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{{Use dmy dates |date= October 2020}}

{{Use dmy dates |date= October 2020}}

{{Very long|date= July 2020}}

{{Very long|date= July 2020}}

[[File:Crowdtesting.jpg|thumb|right|200px |This graphic symbolizes the use of ideas from a wide range of individuals, as used in crowdsourcing]]

[[File:Crowdtesting.jpg|thumb|right|200px |This graphic symbolizes the use of ideas from a wide range of individuals, as used in crowdsourcing|链接=Special:FilePath/Crowdtesting.jpg]]

拇指 | 右 | 200px | 这张图表象征着在众包中广泛使用来自不同个体的想法

拇指 | 右 | 200px | 这张图表象征着在众包中广泛使用来自不同个体的想法

'''Crowdsourcing''' is a [[wikt:sourcing|sourcing model]] in which individuals or organizations obtain [[goods and services|goods or services]], including ideas, voting, micro-tasks and finances, from a large, relatively open and often rapidly evolving group of participants. {{As of | 2021}}, crowdsourcing typically involves using the [[internet]] to attract and divide work between participants to achieve a cumulative result. The word "crowdsourcing" itself - a [[portmanteau]] of "[[crowd]]" and "[[outsourcing]]" - was allegedly coined in 2005.<ref name="safire">{{cite magazine | last= Safire | first = William | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/08/magazine/08wwln-safire-t.html | title = On Language | magazine = New York Times Magazine | date = 5 February 2009 | access-date = 19 May 2013 | quote = Comes now Jeff Howe, contributing editor for Wired magazine, who recalls pitching an article idea in 2005 to Mark Robinson, his editor there, about how the Internet was helping businesses use amateurs to replace professionals. He reports that Robinson said, 'Hmmm … it's like they're outsourcing to the crowd.' <br> 'Or,' Howe informs me, 'I said, crowdsourcing. Frankly, I was joking. Silicon Valley’s affection for portmanteaus is a bit of an inside joke at Wired. But Mark liked my story idea, and liked the word even more.'}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40270166 |title= Crowdsourcing What can be Outsourced to the Crowd and Why |author1= Schenk, Eric |author2= Guittard, Claude | date= 1 January 2009 |access-date= 1 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://i3wue.de/staff/matthias.hirth/author_version/papers/conf_410_author_version.pdf |doi= 10.1109/IMIS.2011.89|chapter= Anatomy of a Crowdsourcing Platform - Using the Example of Microworkers.com|title= 2011 Fifth International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing|year= 2011|last1= Hirth|first1= Matthias|last2= Hoßfeld|first2= Tobias|last3= Tran-Gia|first3= Phuoc|pages= 322–329|isbn= 978-1-61284-733-7|s2cid= 12955095}}</ref><ref name=estelles />  

'''Crowdsourcing''' is a [[wikt:sourcing|sourcing model]] in which individuals or organizations obtain [[goods and services|goods or services]], including ideas, voting, micro-tasks and finances, from a large, relatively open and often rapidly evolving group of participants. {{As of | 2021}}, crowdsourcing typically involves using the [[internet]] to attract and divide work between participants to achieve a cumulative result. The word "crowdsourcing" itself - a [[portmanteau]] of "[[crowd]]" and "[[outsourcing]]" - was allegedly coined in 2005.<ref name="safire">{{cite magazine | last= Safire | first = William | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/08/magazine/08wwln-safire-t.html | title = On Language | magazine = New York Times Magazine | date = 5 February 2009 | access-date = 19 May 2013 | quote = Comes now Jeff Howe, contributing editor for Wired magazine, who recalls pitching an article idea in 2005 to Mark Robinson, his editor there, about how the Internet was helping businesses use amateurs to replace professionals. He reports that Robinson said, 'Hmmm … it's like they're outsourcing to the crowd.' <br> 'Or,' Howe informs me, 'I said, crowdsourcing. Frankly, I was joking. Silicon Valley’s affection for portmanteaus is a bit of an inside joke at Wired. But Mark liked my story idea, and liked the word even more.'}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite journal |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40270166 |title= Crowdsourcing What can be Outsourced to the Crowd and Why |author1= Schenk, Eric |author2= Guittard, Claude | date= 1 January 2009 |access-date= 1 October 2018}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{cite book |chapter-url=http://i3wue.de/staff/matthias.hirth/author_version/papers/conf_410_author_version.pdf |doi= 10.1109/IMIS.2011.89|chapter= Anatomy of a Crowdsourcing Platform - Using the Example of Microworkers.com|title= 2011 Fifth International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing|year= 2011|last1= Hirth|first1= Matthias|last2= Hoßfeld|first2= Tobias|last3= Tran-Gia|first3= Phuoc|pages= 322–329|isbn= 978-1-61284-733-7|s2cid= 12955095}}</ref><ref name=estelles />  

Crowdsourcing is not necessarily an "[[online]]" activity; it existed before [[Internet access]] became a household commodity.<ref name = wired2006>{{cite news | url = https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.06/crowds.html | title = The Rise of Crowdsourcing | work = [[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] | first= Jeff|last= Howe | year = 2006 }}</ref>

Crowdsourcing is not necessarily an "[[online]]" activity; it existed before [[Internet access]] became a household commodity.<ref name = wired2006>{{cite news | url = https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.06/crowds.html | title = The Rise of Crowdsourcing | work = [[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] | first= Jeff|last= Howe | year = 2006 }}</ref>

Crowdsourcing is not necessarily an "online" activity; it existed before Internet access became a household commodity.

Crowdsourcing is not necessarily an "online" activity; it existed before Internet access became a household commodity.

Major differences distinguish crowdsourcing from outsourcing. Crowdsourcing comes from a less-specific, more public group, whereas outsourcing is commissioned from a specific, named group, and includes a mix of bottom-up and top-down processes.<ref>Brabham, D. C. (2013). ''Crowdsourcing''. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England: The MIT Press.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Brabham | first1 = D. C. | year = 2008 | title = Crowdsourcing as a Model for Problem Solving an Introduction and Cases | journal = Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies | volume = 14 | issue = 1| pages = 75–90 | doi= 10.1177/1354856507084420 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.175.1623 | s2cid = 145310730 }}</ref><ref>Prpić, J., & Shukla, P. (2016). Crowd Science: Measurements, Models, and Methods. In Proceedings of the 49th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Kauai, Hawaii: IEEE Computer Society</ref> Advantages of using crowdsourcing may include improved costs, speed, quality, flexibility, scalability, or diversity.<ref name="Buettner2015b">{{cite conference |title= A Systematic Literature Review of Crowdsourcing Research from a Human Resource Management Perspective |last= Buettner |first= Ricardo |year= 2015 |conference= 48th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences |conference-url= http://www.hicss.hawaii.edu/hicss_48/apahome48.htm |publisher= IEEE |location= Kauai, Hawaii |pages= 4609–4618 |isbn= 978-1-4799-7367-5 |doi= 10.13140/2.1.2061.1845}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last1= Prpić|first1= John|last2= Taeihagh|first2= Araz|last3= Melton|first3= James|title= The Fundamentals of Policy Crowdsourcing|journal= Policy & Internet|date= September 2015|volume= 7|issue= 3|pages= 340–361|doi= 10.1002/poi3.102|arxiv= 1802.04143|s2cid= 3626608}}</ref>

Major differences distinguish crowdsourcing from outsourcing. Crowdsourcing comes from a less-specific, more public group, whereas outsourcing is commissioned from a specific, named group, and includes a mix of bottom-up and top-down processes.<ref name=":8">Brabham, D. C. (2013). ''Crowdsourcing''. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England: The MIT Press.</ref><ref name=":9">{{cite journal | last1 = Brabham | first1 = D. C. | year = 2008 | title = Crowdsourcing as a Model for Problem Solving an Introduction and Cases | journal = Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies | volume = 14 | issue = 1| pages = 75–90 | doi= 10.1177/1354856507084420 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.175.1623 | s2cid = 145310730 }}</ref><ref name=":10">Prpić, J., & Shukla, P. (2016). Crowd Science: Measurements, Models, and Methods. In Proceedings of the 49th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Kauai, Hawaii: IEEE Computer Society</ref> Advantages of using crowdsourcing may include improved costs, speed, quality, flexibility, scalability, or diversity.<ref name="Buettner2015b">{{cite conference |title= A Systematic Literature Review of Crowdsourcing Research from a Human Resource Management Perspective |last= Buettner |first= Ricardo |year= 2015 |conference= 48th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences |conference-url= http://www.hicss.hawaii.edu/hicss_48/apahome48.htm |publisher= IEEE |location= Kauai, Hawaii |pages= 4609–4618 |isbn= 978-1-4799-7367-5 |doi= 10.13140/2.1.2061.1845}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last1= Prpić|first1= John|last2= Taeihagh|first2= Araz|last3= Melton|first3= James|title= The Fundamentals of Policy Crowdsourcing|journal= Policy & Internet|date= September 2015|volume= 7|issue= 3|pages= 340–361|doi= 10.1002/poi3.102|arxiv= 1802.04143|s2cid= 3626608}}</ref>

Major differences distinguish crowdsourcing from outsourcing. Crowdsourcing comes from a less-specific, more public group, whereas outsourcing is commissioned from a specific, named group, and includes a mix of bottom-up and top-down processes.Brabham, D. C. (2013). Crowdsourcing. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England: The MIT Press.Prpić, J., & Shukla, P. (2016). Crowd Science: Measurements, Models, and Methods. In Proceedings of the 49th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Kauai, Hawaii: IEEE Computer Society Advantages of using crowdsourcing may include improved costs, speed, quality, flexibility, scalability, or diversity.

Major differences distinguish crowdsourcing from outsourcing. Crowdsourcing comes from a less-specific, more public group, whereas outsourcing is commissioned from a specific, named group, and includes a mix of bottom-up and top-down processes.Brabham, D. C. (2013). Crowdsourcing. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England: The MIT Press.Prpić, J., & Shukla, P. (2016). Crowd Science: Measurements, Models, and Methods. In Proceedings of the 49th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Kauai, Hawaii: IEEE Computer Society Advantages of using crowdsourcing may include improved costs, speed, quality, flexibility, scalability, or diversity.

众包和外包的主要区别在于。Crowdsourcing 来自一个不那么特定、更公开的群体，而外包则来自一个特定的、有名的群体，包括自下而上和自上而下的混合流程。布拉汉姆，哥伦比亚特区(2013)。众包。马萨诸塞州剑桥; 英国伦敦: 麻省理工学院出版社。群体科学: 测量，模型和方法。在第49届夏威夷国际系统科学会议的会议记录中，Kauai: 使用众包的 IEEE计算机协会优势可能包括成本的提高，速度，质量，灵活性，可扩展性，或多样性。

众包和外包的主要区别在于，众包来自一个不那么特定、更公开的群体，而外包则来自一个特定的、有名称的群体，有自下而上，也有自上而下<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> 。众包的优势有提高成本、速度、质量、灵活性、可扩展性、或多样性。

Some forms of crowdsourcing, such as in "idea competitions" or "innovation contests" provide ways for organizations to learn beyond the "base of minds" provided by their employees (e.g. [[LEGO Ideas]]).<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1= Liu|first1= Wei|last2= Moultrie|first2= James|last3= Ye|first3= Songhe|date= 2019-05-04|title= The Customer-Dominated Innovation Process: Involving Customers as Designers and Decision-Makers in Developing New Product|url= https://doi.org/10.1080/14606925.2019.1592324|journal= The Design Journal|volume= 22|issue= 3|pages= 299–324|doi= 10.1080/14606925.2019.1592324|s2cid= 145931864|issn= 1460-6925}}</ref><ref name="schlagwein14">{{Citation | last1 = Schlagwein | first1 = Daniel | last2 = Bjørn-Andersen | first2 = Niels | title = Organizational Learning with Crowdsourcing: The Revelatory Case of LEGO | journal = Journal of the Association for Information Systems | volume = 15 | issue = 11 | pages = 754–778 | year = 2014 | url = http://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1693&context=jais | format= PDF | doi = 10.17705/1jais.00380 }}</ref> Tedious "microtasks" performed in parallel by large, paid crowds (e.g. [[Amazon Mechanical Turk]]) are another form of crowdsourcing. [[Not-for-profit]] organizations have used crowdsourcing to develop [[common goods]] (e.g. [[Wikipedia]]).<ref>{{Cite journal|last= Taeihagh|first= Araz|date= 2017-06-19|title= Crowdsourcing, Sharing Economies, and Development|journal= Journal of Developing Societies|volume= 33|issue= 2|language= en|doi= 10.1177/0169796x17710072|page= 0169796X1771007|arxiv= 1707.06603|s2cid= 32008949}}</ref> The effect of user communication and the platform presentation should be taken into account{{by whom|date=March 2021}} when evaluating the performance of ideas in crowdsourcing contexts.<ref name="Guth 1–24">

Some forms of crowdsourcing, such as in "idea competitions" or "innovation contests" provide ways for organizations to learn beyond the "base of minds" provided by their employees (e.g. [[LEGO Ideas]]).<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1= Liu|first1= Wei|last2= Moultrie|first2= James|last3= Ye|first3= Songhe|date= 2019-05-04|title= The Customer-Dominated Innovation Process: Involving Customers as Designers and Decision-Makers in Developing New Product|url= https://doi.org/10.1080/14606925.2019.1592324|journal= The Design Journal|volume= 22|issue= 3|pages= 299–324|doi= 10.1080/14606925.2019.1592324|s2cid= 145931864|issn= 1460-6925}}</ref><ref name="schlagwein14">{{Citation | last1 = Schlagwein | first1 = Daniel | last2 = Bjørn-Andersen | first2 = Niels | title = Organizational Learning with Crowdsourcing: The Revelatory Case of LEGO | journal = Journal of the Association for Information Systems | volume = 15 | issue = 11 | pages = 754–778 | year = 2014 | url = http://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1693&context=jais | format= PDF | doi = 10.17705/1jais.00380 }}</ref> Tedious "microtasks" performed in parallel by large, paid crowds (e.g. [[Amazon Mechanical Turk]]) are another form of crowdsourcing. [[Not-for-profit]] organizations have used crowdsourcing to develop [[common goods]] (e.g. [[Wikipedia]]).<ref>{{Cite journal|last= Taeihagh|first= Araz|date= 2017-06-19|title= Crowdsourcing, Sharing Economies, and Development|journal= Journal of Developing Societies|volume= 33|issue= 2|language= en|doi= 10.1177/0169796x17710072|page= 0169796X1771007|arxiv= 1707.06603|s2cid= 32008949}}</ref> The effect of user communication and the platform presentation should be taken into account{{by whom|date=March 2021}} when evaluating the performance of ideas in crowdsourcing contexts.<ref name="Guth 1–24">

Simply defined, crowdsourcing represents the act of a company or institution taking a function once performed by employees and outsourcing it to an undefined (and generally large) network of people in the form of an open call. This can take the form of peer-production (when the job is performed collaboratively), but is also often undertaken by sole individuals. The crucial prerequisite is the use of the open call format and the large network of potential laborers.

Simply defined, crowdsourcing represents the act of a company or institution taking a function once performed by employees and outsourcing it to an undefined (and generally large) network of people in the form of an open call. This can take the form of peer-production (when the job is performed collaboratively), but is also often undertaken by sole individuals. The crucial prerequisite is the use of the open call format and the large network of potential laborers.

“众包”(crowdsourcing)一词是《连线》(Wired)杂志的编辑杰夫•豪(Jeff Howe)和马克•罗宾逊(Mark Robinson)在2005年发明的，用来描述企业如何利用互联网“将工作外包给大众”，这很快就导致了“众包”(crowdsourcing)的合成词。2006年6月，豪在《连线》杂志(Wired)上发表了一篇名为《众包的兴起》(The Rise of Crowdsourcing)的文章。他在博客中首次公布了“众包”(Crowdsourcing)一词的定义: 简单来说，“众包”指的是一家公司或机构以公开电话的形式，接受一项曾由员工执行的职能，并将其外包给一个未定义(通常是大型)的人际网络。这可以采取同行生产的形式(当工作是合作完成的) ，但也常常是由单独的个人承担。关键的前提是采用公开招聘的形式，建立庞大的潜在劳动力网络。

“众包”(crowdsourcing)，由《连线》(Wired)杂志的编辑杰夫•豪(Jeff Howe)和马克•罗宾逊(Mark Robinson)在2005年提出，用来描述企业如何利用互联网“将工作外包给大众”，这很快就导致了“众包”(crowdsourcing)的合成词。2006年6月，豪在《连线》杂志(Wired)上发表了一篇名为《众包的兴起》(The Rise of Crowdsourcing)的文章。他在博客中首次公布了“众包”(Crowdsourcing)一词的定义: 简单来说，“众包”指的是一家公司或机构以公开电话的形式，接受一项曾由员工执行的职能，并将其外包给一个未定义(通常是大型)的人际网络。这可以采取同行生产的形式(当工作是合作完成的) ，但也常常是由单独的个人承担。关键的前提是采用公开招聘的形式，建立庞大的潜在劳动力网络。

In a 1 February 2008, article, Daren C. Brabham, "the first [person] to publish scholarly research using the word crowdsourcing" and writer of the 2013 book ''Crowdsourcing'', defined it as an "online, distributed problem-solving and production model".<ref>{{cite web|title=Daren C. Brabham|url=http://annenberg.usc.edu/Faculty/Communication%20and%20Journalism/BrabhamD.aspx|website=USC Annenberg|publisher=University of Southern California|access-date=17 September 2014}}</ref><ref name= Convergence /> Kristen L. Guth and Brabham found that the performance of ideas offered in crowdsourcing platforms are affected not only by their quality, but also by the communication among users about the ideas, and presentation in the platform itself.<ref name="Guth 1–24"/>

In a 1 February 2008, article, Daren C. Brabham, "the first [person] to publish scholarly research using the word crowdsourcing" and writer of the 2013 book ''Crowdsourcing'', defined it as an "online, distributed problem-solving and production model".<ref>{{cite web|title=Daren C. Brabham|url=http://annenberg.usc.edu/Faculty/Communication%20and%20Journalism/BrabhamD.aspx|website=USC Annenberg|publisher=University of Southern California|access-date=17 September 2014}}</ref><ref name= Convergence /> Kristen L. Guth and Brabham found that the performance of ideas offered in crowdsourcing platforms are affected not only by their quality, but also by the communication among users about the ideas, and presentation in the platform itself.<ref name="Guth 1–24"/>