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Moved page from wikipedia:en:Per Bak (history)
此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，翻译字数共305，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。
{{Short description|Danish physicist}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Per Bak
|image =
|image_size = 200px
|caption = Per Bak at the ITCP 1992.
|birth_date = {{birth date|1948|12|8}}
|birth_place = [[Brønderslev]], Denmark
|death_date = {{death date and age|2002|10|16|1948|12|8}}
|death_place = [[Copenhagen]], Denmark
|residence = Denmark<br>United States<br>UK
|citizenship =
|nationality = [[Danish people|Danish]]
|ethnicity =
|fields = [[Physicist]]
|workplaces = [[Brookhaven National Laboratory]]<br>[[University of Copenhagen]]<br>[[Santa Fe Institute]] <br> [[Niels Bohr Institute]] <br>[[Imperial College London]]
|alma_mater = [[Technical University of Denmark]]<br>[[Risø National Laboratory]]
|doctoral_advisor =
|academic_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|notable_students =
|known_for = [[Self-organized criticality]]<br>[[Bak–Tang–Wiesenfeld sandpile]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|awards =
|religion =
|signature = <!--(filename only)-->
|footnotes =
}}
'''Per Bak''' (December 8, 1948 – October 16, 2002) was a [[Denmark|Danish]] [[Theoretical physics|theoretical physicist]] who coauthored the 1987 academic paper that coined the term "[[self-organized criticality]]."
Per Bak (December 8, 1948 – October 16, 2002) was a Danish theoretical physicist who coauthored the 1987 academic paper that coined the term "self-organized criticality."
Per Bak (1948年12月8日-2002年10月16日)是一位丹麦理论物理学家，他与人合著了1987年的学术论文，创造了“自组织临界性”这个词
== Life and work ==
After receiving his Ph.D. from the [[Technical University of Denmark]] in 1974, Bak worked at [[Brookhaven National Laboratory]]. He specialized in [[phase transition]]s, such as those occurring when an [[Electrical insulation|insulator]] suddenly becomes a [[conductor (material)|conductor]] or when water freezes. In that context, he also did important work on complicated [[ANNNI model|spatially modulated]] (magnetic) structures in solids. This research led him to the more general question of how organization emerges from disorder.
After receiving his Ph.D. from the Technical University of Denmark in 1974, Bak worked at Brookhaven National Laboratory. He specialized in phase transitions, such as those occurring when an insulator suddenly becomes a conductor or when water freezes. In that context, he also did important work on complicated spatially modulated (magnetic) structures in solids. This research led him to the more general question of how organization emerges from disorder.
1974年在丹麦技术大学获得博士学位后，Bak 在布鲁克黑文国家实验室工作。他专门研究相变，比如当绝缘体突然变成导体或者水结冰的时候。在这种背景下，他还对固体中复杂的空间调制(磁)结构做了重要的工作。这项研究使他提出了一个更普遍的问题: 组织是如何从混乱中产生的。
In 1987, he and two postdoctoral researchers, [[Chao Tang]] and [[Kurt Wiesenfeld]], published an article in ''[[Physical Review Letters]]'' setting a new concept they called [[self-organized criticality]]. The first discovered example of a [[dynamical system]] displaying such self-organized criticality, the [[Bak-Tang-Wiesenfeld sandpile]] model, was named after them.
In 1987, he and two postdoctoral researchers, Chao Tang and Kurt Wiesenfeld, published an article in Physical Review Letters setting a new concept they called self-organized criticality. The first discovered example of a dynamical system displaying such self-organized criticality, the Bak-Tang-Wiesenfeld sandpile model, was named after them.
1987年，他和两位博士后研究人员，Chao Tang 和 Kurt Wiesenfeld，在《物理评论快报》上发表了一篇文章，提出了一个新的概念，他们称之为自组织临界性。人们发现的第一个展示这种动力系统的自组织临界性，Bak-Tang-Wiesenfeld 沙堆模型，就是以它们命名的。
Faced with many skeptics, Bak pursued the implications of his theory at a number of institutions, including the Brookhaven National Laboratory, the [[Santa Fe Institute]], the [[Niels Bohr Institute]] in Copenhagen, and [[Imperial College London]], where he became a professor in 2000.
Faced with many skeptics, Bak pursued the implications of his theory at a number of institutions, including the Brookhaven National Laboratory, the Santa Fe Institute, the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen, and Imperial College London, where he became a professor in 2000.
面对许多怀疑论者，Bak 在许多机构继续研究他的理论，包括布鲁克黑文国家实验室、圣菲研究所、哥本哈根尼尔斯·波耳研究所和伦敦帝国理工学院，2000年他在那里成为了一名教授。
In 1996, he took his ideas to a broader audience with his ambitiously entitled book, ''How Nature Works''. In 2001, Bak learned that he had [[myelodysplastic syndrome]] and died from it the following year.
Bak is survived by his second wife, [[Maya Paczuski]], a fellow physicist and current professor at the [[University of Calgary]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Home {{!}} Complexity |url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/complexity |website=University of Calgary |access-date=1 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> with whom he has coauthored papers,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bak |first1=P. |last2=Paczuski |first2=M. |title=Complexity, contingency, and criticality |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=18 July 1995 |volume=92 |issue=15 |pages=6689–6696 |doi=10.1073/pnas.92.15.6689 |pmid=11607561 |pmc=41396 |bibcode=1995PNAS...92.6689B |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maslov |first1=Sergei |last2=Paczuski |first2=Maya |last3=Bak |first3=Per |title=Avalanches and $\frac{1}{f}$ Noise in Evolution and Growth Models |journal=Physical Review Letters |date=17 October 1994 |volume=73 |issue=16 |pages=2162–2165 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.73.2162 |pmid=10056988 }}</ref> and his four children.
In 1996, he took his ideas to a broader audience with his ambitiously entitled book, How Nature Works. In 2001, Bak learned that he had myelodysplastic syndrome and died from it the following year.
Bak is survived by his second wife, Maya Paczuski, a fellow physicist and current professor at the University of Calgary, with whom he has coauthored papers, and his four children.
1996年，他以自己雄心勃勃的著作《自然是如何运作的》将自己的想法带给了更广泛的读者。2001年，贝克得知自己得了骨髓增生异常综合征，第二年就死了。贝克身后留下了他的第二任妻子 Maya Paczuski 和他的4个孩子，Maya Paczuski 是他的同事，也是物理学家，现在是卡尔加里大学的教授。
== Selected publications ==
* {{cite journal |last1=Bak |first1=P |title=Commensurate phases, incommensurate phases and the devil's staircase |journal=Reports on Progress in Physics |date=1 June 1982 |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=587–629 |doi=10.1088/0034-4885/45/6/001 |citeseerx=10.1.1.131.4735 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bak |first1=Per |last2=Tang |first2=Chao |last3=Wiesenfeld |first3=Kurt |title=Self-organized criticality: an explanation of 1/''f'' noise |journal=Physical Review Letters |date=27 July 1987 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=381–384 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.381 |pmid=10035754 |bibcode=1987PhRvL..59..381B }}
* 1996, ''How Nature Works: The Science of Self-Organized Criticality'', New York: Copernicus. {{ISBN|0-387-94791-4}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bak |first1=Per |title=Doing physics with microcomputers |journal=Physics Today |date=December 1983 |volume=36 |issue=12 |pages=25–28 |doi=10.1063/1.2915383 |bibcode=1983PhT....36l..25B }}
*
*
* 1996, How Nature Works: The Science of Self-Organized Criticality, New York: Copernicus.
*
1996年，《自然是如何运作的: 自组织临界性的科学》 ，纽约: 哥白尼。
*
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== References==
*{{cite journal |last1=Jensen |first1=Mogens Høgh |title=Per Bak (1947–2002) |journal=Nature |date=November 2002 |volume=420 |issue=6913 |pages=284 |doi=10.1038/420284a |pmid=12447430 |s2cid=20688217 |doi-access=free }}
*
*
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bak, Per}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from myelodysplastic syndrome]]
[[Category:People from Brønderslev]]
[[Category:Academics of Imperial College London]]
[[Category:Complex systems scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Danish physicists]]
[[Category:Brookhaven National Laboratory staff]]
Category:1948 births
Category:2002 deaths
Category:Deaths from myelodysplastic syndrome
Category:People from Brønderslev
Category:Academics of Imperial College London
Category:Complex systems scientists
Category:20th-century Danish physicists
Category:Brookhaven National Laboratory staff
类别: 1948年出生类别: 2002年死亡类别: 死于骨髓增生异常综合征类别: 来自布罗恩德斯列夫的人类类别: 伦敦帝国学院学者类别: 复杂系统科学家类别: 20世纪丹麦物理学家类别: 布鲁克黑文国家实验室工作人员
<noinclude>
<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Per Bak]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Per Bak/edithistory]]</small></noinclude>
[[Category:待整理页面]]
{{Short description|Danish physicist}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Per Bak
|image =
|image_size = 200px
|caption = Per Bak at the ITCP 1992.
|birth_date = {{birth date|1948|12|8}}
|birth_place = [[Brønderslev]], Denmark
|death_date = {{death date and age|2002|10|16|1948|12|8}}
|death_place = [[Copenhagen]], Denmark
|residence = Denmark<br>United States<br>UK
|citizenship =
|nationality = [[Danish people|Danish]]
|ethnicity =
|fields = [[Physicist]]
|workplaces = [[Brookhaven National Laboratory]]<br>[[University of Copenhagen]]<br>[[Santa Fe Institute]] <br> [[Niels Bohr Institute]] <br>[[Imperial College London]]
|alma_mater = [[Technical University of Denmark]]<br>[[Risø National Laboratory]]
|doctoral_advisor =
|academic_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|notable_students =
|known_for = [[Self-organized criticality]]<br>[[Bak–Tang–Wiesenfeld sandpile]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|awards =
|religion =
|signature = <!--(filename only)-->
|footnotes =
}}
'''Per Bak''' (December 8, 1948 – October 16, 2002) was a [[Denmark|Danish]] [[Theoretical physics|theoretical physicist]] who coauthored the 1987 academic paper that coined the term "[[self-organized criticality]]."
Per Bak (December 8, 1948 – October 16, 2002) was a Danish theoretical physicist who coauthored the 1987 academic paper that coined the term "self-organized criticality."
Per Bak (1948年12月8日-2002年10月16日)是一位丹麦理论物理学家，他与人合著了1987年的学术论文，创造了“自组织临界性”这个词
== Life and work ==
After receiving his Ph.D. from the [[Technical University of Denmark]] in 1974, Bak worked at [[Brookhaven National Laboratory]]. He specialized in [[phase transition]]s, such as those occurring when an [[Electrical insulation|insulator]] suddenly becomes a [[conductor (material)|conductor]] or when water freezes. In that context, he also did important work on complicated [[ANNNI model|spatially modulated]] (magnetic) structures in solids. This research led him to the more general question of how organization emerges from disorder.
After receiving his Ph.D. from the Technical University of Denmark in 1974, Bak worked at Brookhaven National Laboratory. He specialized in phase transitions, such as those occurring when an insulator suddenly becomes a conductor or when water freezes. In that context, he also did important work on complicated spatially modulated (magnetic) structures in solids. This research led him to the more general question of how organization emerges from disorder.
1974年在丹麦技术大学获得博士学位后，Bak 在布鲁克黑文国家实验室工作。他专门研究相变，比如当绝缘体突然变成导体或者水结冰的时候。在这种背景下，他还对固体中复杂的空间调制(磁)结构做了重要的工作。这项研究使他提出了一个更普遍的问题: 组织是如何从混乱中产生的。
In 1987, he and two postdoctoral researchers, [[Chao Tang]] and [[Kurt Wiesenfeld]], published an article in ''[[Physical Review Letters]]'' setting a new concept they called [[self-organized criticality]]. The first discovered example of a [[dynamical system]] displaying such self-organized criticality, the [[Bak-Tang-Wiesenfeld sandpile]] model, was named after them.
In 1987, he and two postdoctoral researchers, Chao Tang and Kurt Wiesenfeld, published an article in Physical Review Letters setting a new concept they called self-organized criticality. The first discovered example of a dynamical system displaying such self-organized criticality, the Bak-Tang-Wiesenfeld sandpile model, was named after them.
1987年，他和两位博士后研究人员，Chao Tang 和 Kurt Wiesenfeld，在《物理评论快报》上发表了一篇文章，提出了一个新的概念，他们称之为自组织临界性。人们发现的第一个展示这种动力系统的自组织临界性，Bak-Tang-Wiesenfeld 沙堆模型，就是以它们命名的。
Faced with many skeptics, Bak pursued the implications of his theory at a number of institutions, including the Brookhaven National Laboratory, the [[Santa Fe Institute]], the [[Niels Bohr Institute]] in Copenhagen, and [[Imperial College London]], where he became a professor in 2000.
Faced with many skeptics, Bak pursued the implications of his theory at a number of institutions, including the Brookhaven National Laboratory, the Santa Fe Institute, the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen, and Imperial College London, where he became a professor in 2000.
面对许多怀疑论者，Bak 在许多机构继续研究他的理论，包括布鲁克黑文国家实验室、圣菲研究所、哥本哈根尼尔斯·波耳研究所和伦敦帝国理工学院，2000年他在那里成为了一名教授。
In 1996, he took his ideas to a broader audience with his ambitiously entitled book, ''How Nature Works''. In 2001, Bak learned that he had [[myelodysplastic syndrome]] and died from it the following year.
Bak is survived by his second wife, [[Maya Paczuski]], a fellow physicist and current professor at the [[University of Calgary]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Home {{!}} Complexity |url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/complexity |website=University of Calgary |access-date=1 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> with whom he has coauthored papers,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bak |first1=P. |last2=Paczuski |first2=M. |title=Complexity, contingency, and criticality |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=18 July 1995 |volume=92 |issue=15 |pages=6689–6696 |doi=10.1073/pnas.92.15.6689 |pmid=11607561 |pmc=41396 |bibcode=1995PNAS...92.6689B |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maslov |first1=Sergei |last2=Paczuski |first2=Maya |last3=Bak |first3=Per |title=Avalanches and $\frac{1}{f}$ Noise in Evolution and Growth Models |journal=Physical Review Letters |date=17 October 1994 |volume=73 |issue=16 |pages=2162–2165 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.73.2162 |pmid=10056988 }}</ref> and his four children.
In 1996, he took his ideas to a broader audience with his ambitiously entitled book, How Nature Works. In 2001, Bak learned that he had myelodysplastic syndrome and died from it the following year.
Bak is survived by his second wife, Maya Paczuski, a fellow physicist and current professor at the University of Calgary, with whom he has coauthored papers, and his four children.
1996年，他以自己雄心勃勃的著作《自然是如何运作的》将自己的想法带给了更广泛的读者。2001年，贝克得知自己得了骨髓增生异常综合征，第二年就死了。贝克身后留下了他的第二任妻子 Maya Paczuski 和他的4个孩子，Maya Paczuski 是他的同事，也是物理学家，现在是卡尔加里大学的教授。
== Selected publications ==
* {{cite journal |last1=Bak |first1=P |title=Commensurate phases, incommensurate phases and the devil's staircase |journal=Reports on Progress in Physics |date=1 June 1982 |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=587–629 |doi=10.1088/0034-4885/45/6/001 |citeseerx=10.1.1.131.4735 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bak |first1=Per |last2=Tang |first2=Chao |last3=Wiesenfeld |first3=Kurt |title=Self-organized criticality: an explanation of 1/''f'' noise |journal=Physical Review Letters |date=27 July 1987 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=381–384 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.381 |pmid=10035754 |bibcode=1987PhRvL..59..381B }}
* 1996, ''How Nature Works: The Science of Self-Organized Criticality'', New York: Copernicus. {{ISBN|0-387-94791-4}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bak |first1=Per |title=Doing physics with microcomputers |journal=Physics Today |date=December 1983 |volume=36 |issue=12 |pages=25–28 |doi=10.1063/1.2915383 |bibcode=1983PhT....36l..25B }}
*
*
* 1996, How Nature Works: The Science of Self-Organized Criticality, New York: Copernicus.
*
1996年，《自然是如何运作的: 自组织临界性的科学》 ，纽约: 哥白尼。
*
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== References==
*{{cite journal |last1=Jensen |first1=Mogens Høgh |title=Per Bak (1947–2002) |journal=Nature |date=November 2002 |volume=420 |issue=6913 |pages=284 |doi=10.1038/420284a |pmid=12447430 |s2cid=20688217 |doi-access=free }}
*
*
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bak, Per}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from myelodysplastic syndrome]]
[[Category:People from Brønderslev]]
[[Category:Academics of Imperial College London]]
[[Category:Complex systems scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Danish physicists]]
[[Category:Brookhaven National Laboratory staff]]
Category:1948 births
Category:2002 deaths
Category:Deaths from myelodysplastic syndrome
Category:People from Brønderslev
Category:Academics of Imperial College London
Category:Complex systems scientists
Category:20th-century Danish physicists
Category:Brookhaven National Laboratory staff
类别: 1948年出生类别: 2002年死亡类别: 死于骨髓增生异常综合征类别: 来自布罗恩德斯列夫的人类类别: 伦敦帝国学院学者类别: 复杂系统科学家类别: 20世纪丹麦物理学家类别: 布鲁克黑文国家实验室工作人员
<noinclude>
<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Per Bak]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Per Bak/edithistory]]</small></noinclude>
[[Category:待整理页面]]