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第125行： − − ==Hutchinsonian niche==<!-- Hutchinsonian niche redirects here--> − [[File:Purple-throated carib hummingbird feeding.jpg|thumb|The shape of the [[beak|bill]] of this [[purple-throated carib]] is complementary to the shape of the flower and [[coevolution|coevolved]] with it, enabling it to exploit the nectar as a resource.]] − − The Hutchinsonian niche is an "[[N-dimensional space|n-dimensional]] hypervolume", where the dimensions are environmental conditions and [[Resource (biology)|resources]], that define the requirements of an individual or a species to practice its way of life, more particularly, for its population to persist.<ref name=Levin/> The "hypervolume" defines the multi-dimensional space of resources (e.g., light, nutrients, structure, etc.) available to (and specifically used by) organisms, and "all species other than those under consideration are regarded as part of the coordinate system."<ref name=Hutchinson1957>{{cite journal | author = Hutchinson, G.E. | year = 1957 | title = Concluding remarks | journal = Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 415–427 | url = http://artifex.org/~ecoreaders/lit/Hutchinson1957.pdf | access-date = 2007-07-24 | doi = 10.1101/sqb.1957.022.01.039 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070926153803/http://artifex.org/~ecoreaders/lit/Hutchinson1957.pdf | archive-date = 2007-09-26 | url-status = dead }}</ref> − − The Hutchinsonian niche is an "n-dimensional hypervolume", where the dimensions are environmental conditions and resources, that define the requirements of an individual or a species to practice its way of life, more particularly, for its population to persist. The "hypervolume" defines the multi-dimensional space of resources (e.g., light, nutrients, structure, etc.) available to (and specifically used by) organisms, and "all species other than those under consideration are regarded as part of the coordinate system." − − 哈钦森生态位是一个”n 维超体积”，其中的维度是环境条件和资源，这些条件和资源决定了个人或物种实践其生活方式的要求，特别是其种群的持续生存。“超体积”定义了资源的多维空间(例如，光、养分、结构等)以及”除考虑中的物种外，所有其他物种均视为坐标系的一部分。” − − The niche concept was popularized by the zoologist [[G. Evelyn Hutchinson]] in 1957.<ref name=Hutchinson1957/> Hutchinson inquired into the question of why there are so many types of organisms in any one habitat. His work inspired many others to develop models to explain how many and how similar coexisting species could be within a given community, and led to the concepts of [[Realized niche width#Niche width vs. realized niche width|'niche breadth']] (the variety of resources or habitats used by a given species), [[Niche differentiation|'niche partitioning']] (resource differentiation by coexisting species), and 'niche overlap' (overlap of resource use by different species).<ref name=Chase2>{{cite book |author1=Jonathan M. Chase |author2=Mathew A. Leibold |title=Ecological Niches: Linking Classical and Contemporary Approaches |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ssmcl_ubQUQC&pg=PA11 |page=11 |isbn=9780226101804 |year=2003 |publisher=University of Chicago Press}}</ref> − − The niche concept was popularized by the zoologist G. Evelyn Hutchinson in 1957. Hutchinson inquired into the question of why there are so many types of organisms in any one habitat. His work inspired many others to develop models to explain how many and how similar coexisting species could be within a given community, and led to the concepts of 'niche breadth' (the variety of resources or habitats used by a given species), 'niche partitioning' (resource differentiation by coexisting species), and 'niche overlap' (overlap of resource use by different species). − − 生态位的概念在1957年被动物学家乔治·伊夫林·哈钦森普及。哈钦森探究了为什么在任何一个栖息地都有这么多种生物的问题。他的工作启发了其他许多人开发模型来解释在一个给定的群落中有多少以及如何共存相似的物种，并导致了“生态位宽度”(给定物种使用的资源或生境的多样性)、“生态位划分”(共存物种的资源分化)和“生态位重叠”(不同物种使用的资源重叠)的概念。 − − [[File:Resource allocation.png|thumb|Where three species eat some of the same prey, a statistical picture of each niche shows overlap in resource usage between three species, indicating where competition is strongest.]] − − thumb|Where three species eat some of the same prey, a statistical picture of each niche shows overlap in resource usage between three species, indicating where competition is strongest. − − 拇指 | 当三个物种吃掉一些同样的猎物时，每个生态位的统计图显示三个物种在资源使用上的重叠，这表明哪里的竞争最强。 − − Statistics were introduced into the Hutchinson niche by [[Robert MacArthur]] and [[Richard Levins]] using the 'resource-utilization' niche employing histograms to describe the 'frequency of occurrence' as a function of a Hutchinson coordinate.<ref name=Levin/><ref name=MacArthur>{{cite journal |author=Robert H. MacArthur |title=Population ecology of some warblers of northeastern coniferous forests |journal=Ecology |volume=39 |issue=4 |year=1958 |pages=599–619 |url=http://people.biology.ufl.edu/troutinthemilk/IGERT/MacArthur_1958.pdf |doi=10.2307/1931600 |jstor=1931600 |access-date=2014-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519002134/http://people.biology.ufl.edu/troutinthemilk/IGERT/MacArthur_1958.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> So, for instance, a [[Normal distribution|Gaussian]] might describe the frequency with which a species ate prey of a certain size, giving a more detailed niche description than simply specifying some median or average prey size. For such a bell-shaped distribution, the ''position'', ''width'' and ''form'' of the niche correspond to the ''mean'', ''standard deviation'' and the actual distribution itself.<ref name=Putnam>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NCpkrNG6xFkC&pg=PA107 |page=[https://archive.org/details/principlesofecol00putm/page/107 107] |author1=Rory Putman |author2=Stephen D. Wratten |title=Principles of ecology |chapter=§5.2 Parameters of the niche |isbn=9780520052543 |year=1984 |publisher=University of California Press |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofecol00putm/page/107 }}</ref> One advantage in using statistics is illustrated in the figure, where it is clear that for the narrower distributions (top) there is no competition for prey between the extreme left and extreme right species, while for the broader distribution (bottom), niche overlap indicates competition can occur between all species. The resource-utilization approach consists in postulating that not only competition ''can'' occur, but also that it ''does'' occur, and that overlap in resource utilization directly enables the estimation of the competition coefficients.<ref name=Schoener1986>{{cite book |last1=Schoener |first1=Thomas W. |date=1986 |chapter=The Ecological Niche |editor1-last=Cherret |editor1-first=J. M. |title=Ecological concepts: the contribution of ecology to an understanding of the natural world |location=Cambridge |publisher=Blackwell Scientific Publications}}</ref> This postulate, however, can be misguided, as it ignores the impacts that the resources of each category have on the organism and the impacts that the organism has on the resources of each category. For instance, the resource in the overlap region can be non-limiting, in which case there is no competition for this resource despite niche overlap.<ref name=Pocheville2015/><ref name=Chase2/><ref name=Schoener1986/> − − Statistics were introduced into the Hutchinson niche by Robert MacArthur and Richard Levins using the 'resource-utilization' niche employing histograms to describe the 'frequency of occurrence' as a function of a Hutchinson coordinate. So, for instance, a Gaussian might describe the frequency with which a species ate prey of a certain size, giving a more detailed niche description than simply specifying some median or average prey size. For such a bell-shaped distribution, the position, width and form of the niche correspond to the mean, standard deviation and the actual distribution itself. One advantage in using statistics is illustrated in the figure, where it is clear that for the narrower distributions (top) there is no competition for prey between the extreme left and extreme right species, while for the broader distribution (bottom), niche overlap indicates competition can occur between all species. The resource-utilization approach consists in postulating that not only competition can occur, but also that it does occur, and that overlap in resource utilization directly enables the estimation of the competition coefficients. This postulate, however, can be misguided, as it ignores the impacts that the resources of each category have on the organism and the impacts that the organism has on the resources of each category. For instance, the resource in the overlap region can be non-limiting, in which case there is no competition for this resource despite niche overlap. − − 统计学是由罗伯特·麦克阿瑟和 Richard Levins 引入到 Hutchinson 生态位中的，他们使用直方图来描述出现的频率作为 Hutchinson 坐标的函数。所以，比如说，高斯分布可能描述了一个物种捕食一定大小猎物的频率，给出了更详细的生态位描述，而不是简单地指定一些中位数或平均猎物大小。对于这样的钟形分布，位置，宽度和形式的生态位对应的平均值，标准差和实际分布本身。使用统计数据的一个优点在图中得到说明，很明显，在较窄的分布范围(顶部)中，极左和极右物种之间不存在对猎物的竞争，而在较宽的分布范围(底部)中，生态位重叠表明所有物种之间都存在竞争。资源利用方法假定不仅可以发生竞争，而且竞争确实发生，资源利用的重叠直接使竞争系数的估计成为可能。然而，这种假设可能是错误的，因为它忽略了每个类别的资源对生物体的影响，以及生物体对每个类别的资源的影响。例如，重叠区域中的资源可以是非限制性的，在这种情况下，尽管存在利基重叠，但对该资源不存在竞争。 − − [[File:Mistletoe infested tree.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|As a hemi-[[parasitic plant]], the [[mistletoe]] in this tree exploits its host for nutrients and as a place to grow.]] − − An organism free of interference from other species could use the full range of conditions (biotic and abiotic) and resources in which it could survive and reproduce which is called its '''fundamental niche'''.<ref name=Griesemer>{{cite book |title=Keywords in Evolutionary Biology |author=James R. Griesemer |page=[https://archive.org/details/keywordsinevolut00harv/page/239 239] |editor=Evelyn Fox Keller |editor2=Elisabeth A. Lloyd |chapter=Niche: Historical perspectives |isbn=9780674503137 |year=1994 |publisher=Harvard University Press |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hvm7sCuyRV4C&pg=PA239 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/keywordsinevolut00harv/page/239 }}</ref> However, as a result of pressure from, and interactions with, other organisms (i.e. inter-specific competition) species are usually forced to occupy a niche that is narrower than this, and to which they are mostly highly [[adaptation|adapted]]; this is termed the [[Realized niche width|'''realized niche''']].<ref name=Griesemer/> Hutchinson used the idea of competition for resources as the primary mechanism driving ecology, but overemphasis upon this focus has proved to be a handicap for the niche concept.<ref name=Chase2/> In particular, overemphasis upon a species' dependence upon resources has led to too little emphasis upon the effects of organisms on their environment, for instance, colonization and invasions.<ref name=Chase2/> − − An organism free of interference from other species could use the full range of conditions (biotic and abiotic) and resources in which it could survive and reproduce which is called its fundamental niche. However, as a result of pressure from, and interactions with, other organisms (i.e. inter-specific competition) species are usually forced to occupy a niche that is narrower than this, and to which they are mostly highly adapted; this is termed the realized niche. Hutchinson used the idea of competition for resources as the primary mechanism driving ecology, but overemphasis upon this focus has proved to be a handicap for the niche concept. In particular, overemphasis upon a species' dependence upon resources has led to too little emphasis upon the effects of organisms on their environment, for instance, colonization and invasions. − − 一个不受其他物种干扰的生物体可以利用其生存和繁殖所需的全部条件(生物和非生物)和资源，这就是所谓的基本生态位。然而，由于来自其他生物的压力，以及与其他生物的相互作用(即。种间竞争)物种通常被迫占据比这更窄的生态位，而且它们大多高度适应这个生态位，这被称为已实现的生态位。哈钦森把资源竞争作为驱动生态学的主要机制，但是过分强调这一点已经证明是利基概念的障碍。特别是，过分强调一个物种对资源的依赖，导致对生物体对其环境的影响重视不够，例如，殖民和入侵。 − − The term "adaptive zone" was coined by the paleontologist [[George Gaylord Simpson]] to explain how a population could jump from one niche to another that suited it, jump to an 'adaptive zone', made available by virtue of some modification, or possibly a change in the [[food chain]], that made the adaptive zone available to it without a discontinuity in its way of life because the group was 'pre-adapted' to the new ecological opportunity.<ref name=Schluter>{{cite book |title=The Ecology of Adaptive Radiation |chapter=§4.2: The ecological theory |author=Dolph Schluter |page=69 |isbn=9780191588327 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year= 2000 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1wxNmLAL10C&pg=PA69}}</ref> − − The term "adaptive zone" was coined by the paleontologist George Gaylord Simpson to explain how a population could jump from one niche to another that suited it, jump to an 'adaptive zone', made available by virtue of some modification, or possibly a change in the food chain, that made the adaptive zone available to it without a discontinuity in its way of life because the group was 'pre-adapted' to the new ecological opportunity. − − 这个词是由古生物学家乔治·盖洛德·辛普森创造的，用来解释一个种群如何从一个适合它的位置跳到另一个适合它的位置，跳到一个适合它的位置，通过一些修改，或者可能是食物链的一个变化，使得适应区域对它来说是可利用的，而且它的生活方式没有中断，因为这个种群是‘预先适应’这个新的生态机会。 − − Hutchinson's "niche" (a description of the ecological space occupied by a species) is subtly different from the "niche" as defined by Grinnell (an ecological role, that may or may not be actually filled by a species—see [[vacant niches]]). − − Hutchinson's "niche" (a description of the ecological space occupied by a species) is subtly different from the "niche" as defined by Grinnell (an ecological role, that may or may not be actually filled by a species—see vacant niches). − − 哈钦森的“生态位”(对一个物种所占据的生态空间的描述)与格林内尔所定义的“生态位”(一个生态角色，实际上可能被一个物种填补，也可能不被填补ーー见空缺的生态位)有微妙的不同。 − − A niche is a very specific segment of ecospace occupied by a single species. On the presumption that no two species are identical in all respects (called Hardin's 'axiom of inequality'<ref name =Hardin>{{cite journal |author=Garrett Hardin |title=The competitive exclusion principle |journal =Science |volume=131 |pages=1292–1297 |issue=3409 |year=1960 |url=http://www.esf.edu/efb/schulz/seminars/hardin.pdf|doi=10.1126/science.131.3409.1292 |pmid=14399717|bibcode=1960Sci...131.1292H }}</ref>) and the [[competitive exclusion principle]], ''some'' resource or adaptive dimension will provide a niche specific to each species.<ref name=Griesemer/> Species can however share a 'mode of life' or 'autecological strategy' which are broader definitions of ecospace.<ref name="SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates">{{cite journal | author=Sahney, S., Benton, M.J. and Ferry, P.A. | year=2010 | title=Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land | journal=Biology Letters | doi=10.1098/rsbl.2009.1024 | volume=6 | pages=544–547 | pmc=2936204 | issue=4 | pmid=20106856 }}</ref> For example, Australian grasslands species, though different from those of the [[Great Plains]] grasslands, exhibit similar modes of life.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20041010205937/http://collections.ic.gc.ca/abnature/glossary.htm Glossary for the Nature of Alberta]</ref> − − A niche is a very specific segment of ecospace occupied by a single species. On the presumption that no two species are identical in all respects (called Hardin's 'axiom of inequality') and the competitive exclusion principle, some resource or adaptive dimension will provide a niche specific to each species. Species can however share a 'mode of life' or 'autecological strategy' which are broader definitions of ecospace. For example, Australian grasslands species, though different from those of the Great Plains grasslands, exhibit similar modes of life.Glossary for the Nature of Alberta − − 生态位是生态空间中一个物种所占据的一个非常特殊的部分。假设没有两个物种在所有方面是相同的(称为哈丁的不平等公理)和竞争排除原则，一些资源或适应维度将提供一个特定于每个物种的生态位。然而，物种可以共享一种“生活方式”或“生态学策略”，这是生态空间的更广泛定义。例如，澳大利亚的草原物种，虽然不同于大平原的草原物种，但表现出相似的生活方式。艾伯塔省性质词汇 − − Once a niche is left vacant, other organisms can fill that position. For example, the niche that was left vacant by the extinction of the [[Equus ferus ferus|tarpan]] has been filled by other animals (in particular a small horse breed, the [[konik]]). Also, when plants and animals are introduced into a new environment, they have the potential to occupy or invade the niche or niches of native organisms, often outcompeting the indigenous species. Introduction of [[non-indigenous species]] to non-native [[habitat]]s by humans often results in biological pollution by the exotic or [[invasive species]]. − − Once a niche is left vacant, other organisms can fill that position. For example, the niche that was left vacant by the extinction of the tarpan has been filled by other animals (in particular a small horse breed, the konik). Also, when plants and animals are introduced into a new environment, they have the potential to occupy or invade the niche or niches of native organisms, often outcompeting the indigenous species. Introduction of non-indigenous species to non-native habitats by humans often results in biological pollution by the exotic or invasive species. − − 一旦生态位空出来，其他生物就可以填补这个空缺。例如，由于 tarpan 的灭绝而空出来的生态位已经被其他动物(特别是一种小马品种 konik)填补了。此外，当植物和动物被引入到一个新的环境中，它们有可能占据或侵入本土生物的生态位或生态位，往往比原生物种更具竞争力。人类将非本土物种引入非本土生境，往往会导致外来物种或入侵物种的生物污染。 − − The mathematical representation of a species' fundamental niche in ecological space, and its subsequent projection back into geographic space, is the domain of [[environmental niche modelling|niche modelling]].<ref>On the logic of the relation between the niche and the corresponding geographic environment, see: {{cite journal|doi=10.1111/0029-4624.00151|url=http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/articles/niches.pdf|title=The Niche|journal=Nous|volume=33|issue=2|pages=214–238|year=1999|last1=Smith|first1=Barry|last2=Varzi|first2=Achille C.}}</ref> − − The mathematical representation of a species' fundamental niche in ecological space, and its subsequent projection back into geographic space, is the domain of niche modelling.On the logic of the relation between the niche and the corresponding geographic environment, see: − − 一个物种在生态空间中的基本生态位的数学表达，以及随后生态位在地理空间中的投影，是生态位建模的范畴。关于生态位与相应地理环境之间的关系，请参阅: − − === Niche and Geographic Range === − [[File:Competitive exclusion in barnacles eu.svg|thumb|351x351px|Diagram representation of the effects of competitive exclusion on the barnacle ''Chthamalus stellatus'' in the intertidal zone. The fundamental and realized geographic ranges of ''C. stellatus'' are represented by the dark blue and light blue bars, respectively.]] − The [[Species distribution|geographic range]] of a species can be viewed as a spatial reflection of its niche, along with characteristics of the geographic template and the species that influence its potential to colonize. The '''fundamental geographic range''' of a species is the area it occupies in which environmental conditions are favorable, without restriction from barriers to disperse or colonize.<ref name="Biogeography" /> A species will be confined to a its '''realized geographic range''' when confronting biotic interactions or abiotic barriers that limit dispersal, a more narrow subset of its larger fundamental geographic range. − − thumb|351x351px|Diagram representation of the effects of competitive exclusion on the barnacle Chthamalus stellatus in the intertidal zone. The fundamental and realized geographic ranges of C. stellatus are represented by the dark blue and light blue bars, respectively. − The geographic range of a species can be viewed as a spatial reflection of its niche, along with characteristics of the geographic template and the species that influence its potential to colonize. The fundamental geographic range of a species is the area it occupies in which environmental conditions are favorable, without restriction from barriers to disperse or colonize. A species will be confined to a its realized geographic range when confronting biotic interactions or abiotic barriers that limit dispersal, a more narrow subset of its larger fundamental geographic range. − − = = = 生态位和地理分布 = = 拇指 | 351x351px | 图解表示潮间带竞争排斥对星形藤壶的影响。星斑拟南芥的基本地理分布区和实际地理分布区分别用深蓝色和浅蓝色条形图表示。一个物种的地理分布范围可以看作是其生态位的空间反映，同时也可以看作是地理模板的特征和影响其殖民潜力的物种。一个物种的基本地理范围是它所占据的环境条件有利的区域，没有分散或殖民的障碍限制。当面对限制扩散的生物相互作用或非生物屏障时，一个物种将被限制在其实现的地理范围内，这是其更大的基本地理范围的一个更狭窄的子集。 − − An early study on ecological niches conducted by [[Joseph H. Connell]] analyzed the environmental factors that limit the range of a barnacle (''Chthamalus stellatus'') on Scotland's Isle of Cumbrae.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Connell|first=Joseph H.|date=1961|title=The Influence of Interspecific Competition and Other Factors on the Distribution of the Barnacle Chthamalus Stellatus|url=https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2307/1933500|journal=Ecology|language=en|volume=42|issue=4|pages=710–723|doi=10.2307/1933500|jstor=1933500|issn=1939-9170}}</ref> In his experiments, Connell described the dominant features of ''C. stellatus'' niches and provided explanation for their distribution on [[intertidal zone]] of the rocky coast of the Isle. Connell described the upper portion of C. stellatus's range is limited by the barnacle's ability to resist dehydration during periods of low tide. The lower portion of the range was limited by interspecific interactions, namely competition with a cohabiting barnacle species and predation by a snail.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Connell|first=Joseph H.|date=1961|title=The Influence of Interspecific Competition and Other Factors on the Distribution of the Barnacle Chthamalus Stellatus|url=https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2307/1933500|journal=Ecology|language=en|volume=42|issue=4|pages=710–723|doi=10.2307/1933500|jstor=1933500|issn=1939-9170}}</ref> By removing the competing ''B. balanoides'', Connell showed that ''C. stellatus'' was able to extend the lower edge of its realized niche in the absence of [[Competitive exclusion principle|competitive exclusion]]. These experiments demonstrate how biotic and abiotic factors limit the distribution of an organism. − − An early study on ecological niches conducted by Joseph H. Connell analyzed the environmental factors that limit the range of a barnacle (Chthamalus stellatus) on Scotland's Isle of Cumbrae. In his experiments, Connell described the dominant features of C. stellatus niches and provided explanation for their distribution on intertidal zone of the rocky coast of the Isle. Connell described the upper portion of C. stellatus's range is limited by the barnacle's ability to resist dehydration during periods of low tide. The lower portion of the range was limited by interspecific interactions, namely competition with a cohabiting barnacle species and predation by a snail. By removing the competing B. balanoides, Connell showed that C. stellatus was able to extend the lower edge of its realized niche in the absence of competitive exclusion. These experiments demonstrate how biotic and abiotic factors limit the distribution of an organism. − − 约瑟夫 · h · 康奈尔(Joseph h. Connell)进行的一项关于生态位的早期研究分析了限制在苏格兰库布雷岛上的藤壶(Chthamalus stellatus)活动范围的环境因素。在他的实验中，康奈尔描述了星际线虫生态位的主要特征，并解释了它们在岛屿岩石海岸潮间带的分布。康奈尔描述星际梭鱼的活动范围的上部受到藤壶在退潮期间抵抗脱水的能力的限制。种间相互作用，即与同栖藤壶物种的竞争和蜗牛的捕食，限制了分布范围的下部。通过去除竞争的巴拉诺菌，康奈尔表明星斑拟线虫能够在没有竞争排斥的情况下延长其实现生态位的下边缘。这些实验证明了生物和非生物因素如何限制有机体的分布。 − − ===Parameters=== − The different dimensions, or ''plot axes'', of a niche represent different [[Biotic component|biotic]] and [[Abiotic component|abiotic]] variables. These factors may include descriptions of the organism's [[Biological life cycle|life history]], [[Habitat (ecology)|habitat]], trophic position (place in the [[food chain]]), and geographic range. According to the [[competitive exclusion principle]], no two species can occupy the same niche in the same environment for a long time. The parameters of a realized niche are described by the [[realized niche width]] of that species.<ref name="Hardin" /> Some plants and animals, called [[Generalist and specialist species|specialists]], need specific habitats and surroundings to survive, such as the [[spotted owl]], which lives specifically in old growth forests. Other plants and animals, called generalists, are not as particular and can survive in a range of conditions, for example the [[dandelion]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=An Introduction to Human-Environment Geography |last1=Moseley |first1=William |last2=Perramond |first2=Eric|last3=Hapke|first3=Holly |last4=Laris |first4=Paul |publisher=Wiley Blackwell |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4051-8932-3 |location=West Sussex, UK |page=81}}</ref> − − The different dimensions, or plot axes, of a niche represent different biotic and abiotic variables. These factors may include descriptions of the organism's life history, habitat, trophic position (place in the food chain), and geographic range. According to the competitive exclusion principle, no two species can occupy the same niche in the same environment for a long time. The parameters of a realized niche are described by the realized niche width of that species. Some plants and animals, called specialists, need specific habitats and surroundings to survive, such as the spotted owl, which lives specifically in old growth forests. Other plants and animals, called generalists, are not as particular and can survive in a range of conditions, for example the dandelion. − − 生态位的不同维度，或者说地块轴线，代表了不同的生物和非生物变量。这些因素可能包括生物的生活史、栖息地、营养位置(食物链中的位置)和地理范围的描述。根据竞争排除原则自然保护联盟的研究，没有两个物种可以长时间占据同一环境中的同一生态位。生态位的实现参数由该物种的实现生态位宽度来描述。一些被称为专家的植物和动物，需要特定的栖息地和环境才能生存，例如斑点猫头鹰，它们特别生活在原始森林中。其他的植物和动物，被称为通才，没有那么特别，可以在一系列的条件下生存，例如蒲公英。 − − == See also == − {{Portal|Ecology}} − *[[Ontogenetic niche shift]] − *[[Marginal distribution (biology)]] − *[[Fitness landscape]] − *[[Niche differentiation]] − *[[Overpopulation]] − *[[Phylogenetic niche conservatism]] − *[[Unified neutral theory of biodiversity]] − − − *Ontogenetic niche shift − *Marginal distribution (biology) − *Fitness landscape − *Niche differentiation − *Overpopulation − *Phylogenetic niche conservatism − *Unified neutral theory of biodiversity − − = = = = 个体遗传生态位改变 − * 边缘分布(生物学) − * 适应度景观 − * 生态位分化 − * 种群过剩 − * 生态位保守主义 − * 生物多样性和生物地理学的统一中性理论 − − ==References== − − ==References== − − = = 参考文献 = = − − {{Reflist|2}} − − ==External links== − *[http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/9g.html Concept of ecological niche] − *[http://www.sci-tech.co.uk/dino_1.php Environmental Niche – Extinction of the Dinosaurs] − *[http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bio/niche-smith.htm Ontology of the niche] − *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090129213243/http://knol.google.com/k/klaus-rohde/niche-restriction-and-segregation/xk923bc3gp4/12 Niche restriction and segregation] − *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090201225817/http://knol.google.com/k/klaus-rohde/vacant-niches-in-ecology/xk923bc3gp4/8 Vacant niche] − *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090201230848/http://knol.google.com/k/klaus-rohde/latitude-niche-width-hypothesis/xk923bc3gp4/48 Latitude-niche width hypothesis] − − *Concept of ecological niche − *Environmental Niche – Extinction of the Dinosaurs − *Ontology of the niche − *Niche restriction and segregation − *Vacant niche − *Latitude-niche width hypothesis − − = = = 外部链接 = = = − * 生态位的概念 − * 环境生态位-恐龙的灭绝 − * 生态位的本体 − * 生态位限制和分离 − * 空缺生态位 − * 纬度-生态位宽度假说 − − {{Biology nav}} − {{modelling ecosystems|expanded=other}} − {{Authority control}} − − {{DEFAULTSORT:Ecological Niche}} − [[Category:Ecological niche| ]] − [[Category:Biogeography]] − [[Category:Habitat]] − [[Category:Landscape ecology]] − − − − Category:Biogeography − Category:Habitat − Category:Landscape ecology − − 类别: 生物地理学类别: 栖息地类别: 景观生态学 − − <noinclude> − − <small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Ecological niche]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[生态位/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> − − [[Category:待整理页面]]
无编辑摘要
埃尔顿生态位集中在生物相互作用和消费者资源动态(生物变量)的局部尺度。由于关注范围狭窄，表征埃尔顿生态位的数据集通常采用对特定个体现象进行详细实地研究的形式，因为这类生态位的动态性难以在广泛的地理尺度上衡量。然而，在解释一个物种对全球变化的忍耐力时，埃尔顿生态位可能是有用的。因为生物相互作用的调整不可避免地改变非生物因素，所以埃尔顿生态位可以用来描述一个物种对新环境的整体反应。
埃尔顿生态位集中在生物相互作用和消费者资源动态(生物变量)的局部尺度。由于关注范围狭窄，表征埃尔顿生态位的数据集通常采用对特定个体现象进行详细实地研究的形式，因为这类生态位的动态性难以在广泛的地理尺度上衡量。然而，在解释一个物种对全球变化的忍耐力时，埃尔顿生态位可能是有用的。因为生物相互作用的调整不可避免地改变非生物因素，所以埃尔顿生态位可以用来描述一个物种对新环境的整体反应。