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第79行： − Tags that occur more frequently with specific resources are said to be more strongly connected. Furthermore, tags may be connected to each other. This may be seen in the frequency in which they co-occur. The more often they co-occur, the stronger the connection. Tag clouds are often utilized to visualize connectivity between resources and tags. Font size increases as the strength of association increases.<ref name=":1">Kimmerle, J., Cress, U., & Held, C. (2010). The interplay between individual and collective knowledge: technologies for organisational learning and knowledge building. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 8(1), 33-44.</ref>+ − − Tags that occur more frequently with specific resources are said to be more strongly connected. Furthermore, tags may be connected to each other. This may be seen in the frequency in which they co-occur. The more often they co-occur, the stronger the connection. Tag clouds are often utilized to visualize connectivity between resources and tags. Font size increases as the strength of association increases. − − 与特定内容频繁的共同出现的标签通常被认为是连接性更强的标记。此外，标签可以相互连接，这可以从它们共同出现的频率中看出来。它们共同出现的次数越多，联系就越紧密。标签云通常用于可视化资源和标记之间的连接，字体大小随着关联强度的增加而增加。 第89行：
第85行： − + − The co-evolution model focuses on cognitive conflict in which a learner's prior knowledge and the information received from the environment are dissimilar to some degree.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> When this incongruence occurs, the learner must work through a process cognitive equilibration in order to make personal cognitive constructs and outside information congruent. According to the coevolution model, this may require the learner to modify existing constructs or simply add to them.<ref name=":0" /> The additional cognitive effort promotes information processing which in turn allows individual learning to occur.<ref name=":1" />+ − − The co-evolution model focuses on cognitive conflict in which a learner's prior knowledge and the information received from the environment are dissimilar to some degree. When this incongruence occurs, the learner must work through a process cognitive equilibration in order to make personal cognitive constructs and outside information congruent. According to the coevolution model, this may require the learner to modify existing constructs or simply add to them. The additional cognitive effort promotes information processing which in turn allows individual learning to occur. − − 协同进化模型着眼于认知冲突，即学习者的先验知识和从环境中获得的信息在一定程度上是不一致的。当这种不一致发生时，学习者必须通过一个认知平衡的过程来使个人认知结构和外部信息一致。根据协同进化模型，这可能需要学习者对现有的构造进行修改或添加。额外的认知努力促进了信息处理，而信息处理又促进了个体学习的发生。 − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − − * BibSonomy: 社会化书签育出版共享系统 − * del.icio.us: 公共标签服务 − * Diigo: 社会化书签网站 − * Flickr: 照片共享 − * Instagram: 在线照片共享与社交服务 − * Many libraries' online catalogs − * Mendeley: 社会参考管理软件 − * Pinterest: 照片共享与发布网站 − * Steam video game store − * StumbleUpon: 内容发现引擎 − * Twitter hashtags − * The World Wide Web Consortium's Annotea project with user-generated tags in 2002. − * WordPress: 博客撰写与内容管理 − *Tumblr ：标签 − − 第143行：
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→用于知识获取的社会化标签
用户为存储的资源选择单独的标签。这些标签反映了个人联系、类别和概念。所有这些都是基于个人意义和相关性的个性化表达。这些标签或者关键字是由用户指定的。因此，标签表示与资源对应的用户关联。通常标签的资源包括视频、照片、文章、网站和电子邮件。标签的好处体现在几个方面：第一是它们帮助构建和组织大量的数字资源，以便当用户以后试图查找资源时能够方便地访问这些资源。第二是社会化的本质，也就是说用户可以根据其他用户的标签来搜索新的资源和内容，甚至仅仅通过普通标签浏览也可能为知识获取提供更多的资源。<ref name=":0" />
用户为存储的资源选择单独的标签。这些标签反映了个人联系、类别和概念。所有这些都是基于个人意义和相关性的个性化表达。这些标签或者关键字是由用户指定的。因此，标签表示与资源对应的用户关联。通常标签的资源包括视频、照片、文章、网站和电子邮件。标签的好处体现在几个方面：第一是它们帮助构建和组织大量的数字资源，以便当用户以后试图查找资源时能够方便地访问这些资源。第二是社会化的本质，也就是说用户可以根据其他用户的标签来搜索新的资源和内容，甚至仅仅通过普通标签浏览也可能为知识获取提供更多的资源。<ref name=":0" />
与特定内容频繁的共同出现的标签通常被认为是连接性更强的标记。此外，标签可以相互连接，这可以从它们共同出现的频率中看出来。它们共同出现的次数越多，联系就越紧密。标签云通常用于可视化资源和标记之间的连接，字体大小随着关联强度的增加而增加。<ref name=":1">Kimmerle, J., Cress, U., & Held, C. (2010). The interplay between individual and collective knowledge: technologies for organisational learning and knowledge building. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 8(1), 33-44.</ref>
Tags show interconnections of concepts that were formerly unknown to a user. Therefore, a user's current cognitive constructs may be modified or augmented by the metadata information found in aggregated social tags. This process promotes knowledge acquisition through cognitive irritation and equilibration. This theoretical framework is known as the co-evolution model of individual and collective knowledge.<ref name=":1" />
Tags show interconnections of concepts that were formerly unknown to a user. Therefore, a user's current cognitive constructs may be modified or augmented by the metadata information found in aggregated social tags. This process promotes knowledge acquisition through cognitive irritation and equilibration. This theoretical framework is known as the co-evolution model of individual and collective knowledge.<ref name=":1" />
Tags show interconnections of concepts that were formerly unknown to a user. Therefore, a user's current cognitive constructs may be modified or augmented by the metadata information found in aggregated social tags. This process promotes knowledge acquisition through cognitive irritation and equilibration. This theoretical framework is known as the co-evolution model of individual and collective knowledge.
Tags show interconnections of concepts that were formerly unknown to a user. Therefore, a user's current cognitive constructs may be modified or augmented by the metadata information found in aggregated social tags. This process promotes knowledge acquisition through cognitive irritation and equilibration. This theoretical framework is known as the co-evolution model of individual and collective knowledge.
标签显示了以前用户不知道的概念之间的相互联系。因此，用户当前的认知结构可能会被聚合的社会化标签中的元数据信息修改或增强。这个过程通过认知刺激和平衡促进知识的获得，这个理论框架被称为个体和集体知识的协同进化模型。
标签显示了以前用户不知道的概念之间的相互联系。因此，用户当前的认知结构可能会被聚合的社会化标签中的元数据信息修改或增强。这个过程通过认知刺激和平衡促进知识的获得，这个理论框架被称为个体和集体知识的协同进化模型。<ref name=":1" />
协同进化模型着眼于认知冲突，即学习者的先验知识和从环境中获得的信息在一定程度上是不一致的。当这种不一致发生时，学习者必须通过一个认知平衡的过程来使个人认知结构和外部信息一致。根据协同进化模型，这可能需要学习者对现有的构造进行修改或添加。额外的认知努力促进了信息处理，而信息处理又促进了个体学习的发生。<ref name=":1" />
==Examples==
==Examples==
* [[BibSonomy]]: social bookmarking and publication-sharing system
* [[BibSonomy]]: 社会化书签育出版共享系统
* [[Delicious (website)|del.icio.us]]: public tagging service
* [[Delicious (website)|del.icio.us]]: 公共标签服务
* [[Diigo]]: [[social bookmarking]] website
* [[Diigo]]: 社会化书签网站
* [[Flickr]]: shared photos
* [[Flickr]]: 照片共享
* [[Instagram]]: online photo-sharing and social networking service
* [[Instagram]]: 在线照片共享与社交服务
* Many [[Library catalog#Online catalogs|libraries' online catalogs]]<ref>Steele, T. (2009). The new cooperative cataloging. Library Hi Tech, 27 (1), 68-77</ref><ref>Corey A. Harper and [[Barbara B. Tillett]], [https://archive.today/20130410094132/https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/dspace/bitstream/1794/3269/1/ccq_s Library of Congress controlled vocabularies and their application to the Semantic Web]</ref>
* Many [[Library catalog#Online catalogs|libraries' online catalogs]]<ref>Steele, T. (2009). The new cooperative cataloging. Library Hi Tech, 27 (1), 68-77</ref><ref>Corey A. Harper and [[Barbara B. Tillett]], [https://archive.today/20130410094132/https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/dspace/bitstream/1794/3269/1/ccq_s Library of Congress controlled vocabularies and their application to the Semantic Web]</ref>
* [[Mendeley]]: social reference management software
* [[Mendeley]]: 社会参考管理软件
* [[Pinterest]]: photosharing and publishing website
* [[Pinterest]]: 照片共享与发布网站
* [[Steam (service)|Steam]] video game store
* [[Steam (service)|Steam]] video game store
* [[StumbleUpon]]: content discovery engine
* [[StumbleUpon]]: 内容发现引擎
* [[Twitter]] [[hashtag]]s
* [[Twitter]] [[hashtag]]s
* The [[World Wide Web Consortium]]'s [[Annotea]] project with user-generated tags in 2002.
* The [[World Wide Web Consortium]]'s [[Annotea]] project with user-generated tags in 2002.
* [[WordPress]]: blogging tool and Content Management System
* [[WordPress]]: 博客撰写与内容管理
*[http://tumblr.com Tumblr] tags
*[http://tumblr.com Tumblr] ：标签<br />
==其他内容==
==其他内容==
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* [[Wiki]]
* [[Wiki]]
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{{div col end}}
* 自动标签
* 自动标签