− | [[File:Schematic_demonstration_of_first-_and_second-order_percolation_transitions.tif|thumb|right|图2: 一阶和二阶渗流过渡的示意图。在二阶情况下,'''最大连通分支 giant component'''在渗流阈值p=p_c时不断接近零。在一阶情况下,最大连通分支不连续地接近零。]] | + | [[File:Schematic_demonstration_of_first-_and_second-order_percolation_transitions.tif|thumb|right|图2: 一阶和二阶渗流过渡的示意图。在二阶情况下,[[最大连通分支]]在渗流阈值p=p_c时不断接近零。在一阶情况下,最大连通分支不连续地接近零。]] |
− | 诸如供水、运输、燃料和发电站等多种基础设施都是耦合在一起的,并相互依赖着运行,见图1。由于这种耦合,相互依存的网络对随机故障,特别是对有针对性的攻击极为敏感,因此,一个网络中一小部分节点的故障就会导致几个相互依存的网络中出现一连串的故障。<ref>{{cite web|title=Report of the Commission to Assess the Threat to the United States from Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Attack|url=http://empcommission.org/docs/A2473-EMP_Commission-7MB.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rinaldi|first=S.M.|last2=Peerenboom|first2=J.P.|last3=Kelly|first3=T.K.|date=2001|title=Identifying, understanding, and analyzing critical infrastructure interdependencies|url=|journal= IEEE Control Systems Magazine|volume=21|pages=11–25|via=}}</ref> 电气停电经常是由相互依赖的网络之间的故障级联造成的,近年来发生的几次大规模停电事件就极大地说明了这个问题。停电是网络之间的依存关系所起的重要作用的一个很好的证明。例如,2003年意大利大停电导致铁路网、医疗系统、金融服务大面积瘫痪,此外,还严重影响了电信网络。通信系统的部分故障又进一步损害了电网管理系统,从而对电网产生了正反馈。<ref>{{cite journal|last=V. Rosato |first=Issacharoff, L., Tiriticco, F., Meloni, S., Porcellinis, S.D., & Setola, R. |title=Modelling interdependent infrastructures using interacting dynamical models |journal=International Journal of Critical Infrastructures |year=2008 |volume=4 |pages=63–79 |doi=10.1504/IJCIS.2008.016092 }}</ref>这个例子强调了在一个相互影响的网络系统中,相互依赖是如何显著放大损害的。基于'''<font color="#ff8000"> 渗流理论 Percolation Theory</font>''',最近发展了一个研究耦合网络之间级联失效的框架。<ref>{{cite journal|last=S. V. Buldyrev|first=R. Parshani, G. Paul, H. E. Stanley, S. Havlin|title=Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks|journal=Nature|year=2010|volume=464|pages=1025–8|doi=10.1038/nature08932|url=http://havlin.biu.ac.il/Publications.php?keyword=Catastrophic+cascade+of+failures+in+interdependent+networks&year=*&match=all|pmid=20393559|issue=7291|arxiv=1012.0206|bibcode=2010Natur.464.1025B}}</ref> 与连续崩溃的单一网络的渗流相比,级联失效会导致网络的突然崩溃,见图2。空间嵌入式系统中的级联失效已经被证明会导致系统特别脆弱。<ref name="BashanBerezin2013">{{cite journal|last1=Bashan|first1=Amir|last2=Berezin|first2=Yehiel|last3=Buldyrev|first3=Sergey V.|last4=Havlin|first4=Shlomo|title=The extreme vulnerability of interdependent spatially embedded networks|journal=Nature Physics|year=2013|issn=1745-2473|doi=10.1038/nphys2727|volume=9|issue=10|pages=667–672|arxiv=1206.2062|bibcode=2013NatPh...9..667B}}</ref>关于级联失效的动态过程见参考文献。<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhou|first=D.|last2=Bashan|first2=A.|last3=Cohen|first3=R.|last4=Berezin|first4=Y.|last5=Shnerb|first5=N.|last6=Havlin|first6=S.|date=2014|title=Simultaneous first- and second-order percolation transitions in interdependent networks|url=|journal=Phys. Rev. E|volume=90|issue=1|pages=012803|bibcode=2014PhRvE..90a2803Z|doi=10.1103/PhysRevE.90.012803|pmid=25122338|arxiv=1211.2330}}</ref>迪•姆洛 Di Muro等人开发了一个修复故障的模型,以避免级联失效。<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Di Muro|first=M. A.|last2=La Rocca|first2=C. E.|last3=Stanley|first3=H. E.|last4=Havlin|first4=S.|last5=Braunstein|first5=L. A.|date=2016-03-09|title=Recovery of Interdependent Networks|journal=Scientific Reports|language=En|volume=6|issue=1|pages=22834|doi=10.1038/srep22834|pmid=26956773|pmc=4783785|issn=2045-2322|arxiv=1512.02555|bibcode=2016NatSR...622834D}}</ref> | + | 诸如供水、运输、燃料和发电站等多种基础设施都是耦合在一起的,并相互依赖着运行,见图1。由于这种耦合,相互依存的网络对随机故障,特别是对有针对性的攻击极为敏感,因此,一个网络中一小部分节点的故障就会导致几个相互依存的网络中出现一连串的故障。<ref>{{cite web|title=Report of the Commission to Assess the Threat to the United States from Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Attack|url=http://empcommission.org/docs/A2473-EMP_Commission-7MB.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rinaldi|first=S.M.|last2=Peerenboom|first2=J.P.|last3=Kelly|first3=T.K.|date=2001|title=Identifying, understanding, and analyzing critical infrastructure interdependencies|url=|journal= IEEE Control Systems Magazine|volume=21|pages=11–25|via=}}</ref> 电气停电经常是由相互依赖的网络之间的故障级联造成的,近年来发生的几次大规模停电事件就极大地说明了这个问题。停电是网络之间的依存关系所起的重要作用的一个很好的证明。例如,2003年意大利大停电导致铁路网、医疗系统、金融服务大面积瘫痪,此外,还严重影响了电信网络。通信系统的部分故障又进一步损害了电网管理系统,从而对电网产生了正反馈。<ref>{{cite journal|last=V. Rosato |first=Issacharoff, L., Tiriticco, F., Meloni, S., Porcellinis, S.D., & Setola, R. |title=Modelling interdependent infrastructures using interacting dynamical models |journal=International Journal of Critical Infrastructures |year=2008 |volume=4 |pages=63–79 |doi=10.1504/IJCIS.2008.016092 }}</ref>这个例子强调了在一个相互影响的网络系统中,相互依赖是如何显著放大损害的。基于[[渗流理论]],最近发展了一个研究耦合网络之间级联失效的框架。<ref>{{cite journal|last=S. V. Buldyrev|first=R. Parshani, G. Paul, H. E. Stanley, S. Havlin|title=Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks|journal=Nature|year=2010|volume=464|pages=1025–8|doi=10.1038/nature08932|url=http://havlin.biu.ac.il/Publications.php?keyword=Catastrophic+cascade+of+failures+in+interdependent+networks&year=*&match=all|pmid=20393559|issue=7291|arxiv=1012.0206|bibcode=2010Natur.464.1025B}}</ref> 与连续崩溃的单一网络的渗流相比,级联失效会导致网络的突然崩溃,见图2。空间嵌入式系统中的级联失效已经被证明会导致系统特别脆弱。<ref name="BashanBerezin2013">{{cite journal|last1=Bashan|first1=Amir|last2=Berezin|first2=Yehiel|last3=Buldyrev|first3=Sergey V.|last4=Havlin|first4=Shlomo|title=The extreme vulnerability of interdependent spatially embedded networks|journal=Nature Physics|year=2013|issn=1745-2473|doi=10.1038/nphys2727|volume=9|issue=10|pages=667–672|arxiv=1206.2062|bibcode=2013NatPh...9..667B}}</ref>关于级联失效的动态过程见参考文献。<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhou|first=D.|last2=Bashan|first2=A.|last3=Cohen|first3=R.|last4=Berezin|first4=Y.|last5=Shnerb|first5=N.|last6=Havlin|first6=S.|date=2014|title=Simultaneous first- and second-order percolation transitions in interdependent networks|url=|journal=Phys. Rev. E|volume=90|issue=1|pages=012803|bibcode=2014PhRvE..90a2803Z|doi=10.1103/PhysRevE.90.012803|pmid=25122338|arxiv=1211.2330}}</ref>迪•姆洛 Di Muro等人开发了一个修复故障的模型,以避免级联失效。<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Di Muro|first=M. A.|last2=La Rocca|first2=C. E.|last3=Stanley|first3=H. E.|last4=Havlin|first4=S.|last5=Braunstein|first5=L. A.|date=2016-03-09|title=Recovery of Interdependent Networks|journal=Scientific Reports|language=En|volume=6|issue=1|pages=22834|doi=10.1038/srep22834|pmid=26956773|pmc=4783785|issn=2045-2322|arxiv=1512.02555|bibcode=2016NatSR...622834D}}</ref> |
| 此外,研究表明,当这种系统嵌入空间时,极易受到局部攻击或故障的影响。超过临界损伤半径,故障可能扩散到整个系统。<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Berezin|first=Yehiel|last2=Bashan|first2=Amir|last3=Danziger|first3=Michael M.|last4=Li|first4=Daqing|last5=Havlin|first5=Shlomo|date=2015-03-11|title=Localized attacks on spatially embedded networks with dependencies|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=8934|doi=10.1038/srep08934|pmid=25757572|pmc=4355725|issn=2045-2322|bibcode=2015NatSR...5E8934B}}</ref> | | 此外,研究表明,当这种系统嵌入空间时,极易受到局部攻击或故障的影响。超过临界损伤半径,故障可能扩散到整个系统。<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Berezin|first=Yehiel|last2=Bashan|first2=Amir|last3=Danziger|first3=Michael M.|last4=Li|first4=Daqing|last5=Havlin|first5=Shlomo|date=2015-03-11|title=Localized attacks on spatially embedded networks with dependencies|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=8934|doi=10.1038/srep08934|pmid=25757572|pmc=4355725|issn=2045-2322|bibcode=2015NatSR...5E8934B}}</ref> |