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− | == Occurrence and applications 发生与应用== | + | == 发生与应用== |
| + | *电信示例:一个系统中的来电数。 |
| + | *天文学例子:到达望远镜的光子。 |
| + | *化学示例:一种活性聚合物的摩尔质量分布。 |
| + | *生物示例:每单位DNA链上的突变数。 |
| + | *管理示例:到达柜台或呼叫中心的客户。 |
| + | *金融和保险示例:在一定时期内发生的损失或索赔的数量。 |
| + | *地震地震学实例:大地震地震危险性的渐近泊松模型。 |
| + | *放射性示例:在放射性样本中给定时间间隔内的衰变次数。 |
| + | *光学示例:单个激光脉冲中发射的光子数。这是大多数量子密钥分发协议的主要漏洞,被称为光子数分裂(PNS)。 |
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− | {{More citations needed|date=December 2019}}
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| + | 泊松分布过程与泊松过程有关。它适用于各种离散性质的现象(也就是说,那些可能发生0,1,2,3,... 在给定时间内或在给定区域) ,只要现象发生的概率在时间或空间上是常数。可以被模仿为泊松分布的活动包括: |
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− | | + | *各兵团每年死于马踢的士兵人数。 |
− | Applications of the Poisson distribution can be found in many fields including:{{r|Rasch1963}}
| + | *酿造吉尼斯啤酒时使用的酵母细胞数量。 |
− | | + | *一分钟内到达呼叫中心的电话数。 |
− | Applications of the Poisson distribution can be found in many fields including:
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− | ''' 泊松分布Poisson distribution'''可以应用在很多领域,包括:
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− | --[[用户:fairywang|fairywang]]([[用户讨论:fairywang|讨论]]) 【审校】“泊松分布”改为“泊松分布”
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− | * [[Telecommunication]] example: telephone calls arriving in a system.
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− | *[[电信]]示例:到达系统的电话。
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− | --[[用户:fairywang|fairywang]]([[用户讨论:fairywang|讨论]]) 【审校】“到达系统的电话”改为“一个系统中的来电数 ”
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− | * [[Astronomy]] example: photons arriving at a telescope.
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− | *[[天文学]]例子:到达望远镜的光子。
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− | * [[Chemistry]] example: the [[molar mass distribution]] of a [[living polymerization]].{{r|Flory1940}}
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− | *[[化学]]示例:一种[[活性聚合物]的[[摩尔质量分布]]。
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− | * [[Biology]] example: the number of mutations on a strand of [[DNA]] per unit length.
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− | *[[生物]]示例:每单位[[DNA]]链上的突变数。
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− | * [[Management]] example: customers arriving at a counter or call centre.
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− | *[[管理]]示例:到达柜台或呼叫中心的客户。
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− | * [[Finance and insurance]] example: number of losses or claims occurring in a given period of time.
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− | *[[金融和保险]]示例:在一定时期内发生的损失或索赔的数量。
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− | * [[Earthquake seismology]] example: an asymptotic Poisson model of seismic risk for large earthquakes.{{r|Lomnitz1994|p=}}
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− | *[[地震地震学]]实例:大地震地震危险性的渐近泊松模型。{{r|Lomnitz1994|p=}}
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− | * [[Radioactivity]] example: number of decays in a given time interval in a radioactive sample.
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− | *[[放射性]]示例:在放射性样本中给定时间间隔内的衰变次数。
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− | * [[Optics]] example: the number of photons emitted in a single laser pulse. This is a major vulnerability to most [[Quantum key distribution]] protocols known as Photon Number Splitting (PNS).
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− | *[[光学]]示例:单个激光脉冲中发射的光子数。这是大多数[[量子密钥分发]]协议的主要漏洞,被称为光子数分裂(PNS)。
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− | The Poisson distribution arises in connection with Poisson processes. It applies to various phenomena of discrete properties (that is, those that may happen 0, 1, 2, 3, ... times during a given period of time or in a given area) whenever the probability of the phenomenon happening is constant in time or [[space]]. Examples of events that may be modelled as a Poisson distribution include:
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− | The Poisson distribution arises in connection with Poisson processes. It applies to various phenomena of discrete properties (that is, those that may happen 0, 1, 2, 3, ... times during a given period of time or in a given area) whenever the probability of the phenomenon happening is constant in time or space. Examples of events that may be modelled as a Poisson distribution include:
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− | 泊松分布过程与泊松过程有关。它适用于各种离散性质的现象(也就是说,那些可能发生0,1,2,3,... 在给定时间内或在给定区域) ,只要现象发生的概率在时间或空间上是常数。可以被模仿为泊松分布的活动包括:
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− | --[[用户:fairywang|fairywang]]([[用户讨论:fairywang|讨论]]) 【审校】“泊松分布”改为“泊松分布”
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− | Surely there are enough examples in this list now! However, not enough with citations
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− | Surely there are enough examples in this list now! However, not enough with citations
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− | 现在在这个列表中已经有足够的例子了!然而,引用还不够吗
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− | * The number of soldiers killed by horse-kicks each year in each corps in the [[Prussia]]n cavalry. This example was used in a book by [[Ladislaus Bortkiewicz]] (1868–1931).{{r|vonBortkiewitsch1898|p=23-25}}
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− | *各兵团每年死于马踢的士兵人数。这个例子在[[Ladislaus Bortkiewicz]的一本书中使用过(1868–1931).{{r|vonBortkiewitsch1898|p=23-25}}。
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− | * The number of yeast cells used when brewing [[Guinness]] beer. This example was used by [[William Sealy Gosset]] (1876–1937).{{r|Student1907}}{{r|Boland1984}}
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− | *酿造[[吉尼斯]]啤酒时使用的酵母细胞数量。这个例子被[[William sely Gosset]](1876-1937)使用。{{r|Student1907}}{{r|Boland1984}}
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− | * The number of phone calls arriving at a [[call centre]] within a minute. This example was described by [[Agner Krarup Erlang|A.K. Erlang]] (1878–1929).{{r|Erlang1909}} | |
− | *一分钟内到达[[呼叫中心]]的电话数。这个例子由[[Agner Krarup Erlang | A.K.Erlang]](1878-1929)描述{{r|Erlang1909}}。 | |
− | * Internet traffic. | |
| *互联网堵塞。 | | *互联网堵塞。 |
− | * The number of goals in sports involving two competing teams.{{r|Hornby2014}}
| + | *两支参赛队伍在运动中的进球数。 |
− | *两支参赛队伍在运动中的进球数。{{r|Hornby2014}} | |
− | * The number of deaths per year in a given age group.
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| *特定年龄组每年的死亡人数。 | | *特定年龄组每年的死亡人数。 |
− | * The number of jumps in a stock price in a given time interval.
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| *股票价格在给定时间间隔内的波动次数。 | | *股票价格在给定时间间隔内的波动次数。 |
− | * Under an assumption of [[Poisson process#Homogeneous|homogeneity]], the number of times a [[web server]] is accessed per minute. | + | *在泊松过程#齐次|均匀性假设下,每分钟访问web服务器的次数。 |
− | *在[[泊松过程#齐次|均匀性]假设下,每分钟访问[[web服务器]]的次数。
| + | *在一定量的辐射之后,在给定的DNA段中突变的数目。 |
− | * The number of [[mutation]]s in a given stretch of [[DNA]] after a certain amount of radiation.
| + | *在给定的时间内被感染的细胞(生物学)|细胞的比例。 |
− | *在一定量的辐射之后,在给定的[[DNA]]段中[[突变]]的数目。
| + | *一定量液体中细菌的数量。 |
− | * The proportion of [[cells (biology)|cells]] that will be infected at a given [[multiplicity of infection]].
| + | *在给定的光照和时间间隔,到达像素电路的光子。 |
− | *在给定的时间内被感染的[[细胞(生物学)|细胞]]的比例。 | + | *二战期间伦敦对V-1飞弹的目标调查 |
− | * The number of bacteria in a certain amount of liquid.{{r|Koyama2016}} | |
− | *一定量液体中细菌的数量。{{r|Koyama2016}} | |
− | * The arrival of [[photons]] on a pixel circuit at a given illumination and over a given time period.
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− | *在给定的光照和时间间隔,到达像素电路的[[光子]]。 | |
− | * The targeting of [[V-1 flying bomb]]s on London during World War II investigated by R. D. Clarke in 1946.{{r|Clarke1946}} | |
− | *二战期间伦敦对[[V-1飞弹]]的目标调查||由R. D. Clarke 1946年调查。{{r|Clarke1946}}
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− | [[Patrick X. Gallagher|Gallagher]] showed in 1976 that the counts of [[prime number]]s in short intervals obey a Poisson distribution{{r|Gallagher1976}} provided a certain version of the unproved [[Second Hardy–Littlewood conjecture|prime r-tuple conjecture of Hardy-Littlewood]]{{r|Hardy1923}} is true.
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− | Gallagher showed in 1976 that the counts of prime numbers in short intervals obey a Poisson distribution provided a certain version of the unproved prime r-tuple conjecture of Hardy-Littlewood is true.
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− | 1976年,加拉格尔指出,只要Hardy-Littlewo素数r-元组猜想的一个版本为正确,短时间间隔内质数的计数即服从泊松分布。
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− | {{Anchor|law of rare events}}
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| + | 1976年,加拉格尔 Gallagher指出,只要Hardy-Littlewo素数r-元组猜想的一个版本为正确,短时间间隔内质数的计数即服从泊松分布。 |
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