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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}

Research concerning the relationship between the [[thermodynamics|thermodynamic]] quantity [[entropy]] and the [[evolution]] of [[life]] began around the turn of the 20th century. In 1910, American historian [[Henry Brooks Adams|Henry Adams]] printed and distributed to university libraries and history professors the small volume ''A Letter to American Teachers of History'' proposing a theory of history based on the [[second law of thermodynamics]] and on the principle of entropy.<ref>Adams, Henry. (1986). History of the United States of America During the Administration of Thomas Jefferson (pg. 1299). Library of America.</ref><ref>Adams, Henry. (1910). A Letter to American Teachers of History.

Research concerning the relationship between the [[thermodynamics|thermodynamic]] quantity [[entropy]] and the [[evolution]] of [[life]] began around the turn of the 20th century. In 1910, American historian [[Henry Brooks Adams|Henry Adams]] printed and distributed to university libraries and history professors the small volume ''A Letter to American Teachers of History'' proposing a theory of history based on the [[second law of thermodynamics]] and on the principle of entropy.<ref name=":2">Adams, Henry. (1986). History of the United States of America During the Administration of Thomas Jefferson (pg. 1299). Library of America.</ref><ref name=":3">Adams, Henry. (1910). A Letter to American Teachers of History.

Research concerning the relationship between the thermodynamic quantity entropy and the evolution of life began around the turn of the 20th century. In 1910, American historian Henry Adams printed and distributed to university libraries and history professors the small volume A Letter to American Teachers of History proposing a theory of history based on the second law of thermodynamics and on the principle of entropy.

Research concerning the relationship between the thermodynamic quantity entropy and the evolution of life began around the turn of the 20th century. In 1910, American historian Henry Adams printed and distributed to university libraries and history professors the small volume A Letter to American Teachers of History proposing a theory of history based on the second law of thermodynamics and on the principle of entropy.

[https://books.google.com/books?id=gaLdOOzuiKAC&pg=PA1&dq=A+Letter+to+American+Teachers+of+History#PPA10,M1 Google Books], [https://archive.org/details/alettertoamerica00adamuoft Scanned PDF]. Washington.</ref>

[https://books.google.com/books?id=gaLdOOzuiKAC&pg=PA1&dq=A+Letter+to+American+Teachers+of+History#PPA10,M1 Google Books], [https://archive.org/details/alettertoamerica00adamuoft Scanned PDF]. Washington.</ref>

 

 

 

The 1944 book ''[[What is Life? (Schrödinger)|What is Life?]]'' by [[Nobel Prize|Nobel]]-laureate [[physicist]] [[Erwin Schrödinger]] stimulated further research in the field. In his book, Schrödinger originally stated that life feeds on negative entropy, or [[negentropy]] as it is sometimes called, but in a later edition corrected himself in response to complaints and stated that the true source is [[Thermodynamic free energy|free energy]]. More recent work has restricted the discussion to [[Gibbs free energy]] because biological processes on Earth normally occur at a constant temperature and pressure, such as in the atmosphere or at the bottom of the ocean, but not across both over short periods of time for individual organisms.

The 1944 book ''[[What is Life? (Schrödinger)|What is Life?]]'' by [[Nobel Prize|Nobel]]-laureate [[physicist]] [[Erwin Schrödinger]] stimulated further research in the field. In his book, Schrödinger originally stated that life feeds on negative entropy, or [[negentropy]] as it is sometimes called, but in a later edition corrected himself in response to complaints and stated that the true source is [[Thermodynamic free energy|free energy]]. More recent work has restricted the discussion to [[Gibbs free energy]] because biological processes on Earth normally occur at a constant temperature and pressure, such as in the atmosphere or at the bottom of the ocean, but not across both over short periods of time for individual organisms.

Ideas about the relationship between entropy and living organisms have inspired hypotheses and speculations in many contexts, including psychology, information theory, the origin of life, and the possibility of extraterrestrial life.

Ideas about the relationship between entropy and living organisms have inspired hypotheses and speculations in many contexts, including [[psychology]], [[information theory]], the [[origin of life]], and the possibility of [[extraterrestrial life]].

==Early views==

==早期观点==

In 1863, Rudolf Clausius published his noted memoir On the Concentration of Rays of Heat and Light, and on the Limits of Its Action, wherein he outlined a preliminary relationship, based on his own work and that of William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), between living processes and his newly developed concept of entropy. Building on this, one of the first to speculate on a possible thermodynamic perspective of organic evolution was the Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann. In 1875, building on the works of Clausius and Kelvin, Boltzmann reasoned:

In 1863, [[Rudolf Clausius]] published his noted memoir ''On the Concentration of Rays of Heat and Light, and on the Limits of Its Action'', wherein he outlined a preliminary relationship, based on his own work and that of [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin|William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)]], between living processes and his newly developed concept of entropy.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} Building on this, one of the first to speculate on a possible thermodynamic perspective of organic [[evolution]] was the Austrian physicist [[Ludwig Boltzmann]]. In 1875, building on the works of Clausius and Kelvin, Boltzmann reasoned:

1863年，鲁道夫 · 克劳修斯出版了他著名的回忆录《论光与热的浓度及其作用的局限性》 ，在其中，他根据自己的工作和威廉 · 汤姆森(开尔文勋爵)的工作，概述了生命过程和他新发展的熵概念之间的初步关系。在此基础上，第一个推测有机进化可能的热力学视角的人是奥地利物理学家路德维希·玻尔兹曼。1875年，在克劳修斯和凯尔文的著作的基础上，玻尔兹曼推断:

1863年，鲁道夫 · 克劳修斯（Rudolf Clausius）出版了他著名的研究报告——《论光与热的强度及其作用的局限性》 ，在其中，他根据自己以及威廉 · 汤姆森(开尔文勋爵)的研究，概述了生命过程和他新提出的熵的概念之间的初步关系。在此之上，第一个从热力学视角出发推测生物进化的可能性的人是奥地利物理学家路德维希·玻尔兹曼（Ludwig Boltzmann）。1875年，在克劳修斯和开尔文的著作的基础上，玻尔兹曼推断:

In 1876, American civil engineer [[Richard Sears McCulloh]], in his ''Treatise on the Mechanical Theory of Heat and its Application to the Steam-Engine'', which was an early thermodynamics textbook, states, after speaking about the laws of the physical world, that "there are none that are established on a firmer basis than the two general propositions of [[James Prescott Joule|Joule]] and [[Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot|Carnot]]; which constitute the fundamental laws of our subject." McCulloh then goes on to show that these two laws may be combined in a single expression as follows:

In 1876, American civil engineer [[Richard Sears McCulloh]], in his ''Treatise on the Mechanical Theory of Heat and its Application to the Steam-Engine'', which was an early thermodynamics textbook, states, after speaking about the laws of the physical world, that "there are none that are established on a firmer basis than the two general propositions of [[James Prescott Joule|Joule]] and [[Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot|Carnot]]; which constitute the fundamental laws of our subject." McCulloh then goes on to show that these two laws may be combined in a single expression as follows:

<math> S = \int { dQ \over \tau } </math>

<math> S = \int { dQ \over \tau } </math>

where

where

 

<math> S = </math> entropy

<math> S = </math> entropy

<math> dQ = </math> a differential amount of heat passed into a thermodynamic system

<math> dQ = </math> a differential amount of [[heat]] passed into a [[System (thermodynamics)|thermodynamic system]]

<math> \tau = </math> absolute temperature

<math> \tau = </math>[[thermodynamic temperature|absolute temperature]]

McCulloh then declares that the applications of these two laws, i.e. what are currently known as the first law of thermodynamics and the second law of thermodynamics, are innumerable:

McCulloh then declares that the applications of these two laws, i.e. what are currently known as the [[first law of thermodynamics]] and the [[second law of thermodynamics]], are innumerable:

然后，McCulloh 声明这两个法则的应用，即。目前所知的能量守恒定律和热力学第二定律数不胜数:

然后，麦卡洛例举了这两个法则的应用，即。目前所知的能量守恒定律和热力学第二定律数不胜数:

In 2009, physicist Karo Michaelian published a thermodynamic dissipation theory for the origin of life  in which the fundamental molecules of life; nucleic acids, amino acids, carbohydrates (sugars), and lipids are considered to have been originally produced as microscopic dissipative structures (through Prigogine's dissipative structuring ) as pigments at the ocean surface to absorb and dissipate into heat the UVC flux of solar light arriving at Earth's surface during the Archean, just as do organic pigments in the visible region today. These UVC pigments were formed through photochemical dissipative structuring from more common and simpler precursor molecules like HCN and H₂O under the UVC flux of solar light .The thermodynamic function of the original pigments (fundamental molecules of life) was to increase the entropy production of the incipient biosphere under the solar photon flux and this, in fact, remains as the most important thermodynamic function of the biosphere today, but now mainly in the visible region where photon intensities are higher and biosynthetic pathways are more complex, allowing pigments to be synthesized from lower energy visible light instead of UVC light which no longer reaches Earth's surface.

In 2009, physicist Karo Michaelian published a thermodynamic dissipation theory for the origin of life  in which the fundamental molecules of life; nucleic acids, amino acids, carbohydrates (sugars), and lipids are considered to have been originally produced as microscopic dissipative structures (through Prigogine's dissipative structuring ) as pigments at the ocean surface to absorb and dissipate into heat the UVC flux of solar light arriving at Earth's surface during the Archean, just as do organic pigments in the visible region today. These UVC pigments were formed through photochemical dissipative structuring from more common and simpler precursor molecules like HCN and H₂O under the UVC flux of solar light .The thermodynamic function of the original pigments (fundamental molecules of life) was to increase the entropy production of the incipient biosphere under the solar photon flux and this, in fact, remains as the most important thermodynamic function of the biosphere today, but now mainly in the visible region where photon intensities are higher and biosynthetic pathways are more complex, allowing pigments to be synthesized from lower energy visible light instead of UVC light which no longer reaches Earth's surface.

2009年，物理学家 Karo Michaelian 发表了关于生命起源的热力学耗散理论，其中生命的基本分子，核酸、氨基酸、碳水化合物(糖)和脂类最初被认为是作为微观耗散结构(通过 Prigogine 的耗散结构)在海洋表面作为色素产生的，以吸收太古代期间到达地球表面的太阳光 UVC 通量，并将其转化为热量，就像今天可见区域的有机色素一样。这些 UVC 颜料是在太阳光的 UVC 通量作用下，由较常见和较简单的前体分子 HCN 和 h < sub > 2 </sub > o 形成的光化学耗散结构。原始色素(生命的基本分子)的热力学功能是在太阳光子通量下增加初始生物圈的产生熵，事实上，这仍然是生物圈今天最重要的热力学功能，但现在主要是在可见光区域，那里光子强度更高，生物合成途径更复杂，允许色素从低能量的可见光而不是不再到达地球表面的 UVC 光合成。

2009年，物理学家 Karo Michaelian 发表了关于生命起源的热力学耗散理论，其中生命的基本分子，核酸、氨基酸、碳水化合物(糖)和脂类最初被认为是作为微观耗散结构(通过 Prigogine 的耗散结构)在海洋表面作为色素产生的，以吸收太古代期间到达地球表面的太阳光 UVC 通量，并将其转化为热量，就像今天可见区域的有机色素一样。这些 UVC 颜料是在太阳光的 UVC 通量作用下，由较常见和较简单的前体分子 HCN 和 h < sub > 2 o 形成的光化学耗散结构。原始色素(生命的基本分子)的热力学功能是在太阳光子通量下增加初始生物圈的产生熵，事实上，这仍然是生物圈今天最重要的热力学功能，但现在主要是在可见光区域，那里光子强度更高，生物合成途径更复杂，允许色素从低能量的可见光而不是不再到达地球表面的 UVC 光合成。

==Entropy and the origin of life==

==Entropy and the origin of life==