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喜鸟类的花对鸟类来说需要引人注目。鸟类在视觉光谱的红色一端拥有最大的光谱敏感度和最好的色调辨别能力，所以红色对它们来说特别显眼。蜂鸟也可以看到紫外线的“颜色”。在缺少花蜜的昆虫传粉的花朵中，紫外线图案和花蜜向导的流行警告鸟类要避开这些花。蜂鸟的两个亚科——隐士蜂鸟亚科(phaeethornithinae，hermits)和热带蜂鸟亚科(Trochilinae，Trochilinae)的每一个亚科都与一组特定的花一起进化。大多数种类与大型单子叶植物有关，而金线菊亚科更喜欢双子叶植物。
喜鸟类的花对鸟类来说需要引人注目。鸟类在视觉光谱的红色一端拥有最大的光谱敏感度和最好的色调辨别能力，所以红色对它们来说特别显眼。蜂鸟也可以看到紫外线的“颜色”。在缺少花蜜的昆虫传粉的花朵中，紫外线图案和花蜜向导的流行警告鸟类要避开这些花。蜂鸟的两个亚科——隐士蜂鸟亚科(phaeethornithinae，hermits)和热带蜂鸟亚科(Trochilinae，Trochilinae)的每一个亚科都与一组特定的花一起进化。大多数种类与大型单子叶植物有关，而金线菊亚科更喜欢双子叶植物。
===Fig reproduction and fig wasps===
[[File:Ficus plant.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Common fig|fig]] exposing its many tiny matured, seed-bearing [[gynoecia]]. These are pollinated by the fig wasp, ''[[Blastophaga psenes]]''. In the cultivated fig, there are also asexual varieties.<ref name=Suleman/>|链接=Special:FilePath/Ficus_plant.jpg]]
{{Main|Reproductive coevolution in Ficus}}
The genus ''[[Ficus]]'' is composed of 800 species of vines, shrubs, and trees, including the cultivated fig, defined by their [[syconium]]s, the fruit-like vessels that either hold female flowers or pollen on the inside. Each fig species has its own [[fig wasp]] which (in most cases) pollinates the fig, so a tight mutual dependence has evolved and persisted throughout the genus.<ref name=Suleman>{{cite journal |last1=Suleman |first1=Nazia |last2=Sait |first2=Steve |last3=Compton |first3=Stephen G. |title=Female figs as traps: Their impact on the dynamics of an experimental fig tree-pollinator-parasitoid community |journal=Acta Oecologica |volume=62 |year=2015 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1016/j.actao.2014.11.001 |bibcode=2015AcO....62....1S|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/85568/7/Female%20plants%20as%20traps%20paper%20%283%29.pdf }}</ref>
The genus Ficus is composed of 800 species of vines, shrubs, and trees, including the cultivated fig, defined by their syconiums, the fruit-like vessels that either hold female flowers or pollen on the inside. Each fig species has its own fig wasp which (in most cases) pollinates the fig, so a tight mutual dependence has evolved and persisted throughout the genus.
榕属植物由800种藤本植物、灌木和乔木组成，其中包括栽培的无花果。每一种榕树都有自己的榕小蜂(在大多数情况下)为榕小蜂授粉，所以这个属中形成了一种紧密的相互依赖关系。
[[File:Ant - Pseudomyrmex species, on Bull Thorn Acacia (Acacia cornigera) with Beltian bodies, Caves Branch Jungle Lodge, Belmopan, Belize - 8505045055.jpg|thumb|right|''Pseudomyrmex'' ant on bull thorn acacia (''[[Vachellia cornigera]]'') with Beltian bodies that provide the ants with protein<ref name="Hölldobler-532"/>|链接=Special:FilePath/Ant_-_Pseudomyrmex_species,_on_Bull_Thorn_Acacia_(Acacia_cornigera)_with_Beltian_bodies,_Caves_Branch_Jungle_Lodge,_Belmopan,_Belize_-_8505045055.jpg]]