087486.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517000447/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article3087486.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 May 2008 |title=Dawkins to preach atheism to US |access-date=1 April 2008 |date=23 December 2007 |work=The Sunday Times |location=London}}</ref> Inspired by the [[Gay Liberation|gay rights movement]], he endorsed the [[Out Campaign]] to encourage atheists worldwide to declare their stance publicly.<ref name="rd-out-annouce">{{cite web |url=http://richarddawkins.net/article,1471,The-Out-Campaign,Richard-Dawkins |title=The Out Campaign |access-date=1 April 2008 |date=30 July 2007 |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430213003/http://richarddawkins.net/article,1471,The-Out-Campaign,Richard-Dawkins |archive-date=30 April 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He supported a UK atheist advertising initiative, the [[Atheist Bus Campaign]] in 2008, which aimed to raise funds to place atheist advertisements on buses in the London area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.humanism.org.uk/bus-campaign |title=The Bus Campaign |publisher=[[British Humanist Association]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220154544/http://www.humanism.org.uk/bus-campaign|archive-date=20 February 2012|url-status=dead |access-date=19 January 2009}}</ref>

Dawkins is an outspoken atheist Extract of page 118 and a supporter of various atheist, secular, and humanistic organisations, including Humanists UK and the Brights movement. Dawkins suggests that atheists should be proud, not apologetic, stressing that atheism is evidence of a healthy, independent mind. He hopes that the more atheists identify themselves, the more the public will become aware of just how many people are nonbelievers, thereby reducing the negative opinion of atheism among the religious majority. Inspired by the gay rights movement, he endorsed the Out Campaign to encourage atheists worldwide to declare their stance publicly. He supported a UK atheist advertising initiative, the Atheist Bus Campaign in 2008, which aimed to raise funds to place atheist advertisements on buses in the London area.

道金斯是一个直言不讳的无神论者摘录118页和支持各种无神论，世俗和人文组织，包括英国人文主义者和布莱特运动。道金斯建议无神论者应该感到骄傲，而不是道歉，强调无神论是健康、独立思考的证据。他希望越多的无神论者认同他们自己，越多的公众会意识到有多少人是无神论者，从而减少无神论在大多数宗教中的负面影响。受到同性恋权利运动的启发，他支持“走出去运动”，鼓励全世界的无神论者公开表明他们的立场。他在2008年支持了英国一项无神论者广告倡议——无神论者巴士运动，该运动旨在筹集资金，在伦敦地区的巴士上张贴无神论者广告。

[[File:Richard Dawkin Kepler Talk.jpg|thumb|upright|Speaking at [[Kepler's Books]], [[Menlo Park, California|Menlo Park]], [[California]], 29 October 2006]]
[[File:Richard Dawkins on free speech and Islam(ism).webm|thumb|Dawkins discusses free speech and Islam(ism) at the 2017 Conference on Free Expression and Conscience]]
Dawkins has expressed concern about the growth of human population and about the matter of [[Human overpopulation|overpopulation]].<ref>{{cite web |title=BBC: The Selfish Green |url=http://richarddawkins.net/article,829,The-Selfish-Green,Jonathan-Dimbleby-David-Attenborough-Richard-Dawkins-Jane-Goodall-Richard-Leakey |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |date=2 April 2007 |access-date=22 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501094048/http://richarddawkins.net/article,829,The-Selfish-Green,Jonathan-Dimbleby-David-Attenborough-Richard-Dawkins-Jane-Goodall-Richard-Leakey |archive-date=1 May 2008 |url-status=dead}} For video in one segment, see {{YouTube | g5WUIDzxUeo }}</ref> In ''The Selfish Gene'', he briefly mentions population growth, giving the example of [[Latin America]], whose population, at the time the book was written, was doubling every 40 years. He is critical of [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] attitudes to [[family planning]] and [[population control]], stating that leaders who forbid [[birth control|contraception]] and "express a preference for 'natural' methods of population limitation" will get just such a method in the form of [[starvation]].{{sfn|Dawkins|1989|p=213}}

thumb|Dawkins discusses free speech and Islam(ism) at the 2017 Conference on Free Expression and Conscience
Dawkins has expressed concern about the growth of human population and about the matter of overpopulation. For video in one segment, see In The Selfish Gene, he briefly mentions population growth, giving the example of Latin America, whose population, at the time the book was written, was doubling every 40 years. He is critical of Roman Catholic attitudes to family planning and population control, stating that leaders who forbid contraception and "express a preference for 'natural' methods of population limitation" will get just such a method in the form of starvation.

道金斯在2017年言论自由和良知会议上讨论了言论自由和伊斯兰教(主义) ，道金斯表达了对人口增长和人口过剩问题的关切。在《自私的基因》一书中，他简要地提到了人口增长，并以拉丁美洲为例，那里的人口，在本书写作的时候，每40年翻一番。他批评罗马天主教对计划生育和人口控制的态度，指出禁止避孕和”表示偏爱‘自然’的人口限制方法”的领导人将会得到这种方法，即饥饿。

As a supporter of the [[Great Ape Project]]—a movement to extend certain moral and legal [[rights]] to all [[Hominidae|great apes]]—Dawkins contributed the article 'Gaps in the Mind' to the ''Great Ape Project'' book edited by [[Paola Cavalieri]] and [[Peter Singer]]. In this essay, he criticises contemporary society's moral attitudes as being based on a "discontinuous, [[speciesism|speciesist]] imperative".<ref>{{cite book | editor-first1= Paola | editor-last1= Cavalieri | editor-first2= Peter | editor-last2= Singer |title=The Great Ape Project |year=1993 |publisher=Fourth Estate |location=United Kingdom |isbn=978-0-312-11818-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/greatapeprojecte00cava}}</ref>

As a supporter of the Great Ape Project—a movement to extend certain moral and legal rights to all great apes—Dawkins contributed the article 'Gaps in the Mind' to the Great Ape Project book edited by Paola Cavalieri and Peter Singer. In this essay, he criticises contemporary society's moral attitudes as being based on a "discontinuous, speciesist imperative".

作为大猩猩项目的支持者---- 这是一项将某些道德和法律权利扩展到所有大猩猩的运动---- dawkins 为 Paola Cavalieri 和 Peter Singer 编辑的大猿计划图书撰写了文章《思想的空白》。在本文中，他批评当代社会的道德态度是基于“不连续的，特殊的命令”。

Dawkins also regularly comments in newspapers and [[blog]]s on contemporary political questions and is a frequent contributor to the online science and culture digest ''[[3 Quarks Daily]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.3quarksdaily.com/3quarksdaily/2010/06/the-winners-of-the-3-quarks-daily-2010-prize-in-science.html |title=3 Quarks Daily 2010 Prize in Science: Richard Dawkins has picked the three winners |date=1 June 2010 |access-date=20 January 2016 |archive-date=28 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128072740/http://www.3quarksdaily.com/3quarksdaily/2010/06/the-winners-of-the-3-quarks-daily-2010-prize-in-science.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His opinions include opposition to the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]],<ref>{{cite news |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |title=Bin Laden's victory |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/mar/22/iraq.usa |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |date=22 March 2003 |access-date=15 March 2008 |archive-date=5 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505210246/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/mar/22/iraq.usa |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Trident nuclear programme|British nuclear deterrent]], the actions of then-US President [[George W. Bush]],<ref>{{cite news |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |title=While we have your attention, Mr President... |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/nov/18/usa.politics1 |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=18 November 2003 |access-date=16 March 2008 |archive-date=2 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802213236/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/nov/18/usa.politics1 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the ethics of [[designer babies]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/from-the-afterword-1.836155 |title=From the Afterword |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |work=Herald Scotland |date=19 November 2006 |access-date=9 June 2014 |archive-date=10 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510235345/http://www.heraldscotland.com/from-the-afterword-1.836155 |url-status=live }}</ref> Several such articles were included in ''[[A Devil's Chaplain]]'', an anthology of writings about science, religion, and politics. He is also a supporter of [[Republic (political organisation)|Republic]]'s campaign to replace the [[British monarchy]] with a democratically elected [[President (government title)|president]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.republic.org.uk/Who%20we%20are/Our%20Supporters%20Include/index.php |title=Our supporters |publisher=Republic |date=24 April 2010 |access-date=29 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326212133/http://www.republic.org.uk/Who%20we%20are/Our%20Supporters%20Include/index.php |archive-date=26 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Dawkins has described himself as a [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] voter in the 1970s<ref>{{cite book |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |title=The Selfish Gene ''(1st extra chapter)'' |edition=2nd |year=1989 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=United Kingdom |isbn=978-0-19-286092-7 |chapter=Endnotes. Chapter 1. Why are people? |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/selfishgene00dawkrich }}</ref> and voter for the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] since the party's creation. In 2009, he spoke at the party's conference in opposition to blasphemy laws, alternative medicine, and faith schools. In the [[2010 United Kingdom general election|UK general election of 2010]], Dawkins officially endorsed the Liberal Democrats, in support of their campaign for electoral reform and for their "refusal to pander to 'faith{{' "}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://libdems.org.uk/latest_news_detail.aspx |title=Show your support – vote for the Liberal Democrats on May 6th |date=3 May 2010 |publisher=Libdems.org.uk |access-date=29 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414004332/http://www.libdems.org.uk/latest_news_detail.aspx |archive-date=14 April 2010}}</ref> In the run up to the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017 general election]], Dawkins once again endorsed the Liberal Democrats and urged voters to join the party.

Dawkins also regularly comments in newspapers and blogs on contemporary political questions and is a frequent contributor to the online science and culture digest 3 Quarks Daily. His opinions include opposition to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the British nuclear deterrent, the actions of then-US President George W. Bush, and the ethics of designer babies. Several such articles were included in A Devil's Chaplain, an anthology of writings about science, religion, and politics. He is also a supporter of Republic's campaign to replace the British monarchy with a democratically elected president. Dawkins has described himself as a Labour voter in the 1970s and voter for the Liberal Democrats since the party's creation. In 2009, he spoke at the party's conference in opposition to blasphemy laws, alternative medicine, and faith schools. In the UK general election of 2010, Dawkins officially endorsed the Liberal Democrats, in support of their campaign for electoral reform and for their "refusal to pander to 'faith. In the run up to the 2017 general election, Dawkins once again endorsed the Liberal Democrats and urged voters to join the party.

道金斯还经常在报纸和博客上评论当代政治问题，并且经常为在线科学和文化消化3夸克日报撰稿。他的观点包括反对2003年入侵伊拉克、英国的核威慑力量、时任美国总统乔治• w •布什(George w. Bush)的行动，以及设计婴儿的伦理道德。一本关于科学、宗教和政治著作的选集《魔鬼的牧师》收录了几篇这样的文章。他也是共和国运动的支持者，该运动旨在用民主选举产生的总统取代英国君主制度。道金斯将自己描述为上世纪70年代的工党选民，自民党成立以来，他一直是自民党的支持者。2009年，他在党的会议上发表讲话，反对亵渎法、替代医学和宗教学校。在2010年的英国大选中，道金斯正式支持自由民主党(Liberal Democrats) ，以支持他们的选举改革运动，以及他们“拒绝迎合‘信仰’。在2017年大选的准备阶段，道金斯再次支持自由民主党，并敦促选民加入该党。

In April 2021, Dawkins said on Twitter that "Some men choose to identify as women, and some women choose to identify as men. You will be vilified if you deny that they literally are what they identify as. Discuss." After receiving criticism for this tweet, Dawkins responded by saying that "I do not intend to disparage trans people. I see that my academic "Discuss" question has been misconstrued as such and I deplore this. It was also not my intent to ally in any way with Republican bigots in US now exploiting this issue."<ref name=":0" />

In April 2021, Dawkins said on Twitter that "Some men choose to identify as women, and some women choose to identify as men. You will be vilified if you deny that they literally are what they identify as. Discuss." After receiving criticism for this tweet, Dawkins responded by saying that "I do not intend to disparage trans people. I see that my academic "Discuss" question has been misconstrued as such and I deplore this. It was also not my intent to ally in any way with Republican bigots in US now exploiting this issue."

2021年4月，道金斯在推特上说: “一些男人选择认同自己是女人，一些女人选择认同自己是男人。如果你否认他们真的是他们所认同的那样，你就会被诋毁。讨论一下。”在因为这条推文而受到批评后，道金斯回应说: “我无意贬低变性人。我看到我的学术“讨论”问题已被误解为这样，我谴责这一点。我也不打算以任何方式与美国的偏执共和党人结盟，他们现在正在利用这个问题。”

Dawkins has voiced his support for the [[Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly]], an organisation that campaigns for democratic reform in the United Nations, and the creation of a more accountable international political system.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://en.unpacampaign.org/supporters/overview/page/2/?mapcountry=allpro&mapgroup=pro |title=Overview |work=Campaign for a UN Parliamentary Assembly |access-date=9 October 2017 |language=en-US |archive-date=8 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808234235/https://en.unpacampaign.org/supporters/overview/page/2/?mapcountry=allpro&mapgroup=pro |url-status=live }}</ref>

Dawkins has voiced his support for the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation that campaigns for democratic reform in the United Nations, and the creation of a more accountable international political system.

道金斯表示，他支持建立联合国议会大会运动，这是一个在联合国推动民主改革的组织，并支持建立一个更负责任的国际政治制度。

Dawkins identifies as a feminist.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/280427716010983424 |title=Richard Dawkins |date=16 December 2012 |access-date=3 May 2015 |website=Twitter |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904014126/https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/280427716010983424 |url-status=live }}</ref> He has said that feminism is "enormously important" and "a political movement that deserves to be supported".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.salon.com/2014/12/08/richard_dawkins_is_there_a_mens_rights_movement/ |title=Richard Dawkins: "Is There a Men's Rights Movement?" |work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |last=Kutner |first=Jenny |date=8 December 2014 |access-date=1 February 2015 |archive-date=17 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217192227/http://www.salon.com/2014/12/08/richard_dawkins_is_there_a_mens_rights_movement/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Dawkins identifies as a feminist. He has said that feminism is "enormously important" and "a political movement that deserves to be supported".

道金斯被认为是女权主义者。他说，女权主义是“极其重要的”，是“一个值得支持的政治运动”。

=== Views on postmodernism ===
In 1998, Dawkins expressed his appreciation for two books connected with the [[Sokal affair]], ''[[Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science]]'' by [[Paul R. Gross]] and [[Norman Levitt]] and ''[[Fashionable Nonsense|Intellectual Impostures]]'' by [[Alan Sokal|Sokal]] and [[Jean Bricmont]]. These books are famous for their criticism of [[postmodernism]] in U.S. universities (namely in the departments of literary studies, anthropology, and other cultural studies).<ref name="postmodernism">{{cite journal|last=Dawkins|first=Richard|date=9 July 1998|title=Postmodernism Disrobed|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=394|issue=6689|pages=141–43|bibcode=1998Natur.394..141D|doi=10.1038/28089|s2cid=40887987|doi-access=free}} For article with math symbols see [http://www.physics.nyu.edu/sokal/dawkins.html this link] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417132936/http://physics.nyu.edu/sokal/dawkins.html |date=17 April 2016 }}.</ref>

In 1998, Dawkins expressed his appreciation for two books connected with the Sokal affair, Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science by Paul R. Gross and Norman Levitt and Intellectual Impostures by Sokal and Jean Bricmont. These books are famous for their criticism of postmodernism in U.S. universities (namely in the departments of literary studies, anthropology, and other cultural studies). For article with math symbols see this link .

1998年，道金斯对两本与索卡尔事件有关的书表示了赞赏: 保罗 · r · 格罗斯和诺曼 · 莱维特的《更高的迷信: 学术左派及其与科学的争论》和索卡尔和让 · 布里克蒙特的《知识骗局》。这些书因其在美国大学的后现代主义的批评而闻名(即在文学研究、人类学和其他文化研究系)。有关数学符号的文章，请参阅这个链接。

Echoing many critics, Dawkins holds that postmodernism uses obscurantist language to hide its lack of meaningful content. As an example he quotes the psychoanalyst [[Félix Guattari]]:

Echoing many critics, Dawkins holds that postmodernism uses obscurantist language to hide its lack of meaningful content. As an example he quotes the psychoanalyst Félix Guattari:

道金斯回应了许多批评家的观点，认为后现代主义使用蒙昧主义的语言来掩盖其缺乏有意义的内容。作为一个例子，他引用了精神分析学家 Félix Guattari 的话:

"We can clearly see that there is no bi-univocal correspondence between linear signifying links or archi-writing, depending on the author, and this multireferential, multi-dimensional machinic catalysis."

"We can clearly see that there is no bi-univocal correspondence between linear signifying links or archi-writing, depending on the author, and this multireferential, multi-dimensional machinic catalysis."

“我们可以清楚地看到，依赖于作者的线性能指链接或基本书写，与这种多参照的、多维的机械催化之间，并不存在双重单一的对应。”

This is explained, Dawkins maintains, by certain intellectuals' academic ambitions. Figures like Guattari or [[Jacques Lacan|Lacan]], according to Dawkins, have nothing to say but want to reap the benefits of reputation and fame that derive from a successful academic career:

This is explained, Dawkins maintains, by certain intellectuals' academic ambitions. Figures like Guattari or Lacan, according to Dawkins, have nothing to say but want to reap the benefits of reputation and fame that derive from a successful academic career:

道金斯认为，这可以用某些知识分子的学术抱负来解释。道金斯认为，像瓜塔里或拉康这样的人物无话可说，但他们希望从成功的学术生涯中获得声誉和名望:

"Suppose you are an intellectual impostor with nothing to say, but with strong ambitions to succeed in academic life, collect a coterie of reverent disciples and have students around the world anoint your pages with respectful yellow highlighter. What kind of literary style would you cultivate? Not a lucid one, surely, for clarity would expose your lack of content."<ref name="postmodernism" />

"Suppose you are an intellectual impostor with nothing to say, but with strong ambitions to succeed in academic life, collect a coterie of reverent disciples and have students around the world anoint your pages with respectful yellow highlighter. What kind of literary style would you cultivate? Not a lucid one, surely, for clarity would expose your lack of content."

“假设你是一个知识分子的骗子，无话可说，但有着在学术生活中取得成功的强烈野心，召集一群虔诚的弟子，让世界各地的学生在你的书页上涂上尊敬的黄色荧光笔。你会培养什么样的文学风格？当然不是一个清晰的问题，因为清晰的问题会暴露出你的内容不足。”

=== Other fields ===
In his role as professor for public understanding of science, Dawkins has been a critic of [[pseudoscience]] and [[alternative medicine]]. His 1998 book ''[[Unweaving the Rainbow]]'' considers [[John Keats]]'s accusation that by explaining the [[rainbow]], [[Isaac Newton]] diminished its beauty; Dawkins argues for the opposite conclusion. He suggests that deep space, the billions of years of life's evolution, and the microscopic workings of biology and heredity contain more beauty and wonder than do "myths" and "pseudoscience".<ref>{{cite book |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |title=Unweaving The Rainbow |year=1998 |publisher=Penguin |location=United Kingdom |isbn=978-0-618-05673-6 |pages=4–7}}</ref> For [[John Diamond (journalist)|John Diamond]]'s posthumously published ''Snake Oil'', a book devoted to debunking alternative medicine, Dawkins wrote a foreword in which he asserts that alternative medicine is harmful, if only because it distracts patients from more successful conventional treatments and gives people false hopes.<ref>{{cite book |last=Diamond |first=John |title=Snake Oil and Other Preoccupations |year=2001 |publisher=Vintage |location=United Kingdom |isbn=978-0-09-942833-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/snakeoilotherpre0000diam }}</ref> Dawkins states that "There is no alternative medicine. There is only medicine that works and medicine that doesn't work."{{sfn|Dawkins|2003|p=58}} In his 2007 Channel 4 TV film ''The Enemies of Reason'', Dawkins concluded that Britain is gripped by "an epidemic of superstitious thinking".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1559468/New-age-therapies-cause-retreat-from-reason.html |title=New age therapies cause 'retreat from reason' |date=5 August 2007 |first=David |last=Harrison |work=The Telegraph |location=London |access-date=25 March 2016 |archive-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821160511/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1559468/New-age-therapies-cause-retreat-from-reason.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In his role as professor for public understanding of science, Dawkins has been a critic of pseudoscience and alternative medicine. His 1998 book Unweaving the Rainbow considers John Keats's accusation that by explaining the rainbow, Isaac Newton diminished its beauty; Dawkins argues for the opposite conclusion. He suggests that deep space, the billions of years of life's evolution, and the microscopic workings of biology and heredity contain more beauty and wonder than do "myths" and "pseudoscience". For John Diamond's posthumously published Snake Oil, a book devoted to debunking alternative medicine, Dawkins wrote a foreword in which he asserts that alternative medicine is harmful, if only because it distracts patients from more successful conventional treatments and gives people false hopes. Dawkins states that "There is no alternative medicine. There is only medicine that works and medicine that doesn't work." In his 2007 Channel 4 TV film The Enemies of Reason, Dawkins concluded that Britain is gripped by "an epidemic of superstitious thinking".

作为公众理解科学的教授，道金斯一直是伪科学和替代医学的批评者。他在1998年出版的《解开彩虹》一书中考虑了约翰 · 济慈的指责，即通过解释彩虹，艾萨克 · 牛顿削弱了它的美丽; 道金斯则支持相反的结论。他认为，深空、亿万年的生命进化、生物学和遗传学的微观工作机制，比“神话”和“伪科学”包含更多的美和奇迹。在约翰 · 戴蒙德去世后出版的《蛇油》一书中，道金斯写了一个前言，他断言替代医学是有害的，即使仅仅是因为它分散了病人对更成功的常规治疗的注意力，给了人们错误的希望。道金斯说: “没有替代医学。只有有效的药物和无效的药物。”道金斯在2007年4频道的电视电影《理性的敌人》中总结道，英国正被“迷信思想的流行”所笼罩。

Continuing a long-standing partnership with [[Channel 4]], Dawkins participated in a five-part television series, ''[[Genius of Britain]]'', along with fellow scientists [[Stephen Hawking]], [[James Dyson]], [[Paul Nurse]], and [[Jim Al-Khalili]]. The series was first broadcast in June 2010, and focuses on major, British, scientific achievements throughout history.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/2009/01/dawkins_to_front_c4_science_series.html |title=C4 lines up Genius science series |date=27 January 2009 |first=Robin |last=Parker |access-date=31 January 2009 |work=[[Broadcast (magazine)|Broadcast]]}} {{Subscription}}</ref>

Continuing a long-standing partnership with Channel 4, Dawkins participated in a five-part television series, Genius of Britain, along with fellow scientists Stephen Hawking, James Dyson, Paul Nurse, and Jim Al-Khalili. The series was first broadcast in June 2010, and focuses on major, British, scientific achievements throughout history.

继续与第四频道的长期合作关系，道金斯参加了一个五部分的电视系列节目，英国的天才，与他一起的还有科学家斯蒂芬霍金，詹姆斯戴森，保罗护士和吉姆哈利利。该系列节目于2010年6月首次播出，重点介绍了英国历史上的重大科学成就。

In 2014, he joined the global awareness movement [[Asteroid Day]] as a "100x Signatory".<ref name="Telegrapharticle">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/11272393/Asteroids-could-wipe-out-humanity-warn-Richard-Dawkins-and-Brian-Cox.html |title=Asteroids could wipe out humanity, warn Richard Dawkins and Brian Cox |newspaper=The Telegraph |first=Sarah |last=Knapton |date=4 December 2014 |access-date=4 December 2014 |archive-date=22 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222205213/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/11272393/Asteroids-could-wipe-out-humanity-warn-Richard-Dawkins-and-Brian-Cox.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2014, he joined the global awareness movement Asteroid Day as a "100x Signatory".

2014年，他作为“100倍签字人”加入了全球提高认识运动小行星日。

== Awards and recognition ==

== Awards and recognition ==

= = 奖励和认可 = =

[[File:Deschner Dawkins.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Receiving the [[Giordano Bruno Foundation#Deschner Award|Deschner Prize]] in [[Frankfurt]], 12 October 2007, from [[Karlheinz Deschner]]]]

Dawkins was awarded a [[Doctor of Science]] degree by the University of Oxford in 1989. He holds [[honorary degree|honorary doctorates]] in science from the [[University of Huddersfield]], [[University of Westminster]], [[Durham University]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Durham salutes science, Shakespeare and social inclusion |url=http://www.dur.ac.uk/news/allnews/?itemno=3972 |work=Durham University News |date=26 August 2005 |access-date=11 April 2006 |archive-date=3 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203181748/http://www.dur.ac.uk/news/allnews/?itemno=3972 |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[University of Hull]], the [[University of Antwerp]], the [[University of Oslo]], the [[University of Aberdeen]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vcs.abdn.ac.uk/news/details-4924.php |title=Best-selling biologist and outspoken atheist among those honoured by University |date=1 September 2011 |access-date=1 January 2012 |publisher=University of Aberdeen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901041512/http://vcs.abdn.ac.uk/news/details-4924.php |archive-date=1 September 2011}}</ref> [[Open University]], the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel]],<ref name=cv/> and the [[University of Valencia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Richard Dawkins, doctor 'honoris causa' per la Universitat de València |url=http://www.uv.es/~webuv/noticies/noticia.php?idnoticia=7165 |date=31 March 2009 |access-date=2 April 2009 |publisher=[[University of Valencia]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011191110/http://www.uv.es/~webuv/noticies/noticia.php?idnoticia=7165 |archive-date=11 October 2011 |url-status=dead}} Note: web page is in Spanish.</ref> He also holds honorary doctorates of letters from the [[University of St Andrews]] and the [[Australian National University]] (HonLittD, 1996), and was elected Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Literature]] in 1997 and a [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 2001|Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2001]].<ref name=frs/><ref name=cv/> He is one of the patrons of the [[Oxford University Scientific Society]].

Dawkins was awarded a Doctor of Science degree by the University of Oxford in 1989. He holds honorary doctorates in science from the University of Huddersfield, University of Westminster, Durham University, the University of Hull, the University of Antwerp, the University of Oslo, the University of Aberdeen, Open University, the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, and the University of Valencia. Note: web page is in Spanish. He also holds honorary doctorates of letters from the University of St Andrews and the Australian National University (HonLittD, 1996), and was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1997 and a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2001. He is one of the patrons of the Oxford University Scientific Society.

道金斯于1989年获得牛津大学理学博士学位。他拥有哈德斯菲尔德大学、威斯敏斯特大学、杜伦大学、赫尔大学、安特卫普大学、奥斯陆大学、阿伯丁大学、开放大学、美国储蓄银行和波士顿大学的名誉博士学位。注意: 网页是西班牙语的。他还拥有圣安德鲁斯大学和澳大利亚国立大学的荣誉博士学位，1997年被选为皇家文学学会会员，2001年被选为皇家学会会员。他是牛津大学科学学会的赞助人之一。

In 1987, Dawkins received a [[Royal Society of Literature]] award and a ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' Literary Prize for his book ''The Blind Watchmaker''. In the same year, he received a Sci. Tech Prize for Best Television Documentary Science Programme of the Year for his work on the BBC's ''[[Horizon (BBC TV series)|Horizon]]'' episode ''The Blind Watchmaker''.<ref name=cv/>

In 1987, Dawkins received a Royal Society of Literature award and a Los Angeles Times Literary Prize for his book The Blind Watchmaker. In the same year, he received a Sci. Tech Prize for Best Television Documentary Science Programme of the Year for his work on the BBC's Horizon episode The Blind Watchmaker.

1987年，Dawkins 因其著作《盲眼钟表匠获得了皇家文学学会奖和《洛杉矶时报》文学奖。同年，他获得了一项科学奖。最佳电视纪录片科学节目技术奖，以表彰他在 BBC 《地平线》盲眼钟表匠节目中的工作。

In 1996, the [[American Humanist Association]] gave him their Humanist of the Year Award. In 2021, they voted to withdraw it, stating he "demean[ed] marginalized groups", including [[transgender]] people, using "the guise of scientific discourse".<ref>{{cite web |title=American Humanist Association Board Statement Withdrawing Honor from Richard Dawkins |url=https://americanhumanist.org/news/american-humanist-association-board-statement-withdrawing-honor-from-richard-dawkins/ |date=19 April 2021 |access-date=20 April 2021 |publisher=American Humanist Association}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-04-20|title=Richard Dawkins loses ‘humanist of the year’ title over trans comments|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/apr/20/richard-dawkins-loses-humanist-of-the-year-trans-comments|access-date=2021-04-20|first=Alison|last=Flood|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref>

In 1996, the American Humanist Association gave him their Humanist of the Year Award. In 2021, they voted to withdraw it, stating he "demean[ed] marginalized groups", including transgender people, using "the guise of scientific discourse".

1996年，美国人文主义者协会给他颁发了年度人道主义者奖。2021年，他们投票撤销了这一决定，称他“打着科学话语的幌子贬低边缘化群体”，包括变性人。

Other awards include the [[Zoological Society of London]]'s [[Silver Medal (Zoological Society of London)|Silver Medal]] (1989), the Finlay Innovation Award (1990), the [[Michael Faraday Award]] (1990), the Nakayama Prize (1994), the fifth [[International Cosmos Prize]] (1997), the [[Kistler Prize]] (2001), the [[Medal of the Presidency of the Italian Republic]] (2001), the 2001 and 2012 Emperor Has No Clothes Award from the [[Freedom From Religion Foundation]], the Bicentennial Kelvin Medal of [[The Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow]] (2002),<ref name=cv/> the Golden Plate Award of the [[Academy of Achievement|American Academy of Achievement]] (2006),<ref>{{cite web|title=Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement|website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url=https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration|access-date=9 July 2020|archive-date=15 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215023909/https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Nierenberg Prize]] for Science in the Public Interest (2009).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://scrippsnews.ucsd.edu/Releases/?releaseID=967 |title=Scripps Institution of Oceanography Honors Evolutionary Biologist, Richard Dawkins, in Public Ceremony and Lecture |access-date=7 April 2009 |author=Scripps Institution of Oceanography |date=7 April 2009 |publisher=Scripps Institution of Oceanography |archive-date=19 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719202306/http://scrippsnews.ucsd.edu/Releases/?releaseID=967 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was awarded the [[Giordano Bruno Foundation#Deschner Award|Deschner Award]], named after German anti-clerical author [[Karlheinz Deschner]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hpd-online.de/node/2010 |title=Deschner-Preis an Richard Dawkins |access-date=4 April 2008 |first=Giordano Bruno |last=Stiftung |date=28 May 2007 |publisher=Humanistischer Pressedienst |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719042744/http://hpd.de/node/2010 |archive-date=19 July 2011}} Note: Web page in German.</ref> The [[Committee for Skeptical Inquiry]] (CSICOP) has awarded Dawkins their highest award ''In Praise of Reason'' (1992).<ref name="Dallas 1992">{{cite journal |title=CSICOP's 1992 Awards |journal=Skeptical Inquirer |date=1993 |volume=17 |issue=3 |page=236}}</ref>

Other awards include the Zoological Society of London's Silver Medal (1989), the Finlay Innovation Award (1990), the Michael Faraday Award (1990), the Nakayama Prize (1994), the fifth International Cosmos Prize (1997), the Kistler Prize (2001), the Medal of the Presidency of the Italian Republic (2001), the 2001 and 2012 Emperor Has No Clothes Award from the Freedom From Religion Foundation, the Bicentennial Kelvin Medal of The Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow (2002), the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (2006), and the Nierenberg Prize for Science in the Public Interest (2009). He was awarded the Deschner Award, named after German anti-clerical author Karlheinz Deschner. Note: Web page in German. The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSICOP) has awarded Dawkins their highest award In Praise of Reason (1992).

其他奖项包括伦敦动物学会银质奖章(1989年)、芬利创新奖(1990年)、法拉第奖(1990年)、中山奖(1994年)、第五届国际考斯莫斯奖奖(1997年)、基斯特勒奖(2001年)、意大利共和国总统奖章(2001年),2001年及2012年「皇帝无衣」宗教自由基金会、2002年格拉斯哥皇家哲学学会200周年凯尔文奖、2006年美国科学院成就奖金牌奖及2009年尼伦伯格公共利益科学奖。他被授予德斯切纳奖，该奖项以德国反牧师作家卡尔海因茨·德施纳命名。注: 德文网页。1992年，美国怀疑调查委员会委员会向 Dawkins 颁发了他们的最高奖项《理性的赞美》。

[[File:Richard Dawkins speaking at the British Humanist Association Annual Conference.jpg|thumb|left|Dawkins accepting the Services to Humanism award at the British Humanist Association Annual Conference in 2012]]
Dawkins topped ''[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]]'' magazine's 2004 list of the top 100 public British intellectuals, as decided by the readers, receiving twice as many votes as the runner-up.<ref>{{cite news |title=Q&A: Richard Dawkins |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3935757.stm |work=BBC News |date=29 July 2004 |access-date=9 March 2008 |archive-date=21 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021092752/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3935757.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2004/08/publicintellectualspoll/ |title=Public Intellectuals Poll |access-date=9 March 2008 |last=Herman |first=David |year=2004 |work=Prospect |archive-date=6 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106105034/http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2004/08/publicintellectualspoll/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He was shortlisted as a candidate in their 2008 follow-up poll.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2008/04/19/the-top-100-public-intellectuals-bios/ |title=The Top 100 Public Intellectuals |access-date=22 April 2008 |work=Prospect |archive-date=26 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226161632/http://foreignpolicy.com/2008/04/19/the-top-100-public-intellectuals-bios/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In a poll held by ''Prospect'' in 2013, Dawkins was voted the world's top thinker based on 65 names chosen by a largely US and UK-based expert panel.<ref>{{cite web |first=John |last=Dugdale |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2013/apr/25/richard-dawkins-named-top-thinker |title=Richard Dawkins named world's top thinker in poll |date=25 April 2013 |access-date=26 April 2013 |work=The Guardian |archive-date=12 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112212108/http://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2013/apr/25/richard-dawkins-named-top-thinker |url-status=live }}</ref>

thumb|left|Dawkins accepting the Services to Humanism award at the British Humanist Association Annual Conference in 2012
Dawkins topped Prospect magazine's 2004 list of the top 100 public British intellectuals, as decided by the readers, receiving twice as many votes as the runner-up. He was shortlisted as a candidate in their 2008 follow-up poll. In a poll held by Prospect in 2013, Dawkins was voted the world's top thinker based on 65 names chosen by a largely US and UK-based expert panel.

2012年，道金斯在美国英国人文主义协会奖协会年会上接受人道主义服务奖，成为《展望》杂志2004年评选的英国公共知识分子前100名中的佼佼者，得票数是第二名的两倍。在2008年的后续投票中，他被列为候选人。在《展望》2013年举行的一次民意调查中，道金斯基于65个名字被评为世界最佳思想家，这些名字主要由美国和英国的专家小组选出。

In 2005, the [[Hamburg]]-based [[Alfred Toepfer Stiftung F.V.S.|Alfred Toepfer Foundation]] awarded him its [[Shakespeare Prize]] in recognition of his "concise and accessible presentation of scientific knowledge". He won the [[Lewis Thomas Prize|Lewis Thomas Prize for Writing about Science]] for 2006, as well as the [[Galaxy British Book Awards]]'s Author of the Year Award for 2007.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Publishing News |url=http://www.britishbookawards.co.uk/pnbb_winners2007.asp?#3 |title=Galaxy British Book Awards — Winners & Shortlists 2007 |year=2007 |access-date=21 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927130727/http://www.britishbookawards.co.uk/pnbb_winners2007.asp#3 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the same year, he was listed by ''Time'' magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2007,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/time100/article/0,28804,1595326_1595329_1616137,00.html |title=Time Top 100 |access-date=2 March 2008 |last=Behe |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Behe |work=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]] |date=3 May 2007 |archive-date=14 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314061433/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/time100/article/0,28804,1595326_1595329_1616137,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and was ranked 20th in ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''{{'s}} 2007 list of 100 greatest living geniuses.<ref>{{cite news |title=Top 100 living geniuses |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=28 October 2007 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1567544/Top-100-living-geniuses.html |access-date=4 October 2010 |location=London |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803031241/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1567544/Top-100-living-geniuses.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2005, the Hamburg-based Alfred Toepfer Foundation awarded him its Shakespeare Prize in recognition of his "concise and accessible presentation of scientific knowledge". He won the Lewis Thomas Prize for Writing about Science for 2006, as well as the Galaxy British Book Awards's Author of the Year Award for 2007. In the same year, he was listed by Time magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2007, and was ranked 20th in The Daily Telegraph 2007 list of 100 greatest living geniuses.

2005年，汉堡的阿尔弗雷德 · 托普费尔基金会授予他莎士比亚奖，以表彰他“简洁易懂的科学知识展示”。他获得了2006年刘易斯 · 托马斯科学写作奖，以及2007年银河英国图书奖年度作家奖。同年，他被《时代》杂志列为2007年全球100位最有影响力的人物之一，并在2007年每日电讯报世界100位最伟大的在世天才排行榜上名列第20位。

Since 2003, the [[Atheist Alliance International]] has awarded a prize during its annual conference, honouring an outstanding atheist whose work has done the most to raise public awareness of atheism during that year; it is known as the [[Richard Dawkins Award]], in honour of Dawkins's own efforts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2005/04/30/dawkins/index.html |title=The atheist |work=Salon |date=30 April 2005 |first=Gordy |last=Slack |access-date=3 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704233721/http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2005/04/30/dawkins/index.html |archive-date=4 July 2007}}</ref> In February 2010, Dawkins was named to the [[Freedom From Religion Foundation]]'s Honorary Board of distinguished achievers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ffrf.org/news/releases/honorary-ffrf-board-announced/ |title=Honorary FFRF Board Announced |access-date=20 August 2008 |publisher=[[Freedom From Religion Foundation]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217052917/http://ffrf.org/news/releases/honorary-ffrf-board-announced/ |archive-date=17 December 2010}}</ref>

Since 2003, the Atheist Alliance International has awarded a prize during its annual conference, honouring an outstanding atheist whose work has done the most to raise public awareness of atheism during that year; it is known as the Richard Dawkins Award, in honour of Dawkins's own efforts. In February 2010, Dawkins was named to the Freedom From Religion Foundation's Honorary Board of distinguished achievers.

自2003年以来，国际无神论者联盟在其年度会议上颁发了一个奖项，以表彰一位杰出的无神论者，他在那一年里为提高公众对无神论的认识做出了最大的贡献; 这个奖被称为理查德 · 道金斯奖，以表彰道金斯自己的努力。2010年2月，道金斯被任命为无宗教自由基金会的杰出成就者荣誉理事会成员。

In 2012, [[ichthyology|ichthyologists]] in [[Sri Lanka]] honored Dawkins by creating ''[[Dawkinsia]]'' as a new [[genus]] name (members of this genus were formerly members of the genus ''[[Puntius]]'').<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hEvNbHt8O7e3jB5HlC2uwNrSQvpQ?docId=CNG.2417bf61f21b75ec00dacc78e05295ae.341 |title=Sri Lankans name new fish genus after atheist Dawkins |access-date=16 July 2012 |work=Google News |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |date=15 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521022747/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hEvNbHt8O7e3jB5HlC2uwNrSQvpQ?docId=CNG.2417bf61f21b75ec00dacc78e05295ae.341 |archive-date=21 May 2013}}</ref>

In 2012, ichthyologists in Sri Lanka honored Dawkins by creating Dawkinsia as a new genus name (members of this genus were formerly members of the genus Puntius).

2012年，斯里兰卡的鱼类学家为了纪念道金斯，创建了道金斯作为一个新的属名(该属的成员以前是平须属的成员)。

== Personal life ==
Dawkins has been married three times and has a daughter. On 19 August 1967, Dawkins married ethologist [[Marian Stamp Dawkins|Marian Stamp]] in the Protestant church in [[Annestown]], [[County Waterford]], Ireland;<ref>Richard Dawkins, ''An Appetite for Wonder – The Making of a Scientist'', p. 201.</ref> they divorced in 1984. On 1 June 1984, he married Eve Barham (1951–1999) in Oxford. They had a daughter, Juliet Emma Dawkins (born 1984, Oxford). Dawkins and Barham divorced.<ref name=McKie/> In 1992, he married actress [[Lalla Ward]]<ref name="McKie">{{cite news |first=Robin |last=McKie |title=Doctor Zoo |url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,6903,1268687,00.html |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |date=25 July 2004 |access-date=17 March 2008 |archive-date=28 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080128132354/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,6903,1268687,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> in [[Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea|Kensington and Chelsea]], London. Dawkins met her through their mutual friend [[Douglas Adams]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Hitchhiker: A Biography of Douglas Adams |url=https://archive.org/details/hitchhikerbiogra00simp |url-access=registration |year=2005 |publisher=[[Justin, Charles & Co.]] |isbn=978-1-932112-35-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/hitchhikerbiogra00simp/page/129 129] |first1=M.J. |last1=Simpson}} [https://archive.org/details/hitchhikerbiogra00simp/page/129 Chapter 15, p. 129]</ref> who had worked with her on the BBC's ''[[Doctor Who]]''. Dawkins and Ward separated in 2016 and they later described the separation as "entirely amicable".<ref>{{cite news |title=Richard Dawkins and Viscount of Bangor's sister Lalla Ward separate after 24 years |url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/richard-dawkins-and-viscount-of-bangors-sister-lalla-ward-separate-after-24-years-34890652.html |access-date=17 July 2016 |newspaper=[[Belfast Telegraph]] |date=17 July 2016 |archive-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718144205/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/richard-dawkins-and-viscount-of-bangors-sister-lalla-ward-separate-after-24-years-34890652.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Dawkins has been married three times and has a daughter. On 19 August 1967, Dawkins married ethologist Marian Stamp in the Protestant church in Annestown, County Waterford, Ireland;Richard Dawkins, An Appetite for Wonder – The Making of a Scientist, p. 201. they divorced in 1984. On 1 June 1984, he married Eve Barham (1951–1999) in Oxford. They had a daughter, Juliet Emma Dawkins (born 1984, Oxford). Dawkins and Barham divorced. In 1992, he married actress Lalla Ward in Kensington and Chelsea, London. Dawkins met her through their mutual friend Douglas Adams, Chapter 15, p. 129 who had worked with her on the BBC's Doctor Who. Dawkins and Ward separated in 2016 and they later described the separation as "entirely amicable".

道金斯结过三次婚，有一个女儿。1967年8月19日，Dawkins 与生态学家 Marian Stamp 在位于安斯敦的新教沃特福德郡举行了婚礼; Richard Dawkins，An Appetite for Wonder-The Making of a Scientist，p. 201。他们1984年离婚。1984年6月1日，他在牛津与伊芙 · 巴勒姆(1951-1999)结婚。他们有一个女儿，朱丽叶 · 艾玛 · 道金斯(1984年出生于牛津)。道金斯和巴勒姆离婚了。1992年，他与女演员 Lalla Ward 在伦敦肯辛顿-切尔西区结婚。道金斯是通过他们共同的朋友道格拉斯 · 亚当斯认识她的。道金斯和沃德在2016年分手，他们后来形容这次分手是“完全友好的”。

On 6 February 2016, Dawkins suffered a minor haemorrhagic [[stroke]] while at home.<ref name="stroke">{{cite news |first=Adam |last=Dudding |title=Richard Dawkins suffers stroke, cancels New Zealand appearance |date=12 February 2016 |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/books/76837596/richard-dawkins-suffers-stroke-cancels-new-zealand-appearance |newspaper=Fairfax New Zealand |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-date=13 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213113111/http://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/books/76837596/Richard-Dawkins-suffers-stroke-cancels-New-Zealand-appearance |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/feb/12/richard-dawkins-has-stroke-on-eve-of-australia-and-new-zealand-tour |title=Richard Dawkins stroke forces delay of Australia and New Zealand tour |first=Calla |last=Wahlquist |newspaper=The Guardian |date=11 February 2016 |access-date=11 February 2016 |location=London |archive-date=12 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212131437/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/feb/12/richard-dawkins-has-stroke-on-eve-of-australia-and-new-zealand-tour |url-status=live }}</ref> Dawkins reported later that same year that he had almost completely recovered.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-36363676 |title=Professor Dawkins on recovering from a mild stroke |work=Radio 4 Today |date=24 May 2016 |access-date=10 October 2016 |archive-date=13 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013152931/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-36363676 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://richarddawkins.net/2016/04/an-april-4th-update-from-richard/ |title=An April 4th Update from Richard |date=4 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |archive-date=19 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419135501/https://richarddawkins.net/2016/04/an-april-4th-update-from-richard/ |url-status=live }} [https://soundcloud.com/user-733970241 Audio file] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115021827/https://soundcloud.com/user-733970241 |date=15 November 2017 }}</ref>

On 6 February 2016, Dawkins suffered a minor haemorrhagic stroke while at home. Dawkins reported later that same year that he had almost completely recovered. Audio file

2016年2月6日，道金斯在家中遭受了轻微出血性中风。道金斯同年晚些时候报告说，他几乎完全康复了。音频文件

== Media ==

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=== Selected publications ===
{{Main|Richard Dawkins bibliography}}

* {{cite book |title=The Selfish Gene |year=1976 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-286092-7 | title-link = The Selfish Gene}}
* {{cite book |title=The Extended Phenotype |year=1982 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-288051-2 | title-link = The Extended Phenotype}}
* {{cite book |title=The Blind Watchmaker |year=1986 |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-393-31570-7 | title-link = The Blind Watchmaker}}
* {{cite book |title=River Out of Eden |year=1995 |publisher=[[Basic Books]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-465-06990-3 | title-link = River Out of Eden}} [https://archive.org/stream/RiverOutOfEdenADarwinianViewOfLifeRichardDawkins/River_Out_of_Eden_A_Darwinian_View_of_Life_-_Richa_djvu.txt Book text]
* {{cite book |title=Climbing Mount Improbable |year=1996 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |location=New York |isbn=978-0-393-31682-7 | title-link = Climbing Mount Improbable}}
* {{cite book |title=Unweaving the Rainbow |year=1998 |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]] |location=Boston |isbn=978-0-618-05673-6 | title-link = Unweaving the Rainbow}}
* {{cite book |title=A Devil's Chaplain |year=2003 |publisher=[[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]] (United Kingdom and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]]), Houghton Mifflin (United States) |isbn=978-0753817506|title-link=A Devil's Chaplain}}
* {{cite book |title=The Ancestor's Tale |year=2004 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston |isbn=978-0-618-00583-3 | title-link = The Ancestor's Tale}}
* {{cite book |title=The God Delusion |year=2006 |publisher=Bantam Press (United Kingdom), Houghton Mifflin (United States) |isbn=978-0-618-68000-9 | title-link = The God Delusion}}
* {{cite book |title=The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution |year=2009 |publisher=[[Transworld (company)|Transworld]] (United Kingdom and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]]), [[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]] (United States) |isbn=978-0-593-06173-2 | title-link = The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution}}
* {{cite book |title=The Magic of Reality: How We Know What's Really True |year=2011 |publisher=[[Bantam Press]] (United Kingdom), Free Press (United States) |isbn=978-1-4391-9281-8 |oclc=709673132 | title-link = The Magic of Reality: How We Know What's Really True}}
* {{cite book |title=An Appetite for Wonder: The Making of a Scientist |year=2013 |publisher=[[Bantam Press]] (United Kingdom and United States) |isbn=978-0-06-228715-1 | title-link = An Appetite for Wonder: The Making of a Scientist}}
* {{cite book |title=Brief Candle in the Dark: My Life in Science |year=2015 |publisher=[[Bantam Press]] (United Kingdom and United States) |isbn=978-0062288431| title-link=Brief Candle in the Dark: My Life in Science}}
* {{cite book |title=Science in the Soul: Selected Writings of a Passionate Rationalist |publisher=Random House |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4735-4166-5|title-link=Science in the Soul: Selected Writings of a Passionate Rationalist}}
* {{cite book |title=Outgrowing God: A Beginner's Guide |publisher=Random House |year=2019 |isbn=978-1984853912 }}
* {{cite book |title=Books do Furnish a Life: Reading and Writing Science |publisher=Transworld |year=2021 |isbn=978-1787633698 }}

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=== Documentary films ===

=== Documentary films ===

= = 纪录片 = =

* ''[[Nice Guys Finish First]]'' (1986)
* ''[[The Blind Watchmaker (film)|The Blind Watchmaker]]'' (1987)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbcactive.com/BroadCastLearning/asp/catalogue/productdetail.asp?productcode=207 |title=BBC Educational and Documentary: Blind Watchmaker |last=Staff |publisher=BBC |access-date=2 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616012920/http://www.bbcactive.com/BroadCastLearning/asp/catalogue/productdetail.asp?productcode=207 |archive-date=16 June 2007}}</ref>
* ''[[Growing Up in the Universe]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Break the Science Barrier]]'' (1996)
* ''[[The Atheism Tapes]]'' (2004)
* ''[[The Big Question (TV series)|The Big Question]]'' (2005) – Part 3 of the TV series, titled "Why Are We Here?"
* ''[[The Root of All Evil?]]'' (2006)
* ''[[The Enemies of Reason]]'' (2007)
* ''[[The Genius of Charles Darwin]]'' (2008)
* ''The Purpose of Purpose'' (2009) – Lecture tour among American universities
* ''[[Faith School Menace?]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Beautiful Minds (TV programme)|Beautiful Minds]]'' (April 2012) – BBC4 documentary
* ''[[Sex, Death and the Meaning of Life]]'' (2012)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.channel4.com/programmes/sex-death-and-the-meaning-of-life/episode-guide/series-1 |last=Staff |title=Sex, Death and the Meaning of Life |publisher=Channel 4 |access-date=16 October 2012 |archive-date=15 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015183103/http://www.channel4.com/programmes/sex-death-and-the-meaning-of-life/episode-guide/series-1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[The Unbelievers]]'' (2013)

* Nice Guys Finish First (1986)
* The Blind Watchmaker (1987)
* Growing Up in the Universe (1991)
* Break the Science Barrier (1996)
* The Atheism Tapes (2004)
* The Big Question (2005) – Part 3 of the TV series, titled "Why Are We Here?"
* The Root of All Evil? (2006)
* The Enemies of Reason (2007)
* The Genius of Charles Darwin (2008)
* The Purpose of Purpose (2009) – Lecture tour among American universities
* Faith School Menace? (2010)
* Beautiful Minds (April 2012) – BBC4 documentary
* Sex, Death and the Meaning of Life (2012)
* The Unbelievers (2013)

* 《好男人》(Nice Guys Finish First，1986)
* 《盲眼钟表匠》(1987)
* 《在宇宙中成长》(Growing Up in The Universe，1991)
* 《打破科学壁垒》(Break The Science Barrier，1996)
* 《无神论》录音带(The Atheism Tapes，2004)
* 《大问题》(The Big Question，2005)-《我们为什么在这里》(Why Are We Here?)
* 万恶之源？(2006)
* 《理性的敌人》(2007)
* 《查尔斯 · 达尔文的天才》(2008)
* 《目的的目的》(2009)——美国大学巡回演讲
* 《信仰学校的威胁？(2010)
* 美丽的心灵(2012年4月)-BBC4纪录片
* 性、死亡与生命的意义(2012)
* 无信仰者(2013)

=== Other appearances ===

=== Other appearances ===

= = 其他表象 = =

Dawkins has made many television appearances on news shows providing his political opinions and especially his views as an atheist. He has been interviewed on the radio, often as part of his book tours. He has debated many religious figures. He has made many university speaking appearances, again often in coordination with his book tours. As of 2016, he has over 60 credits in the [[Internet Movie Database]] where he appeared as himself.
* ''[[Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed]]'' (2008) – as himself, presented as a leading scientific opponent of intelligent design in a film that contends that the mainstream science establishment suppresses academics who believe they see evidence of intelligent design in nature and who criticise evidence supporting Darwinian evolution
* ''[[Doctor Who]]'': "[[The Stolen Earth]]" (2008) – as himself
* ''[[The Simpsons]]'': "[[Black Eyed, Please]]" (2013) – appears in Ned Flanders' dream of Hell; provided voice as a demon version of himself<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.patheos.com/blogs/friendlyatheist/2013/03/10/richard-dawkins-appears-in-ned-flanders-nightmare-on-the-simpsons/ |title=Richard Dawkins Appears in Ned Flanders' Nightmare on The Simpsons |date=10 March 2013 |access-date=20 January 2016 |first=Hemant |last=Mehta |publisher=[[Patheos]] |archive-date=30 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130060804/http://www.patheos.com/blogs/friendlyatheist/2013/03/10/richard-dawkins-appears-in-ned-flanders-nightmare-on-the-simpsons/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[Endless Forms Most Beautiful (album)|Endless Forms Most Beautiful]]'' (2015) – by [[Nightwish]]: Finnish [[symphonic metal]] band Nightwish had Dawkins as a guest star on the album.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/nightwishs-next-album-to-feature-guest-appearance-by-atheist-writerleader-richard-dawkins/ |title=Nightwish's Next Album To Feature Guest Appearance By British Professor Richard Dawkins |work=[[Blabbermouth.net]] |date=16 October 2014 |access-date=19 January 2015 |archive-date=9 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209031827/http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/nightwishs-next-album-to-feature-guest-appearance-by-atheist-writerleader-richard-dawkins |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/nightwishs-tuomas-holopainen-gives-endless-forms-most-beautiful-track-by-track-breakdown-video/ |title=Nightwish's Tuomas Holopainen Gives 'Endless Forms Most Beautiful' Track-By-Track Breakdown (Video) |date=17 March 2015 |access-date=20 January 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051208/http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/nightwishs-tuomas-holopainen-gives-endless-forms-most-beautiful-track-by-track-breakdown-video/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shutt |first1=Dan |title=Nightwish, Wembley Arena, gig review: Closing with The Greatest Show on Earth too much for sell-out audience to handle |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/music-magazine/live-music/live-reviews/nightwish-wembley-arena-gig-review-closing-with-the-greatest-show-on-earth-too-much-for-sell-out-a6781496.html |website=[[The Independent]] |publisher=Independent Print Limited |access-date=3 January 2016 |date=21 December 2015 |archive-date=25 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125184215/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/music-magazine/live-music/live-reviews/nightwish-wembley-arena-gig-review-closing-with-the-greatest-show-on-earth-too-much-for-sell-out-a6781496.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He provides narration on two tracks: "Shudder Before the Beautiful", in which he opens the album with one of his own quotes, and "The Greatest Show on Earth", inspired by and named after his book ''[[The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution]]'', and in which he quotes ''[[On the Origin of Species]]'' by [[Charles Darwin]].<ref name=spaziorock>{{cite web |title=Nightwish: track by track di "Endless Forms Most Beautiful"! |url=http://www.spaziorock.it/speciale.php?&id=nightwish-esclusivo-track-by-track-di-endless-forms-most-beautiful |website=SpazioRock |access-date=10 April 2015 |date=17 March 2015 |language=it |archive-date=4 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704195744/http://www.spaziorock.it/speciale.php?&id=nightwish-esclusivo-track-by-track-di-endless-forms-most-beautiful |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=EMP>{{cite web |last1=Schleutermann |first1=Marcus |title=Nightwish – Food for Thought |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YzLMBGFBJ4I |website=EMP Rockinvasion |access-date=10 March 2015 |location=[[Köln]] |language=en, de |date=27 February 2015 |archive-date=3 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503004023/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YzLMBGFBJ4I |url-status=live }}</ref> He subsequently performed his parts live with Nightwish on 19 December 2015 at the [[Wembley Arena]] in London; the concert was later released as a part of a live album/DVD titled ''[[Vehicle of Spirit]]''.

Dawkins has made many television appearances on news shows providing his political opinions and especially his views as an atheist. He has been interviewed on the radio, often as part of his book tours. He has debated many religious figures. He has made many university speaking appearances, again often in coordination with his book tours. As of 2016, he has over 60 credits in the Internet Movie Database where he appeared as himself.
* Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed (2008) – as himself, presented as a leading scientific opponent of intelligent design in a film that contends that the mainstream science establishment suppresses academics who believe they see evidence of intelligent design in nature and who criticise evidence supporting Darwinian evolution
* Doctor Who: "The Stolen Earth" (2008) – as himself
* The Simpsons: "Black Eyed, Please" (2013) – appears in Ned Flanders' dream of Hell; provided voice as a demon version of himself
* Endless Forms Most Beautiful (2015) – by Nightwish: Finnish symphonic metal band Nightwish had Dawkins as a guest star on the album. He provides narration on two tracks: "Shudder Before the Beautiful", in which he opens the album with one of his own quotes, and "The Greatest Show on Earth", inspired by and named after his book The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution, and in which he quotes On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin. He subsequently performed his parts live with Nightwish on 19 December 2015 at the Wembley Arena in London; the concert was later released as a part of a live album/DVD titled Vehicle of Spirit.

道金斯已经在许多电视新闻节目中露面，提供他的政治观点，特别是他作为一个无神论者的观点。他经常在电台接受采访，这也是他新书巡回宣传的一部分。他与许多宗教人物辩论过。他曾多次在大学演讲，还经常与他的巡回新书合作。截至2016年，他以自己的身份出现在互联网电影数据库中，拥有超过60个学分。
* 驱逐: 不允许智慧生物(2008)-作为自己，在一部电影中以智慧设计论的主要科学反对者的身份出现，该电影声称主流科学机构压制那些相信自己在自然界中看到智慧设计论证据并批评支持达尔文进化论证据的学者
* 《神秘博士: 被盗的地球》(2008)-作为自己
* 《辛普森一家》 : 《黑眼睛，请》(2013)-出现在奈德 · 弗兰德斯的地狱之梦中; 配音为恶魔版本的自己
* 《蝴蝶、斑马与胚胎：探索演化发生学之美》(2015)-由芬兰交响金属乐队 Nightwish 担任专辑嘉宾明星。他提供了两个轨道的旁白: “战栗之前的美丽”，其中他开始了他自己的一个引用专辑，“最伟大的表演在地球上”，启发和命名他的书的最伟大的表演在地球上: 进化的证据，并在其中引用查尔斯达尔文的物种起源。随后，他于2015年12月19日在伦敦温布利体育馆与 Nightwish 一起进行了现场表演; 这场演唱会后来作为现场专辑/DVD 的一部分发行，专辑名为《精神的载体》。

== Notes ==

== Notes ==

= = 笔记 = =

{{refbegin}}

'''a.''' {{Note label|a|a|none}} [[W. D. Hamilton]] influenced Dawkins and the influence can be seen throughout Dawkins's book ''The Selfish Gene''.<ref name="belief interview"/> They became friends at Oxford and following Hamilton's death in 2000, Dawkins wrote his obituary and organised a [[secularity|secular]] memorial service.<ref>{{cite news |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |title=Obituary by Richard Dawkins |url=http://www.unifr.ch/biol/ecology/hamilton/hamilton.html#Dawkins |newspaper=The Independent |date=3 October 2000 |access-date=22 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318185801/http://www.unifr.ch/biol/ecology/hamilton/hamilton.html#Dawkins |archive-date=18 March 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

a. W. D. Hamilton influenced Dawkins and the influence can be seen throughout Dawkins's book The Selfish Gene. They became friends at Oxford and following Hamilton's death in 2000, Dawkins wrote his obituary and organised a secular memorial service.

汉密尔顿影响道金斯和影响可以看到整个道金斯的书自私的基因。他们在牛津大学交上了朋友，2000年汉密尔顿去世后，道金斯为他写了讣告，并组织了一场世俗悼念仪式。

'''b.''' {{Note label|b|b|none}} The debate ended with the motion "That the doctrine of creation is more valid than the theory of evolution" being defeated by 198 votes to 115.<ref>Critical-Historical Perspective on the Argument about Evolution and Creation, John Durant, in "From Evolution to Creation: A European Perspective (Eds. Sven Anderson, Arthus Peacocke), Aarhus Univ. Press, Aarhus, Denmark</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |date=12 March 2007 |title=1986 Oxford Union Debate: Richard Dawkins, John Maynard Smith |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |url=http://richarddawkins.net/article,721,1986-Oxford-Union-Debate,Richard-Dawkins-John-Maynard-Smith |access-date=10 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729152706/http://richarddawkins.net/audio/721-1986-oxford-union-debate |archive-date=29 July 2012 |url-status=dead}} Debate no longer available at that website. For the debate audio in video format in two segments, see part 1 at {{YouTube |D4I7znTq0gs}} and part 2 at {{YouTube |uKtT2hDPCIU}}</ref>

b. The debate ended with the motion "That the doctrine of creation is more valid than the theory of evolution" being defeated by 198 votes to 115.Critical-Historical Perspective on the Argument about Evolution and Creation, John Durant, in "From Evolution to Creation: A European Perspective (Eds. Sven Anderson, Arthus Peacocke), Aarhus Univ. Press, Aarhus, Denmark Debate no longer available at that website. For the debate audio in video format in two segments, see part 1 at and part 2 at

B.辩论以“创造论比进化论更有效”的动议被198票对115票击败而结束。约翰 · 杜兰特在《从进化到创造: 欧洲的视角》一书中对进化论和创造论的批判历史观点。Sven Anderson, Arthus Peacocke), Aarhus Univ.新闻，奥尔胡斯，丹麦辩论不再提供该网站。有关两个部分的辩论录音，请参阅第一部分及第二部分

{{refend}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |title=The Selfish Gene |edition=2nd |year=1989 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=United Kingdom |isbn=978-0-19-286092-7 |title-link=The Selfish Gene }}
* {{cite book |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |title=The God Delusion |year=2006 |publisher=Transworld Publishers |isbn=978-0-593-05548-9 | title-link = The God Delusion}}
* {{cite book |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |title=A Devil's Chaplain |year=2003 |publisher=[[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]] (United Kingdom and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]]), Houghton Mifflin (United States) |isbn=978-0753817506 |title-link=A Devil's Chaplain }}
* {{cite book |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |title=Brief Candle in the Dark: My Life in Science |year=2015 |publisher=[[Bantam Press]] |isbn=978-0-59307-256-1 | title-link = Brief Candle in the Dark: My Life in Science}}
* {{cite book |title=Richard Dawkins: How A Scientist Changed the Way We Think |last=Grafen |first=Alan |author-link=Alan Grafen |author2=Ridley, Mark |author2-link=Mark Ridley (zoologist) |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-929116-8 |ref={{sfnRef|Grafen|2006}}|url= https://archive.org/details/richarddawkinsho00alan}}

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