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理查德·道金斯 (查看源代码)

2021年9月24日 (五) 16:35的版本

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* 扩展表现型
 
* 扩展表现型
 
* 无神论; "[[New Atheism]]"<ref>{{Cite IEP |url-id=n-atheis |title=The New Atheists |first=James E. |last=Taylor}}</ref>}}
 
* 无神论; "[[New Atheism]]"<ref>{{Cite IEP |url-id=n-atheis |title=The New Atheists |first=James E. |last=Taylor}}</ref>}}
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| influences        = [[Charles Darwin]], [[W. D. Hamilton]], [[Nikolaas Tinbergen]]<ref name="Appetite">{{cite book |title=An Appetite for Wonder |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Dawkins |year=2013 |publisher=Harper Collins |location=New York, New York |isbn=978-0-06-231580-9 |pages=271–283, 287–294 }}</ref>{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=67}}
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| influences        = [[Charles Darwin]], [[W. D. Hamilton]], [[Nikolaas Tinbergen]]<ref name="Appetite">{{cite book |title=An Appetite for Wonder |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |year=2013 |publisher=Harper Collins |location=New York, New York |isbn=978-0-06-231580-9 |pages=271–283, 287–294 }}</ref>{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=67}}
 
| influenced        = [[Andrew F. Read]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=3}} [[Helena Cronin]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=14}} [[John Krebs, Baron Krebs]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=27}} [[David Haig (biologist)|David Haig]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=50}} [[Alan Grafen]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=66}} [[Daniel Dennett]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=101}} [[David Deutsch]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=125}} [[Steven Pinker]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=130}} [[Martin Daly (professor)|Martin Daly]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=191}} [[Margo Wilson]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=191}} [[Randolph M. Nesse]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=203}} [[Kim Sterelny]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=213}} [[Michael Shermer]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=227}} [[Richard Harries, Baron Harries of Pentregarth]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=236}} [[A. C. Grayling]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=243}} [[Marek Kohn]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=248}} [[David P. Barash]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=255}} [[Matt Ridley]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=265}} [[Philip Pullman]]{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=270}}
 
| influenced        = [[Andrew F. Read]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=3}} [[Helena Cronin]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=14}} [[John Krebs, Baron Krebs]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=27}} [[David Haig (biologist)|David Haig]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=50}} [[Alan Grafen]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=66}} [[Daniel Dennett]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=101}} [[David Deutsch]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=125}} [[Steven Pinker]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=130}} [[Martin Daly (professor)|Martin Daly]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=191}} [[Margo Wilson]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=191}} [[Randolph M. Nesse]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=203}} [[Kim Sterelny]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=213}} [[Michael Shermer]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=227}} [[Richard Harries, Baron Harries of Pentregarth]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=236}} [[A. C. Grayling]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=243}} [[Marek Kohn]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=248}} [[David P. Barash]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=255}} [[Matt Ridley]],{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=265}} [[Philip Pullman]]{{sfn|Grafen|2006|page=270}}
 
| spouse            = {{marriage|[[Marian Dawkins|Marian Stamp]]<br />|19 August 1967|1984|end=divorced}}<br />Eve Barham<br />({{abbr|m.|married}} 1984; {{abbr|div.|divorced}} 19??)<br />[[Lalla Ward]]<br />({{abbr|m.|married}} 1992; [[Legal separation|{{abbr|sep.|separated}}]] 2016)
 
| spouse            = {{marriage|[[Marian Dawkins|Marian Stamp]]<br />|19 August 1967|1984|end=divorced}}<br />Eve Barham<br />({{abbr|m.|married}} 1984; {{abbr|div.|divorced}} 19??)<br />[[Lalla Ward]]<br />({{abbr|m.|married}} 1992; [[Legal separation|{{abbr|sep.|separated}}]] 2016)
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* [[International Cosmos Prize]] (1997)
 
* [[International Cosmos Prize]] (1997)
 
* [[Nierenberg Prize]] (2009)
 
* [[Nierenberg Prize]] (2009)
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* [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (2001)<ref name=frs>{{cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org/people/richard-dawkins-11316/ |publisher=[[Royal Society]] |location=London |title=Richard Dawkins |access-date=23 April 2016 |archive-date=10 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310184352/https://royalsociety.org/people/richard-dawkins-11316/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
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* [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (2001)<ref name=frs>{{cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org/people/richard-dawkins-11316/ |publisher=Royal Society |location=London |title=Richard Dawkins |access-date=23 April 2016 |archive-date=10 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310184352/https://royalsociety.org/people/richard-dawkins-11316/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
 
| signature        = Richard Dawkins signature.svg
 
| signature        = Richard Dawkins signature.svg
 
| website          = {{URL|https://richarddawkins.net}}
 
| website          = {{URL|https://richarddawkins.net}}
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理查德 · 道金斯(生于1941年3月26日)<ref name="deed poll">{{cite AV media|author=Tortoise |title=OMG – A ThinkIn with Richard Dawkins |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o5WxptJwL0Q?t=128 |website=YouTube |access-date=31 January 2020|time=2:08|date=2 December 2019}}</ref>是英国进化生物学家和作家。他是牛津大学新学院的荣誉退休研究员，并于1995年至2008年在牛津大学担任公众理解科学教授。作为一个无神论者，他以对神创论和智慧设计论的批判而闻名。<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/richard-dawkins-atheism-criticism-atheist-study-rice-university-science-scientists-a7389396.html |title=British scientists don't like Richard Dawkins, finds study that didn't even ask questions about Richard Dawkins |access-date=26 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609003903/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/richard-dawkins-atheism-criticism-atheist-study-rice-university-science-scientists-a7389396.html |url-status=live}}</ref>  
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理查德 · 道金斯(生于1941年3月26日)<ref name="deed poll">{{author=Tortoise |title=OMG – A ThinkIn with Richard Dawkins |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o5WxptJwL0Q?t=128 |website=YouTube |access-date=31 January 2020|time=2:08|date=2 December 2019}}</ref>是英国进化生物学家和作家。他是牛津大学新学院的荣誉退休研究员，并于1995年至2008年在牛津大学担任公众理解科学教授。作为一个无神论者，他以对神创论和智慧设计论的批判而闻名。<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/richard-dawkins-atheism-criticism-atheist-study-rice-university-science-scientists-a7389396.html |title=British scientists don't like Richard Dawkins, finds study that didn't even ask questions about Richard Dawkins |access-date=26 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609003903/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/richard-dawkins-atheism-criticism-atheist-study-rice-university-science-scientists-a7389396.html |url-status=live}}</ref>  
    
道金斯最早在1976年出版的《自私的基因》一书中崭露头角，该书推广了以基因为中心的进化论观点，并引入了“模因”(meme)一词。在1982年出版的《扩展的表现性（extended phenotype）》（译注：未找到对应中文翻译作品）一书中，他将一个有影响力的概念引入进化生物学，即基因的表现型效应不一定局限于有机体，而是可以延伸到环境中。2006年，他创立了理查德·道金斯理性与科学基金会。
 
道金斯最早在1976年出版的《自私的基因》一书中崭露头角，该书推广了以基因为中心的进化论观点，并引入了“模因”(meme)一词。在1982年出版的《扩展的表现性（extended phenotype）》（译注：未找到对应中文翻译作品）一书中，他将一个有影响力的概念引入进化生物学，即基因的表现型效应不一定局限于有机体，而是可以延伸到环境中。2006年，他创立了理查德·道金斯理性与科学基金会。
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=== 早期生活 ===
 
=== 早期生活 ===
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1941年3月26日，克林顿·理查德·道金斯出生于当时的英属肯尼亚首都内罗毕<ref name="encycdotcom">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3449200042/dawkins-richard-1941.html |title=Dawkins, Richard 1941– – Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia.com |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |access-date=16 May 2014 |archive-date=12 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012161749/http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3449200042/dawkins-richard-1941.html |url-status=live }}</ref>。道金斯后来通过契约投票把克林顿从他的名字中去掉了<ref name="deed poll"/>。他是让·玛丽·维维安(Jean Mary Vyvyan，1916-2019年)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dawkins |first1=Richard |title=My mother is 100 today. She & my late father gave me an idyllic childhood. Her writings on that time are quoted in An Appetite for Wonder |url=https://twitter.com/RichardDawkins/status/802104552195506178 |website=Twitter |access-date=26 November 2016 |archive-date=17 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617112151/https://twitter.com/RichardDawkins/status/802104552195506178 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dawkins |first1=Richard |title=My beloved mother died today, a month short of her 103rd birthday. As a young wartime bride she was brave and adventurous. Her epic journey up Africa, illegally accompanying my father, is recounted in passages from her diary, reproduced in An Appetite for Wonder. Rest in Peace. |url=https://twitter.com/RichardDawkins/status/1183908617541562369 |website=Twitter |access-date=15 October 2019 |archive-date=15 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015025639/https://twitter.com/RichardDawkins/status/1183908617541562369 |url-status=live }}</ref>和克林顿·约翰·道金斯(Clinton John Dawkins，1915-2010年)的儿子，后者是尼亚萨兰(今天的马拉维)英国殖民局的一名农业公务员，出身于牛津郡一个有土地的贵族家庭。<ref name="encycdotcom" /><ref>Burke's Landed Gentry 17th edition, ed. L. G. Pine, 1952, 'Dawkins of Over Norton' pedigree</ref><ref name="father's obit"/>他的父亲在第二次世界大战期间被召入国王的非洲步枪队<ref>{{cite book |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |title=The Ancestor's Tale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tub-X6wydKgC |date=October 2004 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-618-00583-3 |page=317 |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523013348/https://books.google.com/books?id=Tub-X6wydKgC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Brief Scientific Autobiography">{{cite web |url=http://richarddawkins.net/articles/4757-brief-scientific-autobiography |title=Brief Scientific Autobiography |access-date=17 July 2010 |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621114947/http://richarddawkins.net/articles/4757-brief-scientific-autobiography |archive-date=21 June 2010}}</ref>，并于1949年返回英国，当时道金斯只有八岁。他的父亲继承了位于牛津郡诺顿公园的一处乡村庄园，并进行了商业开发。<ref name="father's obit">{{Cite news |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |title=Lives Remembered: John Dawkins |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=11 December 2010 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/lives-remembered-john-dawkins-2157459.html |access-date=12 December 2010 |location=London |archive-date=13 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213080623/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/lives-remembered-john-dawkins-2157459.html |url-status=live }}</ref>道金斯住在英国的牛津<ref name="strident">{{cite news |title=Richard Dawkins: 'I don't think I am strident or aggressive' |first=Andrew |last=Anthony |date=15 September 2013 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/sep/15/richard-dawkins-interview-appetite-wonder |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=21 September 2014 |archive-date=29 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529212022/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/sep/15/richard-dawkins-interview-appetite-wonder |url-status=live }}</ref>。他有一个妹妹，叫莎拉。<ref name="Darwin's child"/>
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1941年3月26日，克林顿·理查德·道金斯出生于当时的英属肯尼亚首都内罗毕<ref name="encycdotcom">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3449200042/dawkins-richard-1941.html |title=Dawkins, Richard 1941– – Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia.com |publisher=Cengage Learning |access-date=16 May 2014 |archive-date=12 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012161749/http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3449200042/dawkins-richard-1941.html |url-status=live }}</ref>。道金斯后来通过契约投票把克林顿从他的名字中去掉了<ref name="deed poll"/>。他是让·玛丽·维维安(Jean Mary Vyvyan，1916-2019年)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dawkins |first1=Richard |title=My mother is 100 today. She & my late father gave me an idyllic childhood. Her writings on that time are quoted in An Appetite for Wonder |url=https://twitter.com/RichardDawkins/status/802104552195506178 |website=Twitter |access-date=26 November 2016 |archive-date=17 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617112151/https://twitter.com/RichardDawkins/status/802104552195506178 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dawkins |first1=Richard |title=My beloved mother died today, a month short of her 103rd birthday. As a young wartime bride she was brave and adventurous. Her epic journey up Africa, illegally accompanying my father, is recounted in passages from her diary, reproduced in An Appetite for Wonder. Rest in Peace. |url=https://twitter.com/RichardDawkins/status/1183908617541562369 |website=Twitter |access-date=15 October 2019 |archive-date=15 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015025639/https://twitter.com/RichardDawkins/status/1183908617541562369 |url-status=live }}</ref>和克林顿·约翰·道金斯(Clinton John Dawkins，1915-2010年)的儿子，后者是尼亚萨兰(今天的马拉维)英国殖民局的一名农业公务员，出身于牛津郡一个有土地的贵族家庭。<ref name="encycdotcom" /><ref>Burke's Landed Gentry 17th edition, ed. L. G. Pine, 1952, 'Dawkins of Over Norton' pedigree</ref><ref name="father's obit"/>他的父亲在第二次世界大战期间被召入国王的非洲步枪队<ref>{{cite book |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |title=The Ancestor's Tale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tub-X6wydKgC |date=October 2004 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-618-00583-3 |page=317 |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523013348/https://books.google.com/books?id=Tub-X6wydKgC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Brief Scientific Autobiography">{{cite web |url=http://richarddawkins.net/articles/4757-brief-scientific-autobiography |title=Brief Scientific Autobiography |access-date=17 July 2010 |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621114947/http://richarddawkins.net/articles/4757-brief-scientific-autobiography |archive-date=21 June 2010}}</ref>，并于1949年返回英国，当时道金斯只有八岁。他的父亲继承了位于牛津郡诺顿公园的一处乡村庄园，并进行了商业开发。<ref name="father's obit">{{Cite news |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |title=Lives Remembered: John Dawkins |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=11 December 2010 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/lives-remembered-john-dawkins-2157459.html |access-date=12 December 2010 |location=London |archive-date=13 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213080623/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/lives-remembered-john-dawkins-2157459.html |url-status=live }}</ref>道金斯住在英国的牛津<ref name="strident">{{cite news |title=Richard Dawkins: 'I don't think I am strident or aggressive' |first=Andrew |last=Anthony |date=15 September 2013 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/sep/15/richard-dawkins-interview-appetite-wonder |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=21 September 2014 |archive-date=29 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529212022/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/sep/15/richard-dawkins-interview-appetite-wonder |url-status=live }}</ref>。他有一个妹妹，叫莎拉。<ref name="Darwin's child"/>
     
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