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巴克(Per Bak)（1948年12月8日-2002年10月16日）是一位丹麦理论物理学家，在1987年与他人合著的学术论文中提出了“自组织临界”。

巴克(Per Bak)（1948年12月8日-2002年10月16日）是一位丹麦理论物理学家，在1987年与他人合著的学术论文中提出了“自组织临界”。

== Life and work ==

== Life and work 生活和工作 ==

After receiving his Ph.D. from the [[Technical University of Denmark]] in 1974, Bak worked at [[Brookhaven National Laboratory]]. He specialized in [[phase transition]]s, such as those occurring when an [[Electrical insulation|insulator]] suddenly becomes a [[conductor (material)|conductor]] or when water freezes. In that context, he also did important work on complicated [[ANNNI model|spatially modulated]] (magnetic) structures in solids. This research led him to the more general question of how organization emerges from disorder.

After receiving his Ph.D. from the [[Technical University of Denmark]] in 1974, Bak worked at [[Brookhaven National Laboratory]]. He specialized in [[phase transition]]s, such as those occurring when an [[Electrical insulation|insulator]] suddenly becomes a [[conductor (material)|conductor]] or when water freezes. In that context, he also did important work on complicated [[ANNNI model|spatially modulated]] (magnetic) structures in solids. This research led him to the more general question of how organization emerges from disorder.

1996年，他写下《自然是如何运作的》，这本雄心勃勃的著作进一步推广了自组织临界理论。2001年，巴克得知自己得了骨髓增生异常综合征，于第二年去世。巴克死后，留下他的第二任妻子马雅·帕丘斯基(Maya Paczuski)和4个孩子。马雅·帕丘斯基是他的同事，也是物理学家，目前是卡尔加里大学<ref name=":0" /> 的教授，他们曾合著了多篇论文<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> 。

1996年，他写下《自然是如何运作的》，这本雄心勃勃的著作进一步推广了自组织临界理论。2001年，巴克得知自己得了骨髓增生异常综合征，于第二年去世。巴克死后，留下他的第二任妻子马雅·帕丘斯基(Maya Paczuski)和4个孩子。马雅·帕丘斯基是他的同事，也是物理学家，目前是卡尔加里大学<ref name=":0" /> 的教授，他们曾合著了多篇论文<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> 。

== Selected publications ==

== Selected publications 部分著作 ==

* {{cite journal |last1=Bak |first1=P |title=Commensurate phases, incommensurate phases and the devil's staircase |journal=Reports on Progress in Physics |date=1 June 1982 |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=587–629 |doi=10.1088/0034-4885/45/6/001 |citeseerx=10.1.1.131.4735 }}

* {{cite journal |last1=Bak |first1=P |title=Commensurate phases, incommensurate phases and the devil's staircase |journal=Reports on Progress in Physics |date=1 June 1982 |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=587–629 |doi=10.1088/0034-4885/45/6/001 |citeseerx=10.1.1.131.4735 }}

* {{cite journal |last1=Bak |first1=Per |last2=Tang |first2=Chao |last3=Wiesenfeld |first3=Kurt |title=Self-organized criticality: an explanation of 1/''f'' noise |journal=Physical Review Letters |date=27 July 1987 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=381–384 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.381 |pmid=10035754 |bibcode=1987PhRvL..59..381B }}

* {{cite journal |last1=Bak |first1=Per |last2=Tang |first2=Chao |last3=Wiesenfeld |first3=Kurt |title=Self-organized criticality: an explanation of 1/''f'' noise |journal=Physical Review Letters |date=27 July 1987 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=381–384 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.381 |pmid=10035754 |bibcode=1987PhRvL..59..381B }}