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{{For|the album by Off Minor|The Heat Death of the Universe}}
 
{{For|the album by Off Minor|The Heat Death of the Universe}}
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{文章问题 |
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{{Over-quotation|date=September 2020}}
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{{Original research|date=September 2020}}
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{{short description|Possible end of the universe}}
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{{Physical cosmology|expansion}}
      
'''宇宙的热寂''',也被称为大寒或大冻结<ref>[http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_fate.html WMAP – Fate of the Universe], ''WMAP's Universe'', [[NASA]]. Accessed online July 17, 2008.</ref>,是对宇宙最终命运的猜测,这表明宇宙将进化到没有热力学自由能的状态,因此将无法维持熵增的过程。热寂并不意味着任何特定的绝对温度; 它只要求温差或其他过程可能不再被利用来进行做工。用物理学的语言来说,此时宇宙达到热力学平衡(最大熵)。
 
'''宇宙的热寂''',也被称为大寒或大冻结<ref>[http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_fate.html WMAP – Fate of the Universe], ''WMAP's Universe'', [[NASA]]. Accessed online July 17, 2008.</ref>,是对宇宙最终命运的猜测,这表明宇宙将进化到没有热力学自由能的状态,因此将无法维持熵增的过程。热寂并不意味着任何特定的绝对温度; 它只要求温差或其他过程可能不再被利用来进行做工。用物理学的语言来说,此时宇宙达到热力学平衡(最大熵)。
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}}</ref>。也就是说,宇宙在很长一段时间后会冷却到很低的温度保持平衡。
 
}}</ref>。也就是说,宇宙在很长一段时间后会冷却到很低的温度保持平衡。
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——汤姆森,威廉。[http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/on_the_age_of_the_suns_heat.html 论太阳热能的年龄], 麦克米伦杂志,1862年3月5日,388–93页
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—Thomson, William. [http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/on_the_age_of_the_suns_heat.html On the Age of the Sun’s Heat] Macmillan's Magazine, 5&nbsp;March 1862, pp. 388–93
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热寂的假设源于开尔文勋爵的想法,他在19世纪50年代将热力学理论作为自然界的机械能量损失(体现在热力学的前两个定律中)的解释,并将其外推到全球范围内的更大过程。
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ー汤姆森,威廉。论太阳热能的年龄 http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/on_the_age_of_the_suns_heat.html 麦克米伦杂志,1862年3月5日,388–93页
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The hypothesis of heat death stems from the ideas of [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin|Lord Kelvin]], who in the 1850s took the [[theory of heat]] as [[mechanical energy]] loss in nature (as embodied in the first two [[laws of thermodynamics]]) and [[Extrapolation|extrapolated]] it to larger processes on a universal scale.
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The exponential acceleration of baryons' evaporation has been described by Arthur Eddington:
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重子蒸发的指数加速已经被亚瑟·爱丁顿描述过了:
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==Concept==
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==概念==
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<blockquote>
      
< 我们的目标是什么 >
 
< 我们的目标是什么 >
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The concept of the heat death of the universe is based on the observation that the gravitational potential energy of the universe, also known as [[rest mass]] that is stored mostly in [[baryon]]s, self&#8209;gravitationally shrinks and heats up to ever higher temperatures. Consequently, the ever&#8209;smaller and ever&#8209;hotter baryons "evaporate", with an exponential acceleration, into the seemingly expanding ambient space as photons, so that eventually the universe will consist of zero&#8209;frequency photons:
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<p>All change is relative. The universe is expanding relatively to our common material standards; our material standards are shrinking relatively to the size of the universe. The theory of the "expanding universe" might also be called the theory of the "shrinking atom". <...></p>
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所有的变化都是相对的。宇宙相对于我们共同的物质标准正在扩张; 我们的物质标准相对于宇宙的大小正在缩小。“膨胀宇宙”理论也可以称为“收缩原子”理论。我不知道你在说什么
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<blockquote>
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热寂的概念是基于这样的观察:宇宙的重力势能,也被称为主要储存在重子中的静止质量,会进行自我重力式地收缩并加热到越来越高的温度。因此,越来越小、越来越热的重子以指数级的加速度 "蒸发 "到看似膨胀的环境空间中,成为光子。所以,最终宇宙将由零频率的光子组成。
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<p>Let us then take the whole universe as our standard of constancy, and adopt the view of a cosmic being whose body is composed of intergalactic spaces and swells as they swell. Or rather we must now say it keeps the same size, for he will not admit that it is he who has changed. Watching us for a few thousand million years, he sees us shrinking; atoms, animals, planets, even the galaxies, all shrink alike; only the intergalactic spaces remain the same. The earth spirals round the sun in an ever&#8209;decreasing orbit. It would be absurd to treat its changing revolution as a constant unit of time. The cosmic being will naturally relate his units of length and time so that the velocity of light remains constant. Our years will then decrease in geometrical progression in the cosmic scale of time. On that scale man's life is becoming briefer; his threescore years and ten are an ever&#8209;decreasing allowance. Owing to the property of geometrical progressions an infinite number of our years will add up to a finite cosmic time; so that what we should call the end of eternity is an ordinary finite date in the cosmic calendar. But on that date the universe has expanded to infinity in our reckoning, and we have shrunk to nothing in the reckoning of the cosmic being.</p>
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所有的变化都是相对的。相对于我们常见的物质标准,宇宙正在扩张; 相对于宇宙的大小,我们的物质标准在不断缩小。“膨胀宇宙”理论也可以称为“收缩原子”理论。
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那么,让我们以整个宇宙作为恒常的标准,采纳宇宙存在的观点,认为宇宙存在的身体是由星系间的空间组成的,膨胀时会膨胀。或者更确切地说,我们现在必须说它保持了同样的规模,因为他不会承认是他改变了。观察我们几千万年,他看到我们在缩小; 原子、动物、行星,甚至星系,都一样缩小; 只有星系间的空间保持不变。地球绕着太阳旋转,轨道越来越小。把它不断变化的革命当作一个固定的时间单位是荒谬的。宇宙存在自然而然地将他的长度和时间单位联系起来,以便光速保持不变。我们的年龄将随着宇宙时间尺度上的几何级数而减少。在这个尺度上,人的生命变得越来越短暂; 他的六十岁和十岁是一个不断减少的零用钱。由于几何级数的性质,我们的无限年数加起来就是一个有限的宇宙时间; 所以我们应该称之为永恆的终结时间是宇宙日历中的一个普通的有限日期。但是在那一天,宇宙在我们的推算中已经膨胀到无穷大,而我们在宇宙存在的推算中已经缩小到什么也没有。(只提供英文版本)
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亚瑟·爱丁顿曾经描述过重子蒸发的指数加速:<blockquote>那么,让我们把整个宇宙作为我们的恒定标准,并采用一个宇宙存在的观点,其身体由星系间的空间组成,并随着它们的膨胀而膨胀。或者更确切地说,我们现在必须说它保持了同样的规模,因为它不会承认是它改变了。观察这几千万年的历史,它看到我们在缩小:原子、动物、行星,甚至星系,都同样在缩小。只有星系间的空间保持不变。地球绕着太阳旋转,轨道越来越小。把它不断变化的演变当作一个固定的时间单位是荒谬的。宇宙的存在将自然地把他的长度和时间单位联系起来,使光速保持不变。而我们的岁月将在宇宙的时间尺度上以几何级数递减。在那个尺度上,人的生命变得越来越短暂, 他的三十岁和十岁是一个不断减少的限额。由于几何级数的特性,我们的无限年数加起来将是一个有限的宇宙时间;因此,我们应该称之为永恒的结束只是宇宙日历中一个普通的有限日期。但是在那一天,宇宙在我们的推算中已经膨胀到无穷大,而我们在宇宙存在的推算中已经缩小到什么也没有。(只提供英文版本)
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If the rest mass decreases by Δ''m''<sub>0</sub>, the kinetic energy ''E'' = ''c''<sup>2</sup>Δ''m''<sub>0</sub> is produced. The same thing is true if we replace production of kinetic energy ''E'' by production of radiant energy ''E''. Continuing this line of argument, one can envisage the possibility that the whole rest mass ''m'' of a body could be converted into energy. Then the energy ''E'' = ''m''<sub>0</sub>''c''<sup>2</sup> would be produced and the whole rest mass of the body would disappear.
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如果静止质量减少了 Δ''m''<sub>0</sub>就会产生''E'' = ''c''<sup>2</sup>Δ''m''<sub>0</sub>的动能。如果我们用辐射能''E'' 的产生代替动能''E''的产生,情况也是一样的。继续这一论证思路,我们可以设想,一个物体的全部静止质量''m'' 转化为能量的可能性。于是 ''E'' = ''m''<sub>0</sub>''c''<sup>2</sup>的能量会被产生,而物体整个的静止质量就会消失。
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We walk the stage of life, performers of a drama for the benefit of the cosmic spectator. As the scenes proceed he notices that the actors are growing smaller and the action quicker. When the last act opens the curtain rises on midget actors rushing through their parts at frantic speed. Smaller and smaller. Faster and faster. One last microscopic blurr of intense agitation. And then nothing.
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我们行走在生命的舞台上,为了宇宙观众的利益而进行戏剧表演。随着场景的发展,它注意到演员变得越来越小,动作也越来越快。当最后一幕开始时,幕布升起,侏儒演员以疯狂的速度冲过他们的角色。越来越小。越来越快。发生了最后一次强烈的激动的微观模糊现象。然后就什么都没有了。
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我们行走在生命的舞台上,为了宇宙旁观者的利益而表演戏剧。随着场景的进行,他注意到演员们变得越来越小,动作也越来越快。当最后一幕开始时,幕布升起,侏儒演员以疯狂的速度冲过他们的角色。越来越小。越来越快。强烈搅动的最后一个微小的冲口。然后什么也没有。
      
:—[https://dokumen.pub/qdownload/international-encyclopedia-of-unified-science-vol-1-nos-6-10.html International Encyclopedia of Unified Science] Vol. 1, nos. 6–10, University of Chicago Press, 1955, p. 460
 
:—[https://dokumen.pub/qdownload/international-encyclopedia-of-unified-science-vol-1-nos-6-10.html International Encyclopedia of Unified Science] Vol. 1, nos. 6–10, University of Chicago Press, 1955, p. 460
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—Eddington, Arthur. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.220736/page/n105/mode/2up The Expanding Universe] CUP, 1933, pp.&nbsp;90–92
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—Eddington, Arthur. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.220736/page/n105/mode/2up The Expanding Universe] CUP, 1933年,90–92页</blockquote>虽然机械能是不可破坏的,但它有一个普遍的耗散趋势,这在整个系统中产生了热量的逐渐增加和扩散、运动的停止和物质宇宙的势能的耗尽。<blockquote>
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—Eddington, Arthur.1933年, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.220736/page/n105/mode/2up 90-92页
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Although mechanical energy is indestructible, there is a universal tendency to its dissipation, which produces throughout the system a gradual augmentation and diffusion of heat, cessation of motion and '''exhaustion of the potential energy of the material Universe'''.
      
After the evaporation of all baryons, the resultant bath of zero&#8209;frequency photons, indistinguishable from empty space, will condense into new protons, each miles across, which will undergo another 13.8&#8209;billion&#8209;year&#8209;long exponentially accelerating shrinkage and evaporation. And so ad infinitum:
 
After the evaporation of all baryons, the resultant bath of zero&#8209;frequency photons, indistinguishable from empty space, will condense into new protons, each miles across, which will undergo another 13.8&#8209;billion&#8209;year&#8209;long exponentially accelerating shrinkage and evaporation. And so ad infinitum:
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Category:Physical cosmology
      
类别: 物理宇宙学
 
类别: 物理宇宙学
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In the years to follow both Thomson's 1852 and the 1862 papers, Helmholtz and Rankine both credited Thomson with the idea, but read further into his papers by publishing views stating that Thomson argued that the universe will end in a "''heat death''" (Helmholtz) which will be the "''end of all physical phenomena''" (Rankine).<ref name="Energy and Empire" /><ref>
 
In the years to follow both Thomson's 1852 and the 1862 papers, Helmholtz and Rankine both credited Thomson with the idea, but read further into his papers by publishing views stating that Thomson argued that the universe will end in a "''heat death''" (Helmholtz) which will be the "''end of all physical phenomena''" (Rankine).<ref name="Energy and Empire" /><ref>
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Category:Thermodynamic entropy
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类别: 热力学熵
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类别: 熵
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{{Cite web
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Category:Doomsday scenarios
      
分类: 末日情景
 
分类: 末日情景
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| url          = http://webplaza.pt.lu/fklaess/html/HISTORIA.HTML
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Category:1851 in science
      
类别: 1851年的科学
 
类别: 1851年的科学
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| title        = Physics Chronology
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Category:Ultimate fate of the universe
      
类别: 宇宙的终极命运
 
类别: 宇宙的终极命运
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