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2022年1月24日 (一) 16:07的版本

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[[Erwin Schrödinger]] discussed issues of quantum genetics in his famous book of 1945, ''[[What Is Life?]]'' These were critically discussed by Rosen in ''Life Itself'' and in his subsequent book ''[[Essays on Life Itself]]''.<ref>''Note, by Judith Rosen, who owns the copyrights to her father's books:'' Some confusion about Rosen's analysis is due to errata in  ''Life Itself''. For example, the diagram that refers to <math>(M{,}R)</math>-Systems has more than one error; errors which do not exist in Rosen's manuscript for the book. <!--These errata were made known to Columbia University Press when the company switched from hardcover to paperback version of the book (in 2006) but the errors were not corrected and remain in the paperback version as well.--> The book ''Anticipatory Systems; Philosophical, Mathematical, and Methodological Foundations'' has the same diagram, correctly represented.</ref>
 
[[Erwin Schrödinger]] discussed issues of quantum genetics in his famous book of 1945, ''[[What Is Life?]]'' These were critically discussed by Rosen in ''Life Itself'' and in his subsequent book ''[[Essays on Life Itself]]''.<ref>''Note, by Judith Rosen, who owns the copyrights to her father's books:'' Some confusion about Rosen's analysis is due to errata in  ''Life Itself''. For example, the diagram that refers to <math>(M{,}R)</math>-Systems has more than one error; errors which do not exist in Rosen's manuscript for the book. <!--These errata were made known to Columbia University Press when the company switched from hardcover to paperback version of the book (in 2006) but the errors were not corrected and remain in the paperback version as well.--> The book ''Anticipatory Systems; Philosophical, Mathematical, and Methodological Foundations'' has the same diagram, correctly represented.</ref>
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--------【ref有错误】------
 
Erwin Schrödinger discussed issues of quantum genetics in his famous book of 1945, What Is Life? These were critically discussed by Rosen in Life Itself and in his subsequent book Essays on Life Itself.Note, by Judith Rosen, who owns the copyrights to her father's books: Some confusion about Rosen's analysis is due to errata in  Life Itself. For example, the diagram that refers to (M{,}R)-Systems has more than one error; errors which do not exist in Rosen's manuscript for the book.  The book Anticipatory Systems; Philosophical, Mathematical, and Methodological Foundations has the same diagram, correctly represented.
 
Erwin Schrödinger discussed issues of quantum genetics in his famous book of 1945, What Is Life? These were critically discussed by Rosen in Life Itself and in his subsequent book Essays on Life Itself.Note, by Judith Rosen, who owns the copyrights to her father's books: Some confusion about Rosen's analysis is due to errata in  Life Itself. For example, the diagram that refers to (M{,}R)-Systems has more than one error; errors which do not exist in Rosen's manuscript for the book.  The book Anticipatory Systems; Philosophical, Mathematical, and Methodological Foundations has the same diagram, correctly represented.
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欧文Schrödinger在他1945年的著名著作《什么是生命?》中讨论了量子遗传学的问题。罗森在《生活本身》和他后来的《生活本身》一书中对这些问题进行了批判性的讨论。朱迪丝·罗森(Judith Rosen)拥有她父亲著作的版权，她的注释是:罗森分析的一些困惑源于《生命本身》(Life Itself)中的勘误。例如，引用(M{，}R)-Systems的图有不止一个错误;这些错误在罗森的手稿中是不存在的。《预期系统》一书;哲学、数学和方法论的基础有相同的图表，并被正确地表示出来。
      
【最终篇】埃尔温·薛定谔（Erwin Schrödinger）在他1945年的著名著作《什么是生命?》中讨论了量子遗传学的问题。罗森在《生命本身》和他后来的《论生命的本质》一书中对这些问题进行了批判性的讨论。朱迪丝·罗森(Judith Rosen)拥有她父亲著作的版权，她的注释是:罗森分析的一些困惑源于《生命本身》中的勘误。例如，引用(M{,}R)系统的图表有多个错误; 这些错误在罗森 的书稿中不存在。《预期系统：哲学、数学和方法论基础》一书有相同的图表，并被正确地表示出来了。
 
【最终篇】埃尔温·薛定谔（Erwin Schrödinger）在他1945年的著名著作《什么是生命?》中讨论了量子遗传学的问题。罗森在《生命本身》和他后来的《论生命的本质》一书中对这些问题进行了批判性的讨论。朱迪丝·罗森(Judith Rosen)拥有她父亲著作的版权，她的注释是:罗森分析的一些困惑源于《生命本身》中的勘误。例如，引用(M{,}R)系统的图表有多个错误; 这些错误在罗森 的书稿中不存在。《预期系统：哲学、数学和方法论基础》一书有相同的图表，并被正确地表示出来了。
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==Comparison with other theories of life==
      
==与其他生命理论的比较 ==
 
==与其他生命理论的比较 ==
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(''M,R'') systems constitute just one of several current theories of life, including the [[chemoton]]<ref name="gantibook">{{cite book| isbn= 9780198507260| title = The Principles of Life | last = Gánti | first = Tibor |publisher = Oxford University Press | date = 2003|editor1 = Eörs Száthmary | editor2 = James Griesemer}}</ref> of [[Tibor Gánti]], the [[Hypercycle (chemistry)|hypercycle]] of [[Manfred Eigen]] and [[Peter Schuster]],<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.11007/bf00450633|last1 = Eigen |first1 = M| last2 = Schuster |first2 =P | title = The hypercycle: a principle of natural self-organization. A: emergence of the hypercycle| journal= Naturwissenschaften|volume = 64|issue = 11|pages = 541–565}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1007/bf00420631|last1 = Eigen |first1 = M| last2 = Schuster |first2 =P | title = The hypercycle: a principle of natural self-organization. B: the abstract hypercycle| journal= Naturwissenschaften|volume = 65|issue = 1 |pages = 7–41}}</ref>
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<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1007/bf00420631|last1 = Eigen |first1 = M| last2 = Schuster |first2 =P | title = The hypercycle: a principle of natural self-organization. C: the realistic hypercycle| journal= Naturwissenschaften|volume = 65|issue = 7 |pages = 41–369}}</ref> [[autopoiesis]] (or ''self-building'')<ref>{{cite book| last1=Maturana |first1 = H. R.|last2 =Varela|first2 = F. |title = Autopoiesis and cognition: the realisation of the living|date=1980|publisher= D. Reidel Publishing Company| place = Dordrecht}}</ref> of [[Humberto Maturana]] and [[Francisco Varela]], and the [[Autocatalytic set|autocatalytic sets]]<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1016/0022-5193(69)90015-0|last1 = Kauffman|first1= S. A. |title = Metabolic stability and epigenesis in randomly constructed genetic nets| journal = J. Theor. Biol. |volume =22|issue=3|date=1969|pages=437–467}}</ref> of [[Stuart Kauffman]], similar to an earlier proposal by [[Freeman Dyson]].<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1007/bf01733901 | title =A model for the origin of life| last = Dyson| first = F. J.|journal = J. Mol. Evol.| volume = 18| issue = 5| pages=344–350| date =1982}}</ref>
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All of these (including (''M,R'') systems) found their original inspiration in Erwin Schrödinger's book ''What is Life?''<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Schrödinger| first1 = Erwin|title = What is Life? |publisher = Cambridge University Press|date = 1944}}</ref> but at first they appear to have little in common with one another, largely because the authors did not communicate with one another, and none of them made any reference in their principal publications to any of the other theories.  Nonetheless, there are more similarities than may be obvious at first sight, for example between Gánti and Rosen.<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.05.015|title = Tibor Gánti and Robert Rosen: contrasting approaches to the same problem|last1 =Cornish-Bowden | first1 =A.|journal= J. Theor. Biol. |volume = 381|pages = 6–10|date=2015}}</ref> Until recently<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.06.033 |title= From ''L’Homme Machine'' to metabolic closure: steps towards understanding life|last1 = Letelier|first1 = J C|last2=Cárdenas |first2 =M L|last3=Cornish-Bowden|first3 =A |journal=J. Theor. Biol. | date = 2011 | volume= 286|issue= 1 | pages= 100–113}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1016/j.biosystems.2014.03.002| title=Time rescaling and pattern formation in biological evolution| journal =BioSystems|volume=123 |pages= 19–26|date= 2014|last=Igamberdiev|first=A.U.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1016/j.biosystems.2019.104063
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|last2=Cárdenas |first2 =M L|last1=Cornish-Bowden|first1 =A|title =Contrasting theories of life: historical context, current theories. In search of an ideal theory|journal=BioSystems|volume =188|pages=104063|date=2020}}</ref> there have been almost no attempts to compare the different theories and discuss them together.
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(M,R) systems constitute just one of several current theories of life, including the chemoton of Tibor Gánti, the hypercycle of Manfred Eigen and Peter Schuster,
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autopoiesis (or self-building) of Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela, and the autocatalytic sets of Stuart Kauffman, similar to an earlier proposal by Freeman Dyson.
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All of these (including (M,R) systems) found their original inspiration in Erwin Schrödinger's book What is Life? but at first they appear to have little in common with one another, largely because the authors did not communicate with one another, and none of them made any reference in their principal publications to any of the other theories.  Nonetheless, there are more similarities than may be obvious at first sight, for example between Gánti and Rosen. Until recently there have been almost no attempts to compare the different theories and discuss them together.
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(M,R)系统只是目前几种生命理论中的一种，包括Tibor的化子Gánti, Manfred Eigen和Peter Schuster的超循环，
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Humberto Maturana和Francisco Varela的autopoiesis(或自创生)，以及Stuart Kauffman的自催化集合，类似于Freeman Dyson的早期提议。
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【最终篇】(M,R)系统只是目前几种生命理论中的一种<ref name="gantibook">{{cite book| isbn= 9780198507260| title = The Principles of Life | last = Gánti | first = Tibor |publisher = Oxford University Press | date = 2003|editor1 = Eörs Száthmary | editor2 = James Griesemer}}</ref>，包括Tibor的化子Gánti, Manfred Eigen和Peter Schuster的超循环<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.11007/bf00450633|last1 = Eigen |first1 = M| last2 = Schuster |first2 =P | title = The hypercycle: a principle of natural self-organization. A: emergence of the hypercycle| journal= Naturwissenschaften|volume = 64|issue = 11|pages = 541–565}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1007/bf00420631|last1 = Eigen |first1 = M| last2 = Schuster |first2 =P | title = The hypercycle: a principle of natural self-organization. B: the abstract hypercycle| journal= Naturwissenschaften|volume = 65|issue = 1 |pages = 7–41}}</ref>
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<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1007/bf00420631|last1 = Eigen |first1 = M| last2 = Schuster |first2 =P | title = The hypercycle: a principle of natural self-organization. C: the realistic hypercycle| journal= Naturwissenschaften|volume = 65|issue = 7 |pages = 41–369}}</ref> [[autopoiesis]] (or ''self-building'')<ref>{{cite book| last1=Maturana |first1 = H. R.|last2 =Varela|first2 = F. |title = Autopoiesis and cognition: the realisation of the living|date=1980|publisher= D. Reidel Publishing Company| place = Dordrecht}}</ref>，Humberto Maturana 和 Francisco Varela 的自创生(或自我构建) ，以及Stuart Kauffman<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1016/0022-5193(69)90015-0|last1 = Kauffman|first1= S. A. |title = Metabolic stability and epigenesis in randomly constructed genetic nets| journal = J. Theor. Biol. |volume =22|issue=3|date=1969|pages=437–467}}</ref>的自催化集，类似于Dyson早期的提议<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1007/bf01733901 | title =A model for the origin of life| last = Dyson| first = F. J.|journal = J. Mol. Evol.| volume = 18| issue = 5| pages=344–350| date =1982}}</ref>。
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所有这些系统(包括(M,R)系统)的最初灵感都来自Erwin Schrödinger的《什么是生命?但一开始，他们彼此之间似乎没有什么共同之处，这很大程度上是因为他们彼此之间没有交流，而且他们都没有在自己的主要出版物中提到任何其他理论。尽管如此，他们之间的相似之处可能比乍一看要多，例如Gánti和Rosen之间。直到最近，几乎没有人尝试将不同的理论进行比较和讨论。
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【最终篇】所有这些(包括(m，r)系统)的灵感都来源于埃尔温·薛定谔（Erwin Schrödinger）的《生命是什么？》<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Schrödinger| first1 = Erwin|title = What is Life? |publisher = Cambridge University Press|date = 1944}}</ref>但起初他们之间似乎没有什么共同点<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.05.015|title = Tibor Gánti and Robert Rosen: contrasting approaches to the same problem|last1 =Cornish-Bowden | first1 =A.|journal= J. Theor. Biol. |volume = 381|pages = 6–10|date=2015}}</ref>，主要是因为作者之间没有交流，他们在主要出版物中也没有提到任何其他理论。尽管如此，两者之间的相似之处，乍看之下可能要显而易见的多，例如 Gánti 和罗森大厦之间的相似之处。<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.06.033 |title= From ''L’Homme Machine'' to metabolic closure: steps towards understanding life|last1 = Letelier|first1 = J C|last2=Cárdenas |first2 =M L|last3=Cornish-Bowden|first3 =A |journal=J. Theor. Biol. | date = 2011 | volume= 286|issue= 1 | pages= 100–113}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1016/j.biosystems.2014.03.002| title=Time rescaling and pattern formation in biological evolution| journal =BioSystems|volume=123 |pages= 19–26|date= 2014|last=Igamberdiev|first=A.U.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1016/j.biosystems.2019.104063
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|last2=Cárdenas |first2 =M L|last1=Cornish-Bowden|first1 =A|title =Contrasting theories of life: historical context, current theories. In search of an ideal theory|journal=BioSystems|volume =188|pages=104063|date=2020}}</ref>直到最近，几乎没有人试图比较不同的理论并一起讨论它们。
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【最终篇】(M,R)系统只是目前几种生命理论中的一种，包括Tibor的化子Gánti, Manfred Eigen和Peter Schuster的超循环，Humberto Maturana 和 Francisco Varela 的自创生(或自我构建) ，以及 Stuart Kauffman 的自催化集，类似于 Dyson 早期的提议。
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【最终篇】所有这些(包括(m，r)系统)的灵感都来源于埃尔温·薛定谔（Erwin Schrödinger）的《生命是什么？》但起初他们之间似乎没有什么共同点，主要是因为作者之间没有交流，他们在主要出版物中也没有提到任何其他理论。尽管如此，两者之间的相似之处，乍看之下可能要显而易见的多，例如 Gánti 和罗森大厦之间的相似之处。直到最近，几乎没有人试图比较不同的理论并一起讨论它们。
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==Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA)==
      
==最后的共同祖先(露卡)==
 
==最后的共同祖先(露卡)==
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}}</ref>  This is a serious error resulting from failure to recognize that '''L''' refers to the ''last'' common ancestor, not to the ''first'' ancestor, which is much older: a large amount of evolution occurred before the appearance of LUCA.<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.05.023 | title = Life before LUCA |last2=Cárdenas |first2 =M L|last1=Cornish-Bowden|first1 =A| journal = J. Theor. Biol. | volume = 434 | pages=68–74}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>  This is a serious error resulting from failure to recognize that '''L''' refers to the ''last'' common ancestor, not to the ''first'' ancestor, which is much older: a large amount of evolution occurred before the appearance of LUCA.<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.05.023 | title = Life before LUCA |last2=Cárdenas |first2 =M L|last1=Cornish-Bowden|first1 =A| journal = J. Theor. Biol. | volume = 434 | pages=68–74}}</ref>
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Some authors equate models of the origin of life with LUCA, the Last Universal Common Ancestor of all extant life. This is a serious error resulting from failure to recognize that L refers to the last common ancestor, not to the first ancestor, which is much older: a large amount of evolution occurred before the appearance of LUCA.
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【最终篇】一些作者将生命起源的模型与露卡相提并论，露卡是所有现存生命的最后一个共同祖先。这是一个严重的错误，因为没有认识到 L指的是最后的共同祖先，而不是更古老的第一个祖先: 大量的进化发生在露卡出现之前。<!-- 这里建议参考一下 原wiki链接的内容 重新组织下语言 -->
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有些作者把生命起源的模型等同于卢卡，即所有现存生命的最后普遍共同祖先。这是一个严重的错误，因为没有认识到L指的是最后一个共同祖先，而不是第一个祖先，后者要古老得多:大量的进化发生在卢卡出现之前。
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【最终篇】一些作者将生命起源的模型与露卡相提并论，露卡是所有现存生命的最后一个共同祖先。这是一个严重的错误，因为没有认识到 L指的是最后的共同祖先，而不是更古老的第一个祖先: 大量的进化发生在露卡出现之前。<!-- 这里建议参考一下 原wiki链接的内容  重新组织下语言 -->
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【最终篇】吉尔（Gill）和福特尔（Forterre）表达的基本观点如下:<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1017/S1473550415000282 |title = Origin of life: LUCA and extracellular membrane vesicles (EMVs)|journal= Int. J. Astrobiol.|last1 = Gill| first1 =S. |last2 = Forterre| first2 =P. |volume =15|
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Gill and Forterre expressed the essential point as follows:<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1017/S1473550415000282 |title = Origin of life: LUCA and extracellular membrane vesicles (EMVs)|journal= Int. J. Astrobiol.|last1 = Gill| first1 =S. |last2 = Forterre| first2 =P. |volume =15|
   
issue= 1 |pages=7-15| date = 2016}}</ref>
 
issue= 1 |pages=7-15| date = 2016}}</ref>
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<blockquote> LUCA should not be confused with the first cell, but was the product of a long period of evolution. Being the "last" means that LUCA was preceded by a long succession of older "ancestors."</blockquote>
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  露卡不应与最初的生命细胞混淆，她是长期进化的产物。作为“最后一个”意味着露卡之前有一系列更古老的“祖先”。
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Gill and Forterre expressed the essential point as follows:
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LUCA should not be confused with the first cell, but was the product of a long period of evolution. Being the "last" means that LUCA was preceded by a long succession of older "ancestors."
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Gill和Forterre表示其要点如下:
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卢卡不应该与第一个细胞混淆，但它是一个很长的进化时期的产物。作为“最后一个”意味着在卢卡之前有一长串更年长的“祖先”。
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【最终篇】吉尔（Gill）和福特尔（Forterre）表达的基本观点如下:
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  露卡不应与最初的生命细胞混淆，她是长期进化的产物。作为“最后一个”意味着露卡之前有一系列更古老的“祖先”。
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== Publications ==
      
== 出版物 ==
 
== 出版物 ==
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Rosen wrote several books and many articles. A selection of his published books is as follows:
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【未翻译】
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* 1970, ''Dynamical Systems Theory in Biology'' New York: Wiley Interscience.
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Rosen 写了几本书和许多文章。他出版的书籍精选如下:  
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* 1970, ''Optimality Principles'', reissued by Springer in 2013<ref>{{cite book
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* 1970，纽约生物学动态系统理论: Wiley Interscience。1970，optimal Principles，republished in 2013 <ref>{{cite book
 
| title = Optimality Principles in Biology
 
| title = Optimality Principles in Biology
 
| author = Robert Rosen
 
| author = Robert Rosen
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| isbn = 978-1489964205
 
| isbn = 978-1489964205
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
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* 1978, ''Fundamentals of Measurement and Representation of Natural Systems'', Elsevier Science Ltd,
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* 1985, ''Anticipatory Systems: Philosophical, Mathematical and Methodological Foundations''. Pergamon Press.
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* 1991, ''Life Itself: A Comprehensive Inquiry into the Nature, Origin, and Fabrication of Life'', Columbia University Press
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Rosen wrote several books and many articles. A selection of his published books is as follows:
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* 1970, Dynamical Systems Theory in Biology New York: Wiley Interscience.
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* 1970, Optimality Principles, reissued by Springer in 2013
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* 1978, Fundamentals of Measurement and Representation of Natural Systems, Elsevier Science Ltd,
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* 1985, Anticipatory Systems: Philosophical, Mathematical and Methodological Foundations. Pergamon Press.
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* 1991, Life Itself: A Comprehensive Inquiry into the Nature, Origin, and Fabrication of Life, Columbia University Press
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Rosen 写了几本书和许多文章。他出版的书籍精选如下:
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* 1970，纽约生物学动态系统理论: Wiley Interscience。1970，optimal Principles，republished in 2013
   
* 1978，Fundamentals of Measurement and Representation of Natural Systems，Elsevier Science Ltd，
 
* 1978，Fundamentals of Measurement and Representation of Natural Systems，Elsevier Science Ltd，
 
* 1985，predictive Systems: Philosophical，Mathematical and methodology Foundations.Pergamon Press.1991，《生命本身: 生命的本质、起源和虚构的全面探究》 ，哥伦比亚大学出版社
 
* 1985，predictive Systems: Philosophical，Mathematical and methodology Foundations.Pergamon Press.1991，《生命本身: 生命的本质、起源和虚构的全面探究》 ，哥伦比亚大学出版社
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* 2012年，《预期系统》 ; 《哲学、数学与方法论基础》 ，第二版，施普林格
 
* 2012年，《预期系统》 ; 《哲学、数学与方法论基础》 ，第二版，施普林格
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== References ==
      
== 参考文献 ==
 
== 参考文献 ==
 
{{Reflist|2}}
 
{{Reflist|2}}
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== Further reading ==
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== 进一步的阅读 ==
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== 拓展阅读 ==
 
* {{cite journal | last1 = Baianu | first1 = I. C. | year = 2006 | title = Robert Rosen's Work and Complex Systems Biology | journal = Axiomathes | volume = 16 | issue = 1–2| pages = 25–34 | doi=10.1007/s10516-005-4204-z| s2cid = 4673166 }}
 
* {{cite journal | last1 = Baianu | first1 = I. C. | year = 2006 | title = Robert Rosen's Work and Complex Systems Biology | journal = Axiomathes | volume = 16 | issue = 1–2| pages = 25–34 | doi=10.1007/s10516-005-4204-z| s2cid = 4673166 }}
 
* {{cite journal | last1 = Baianu | first1 = I.C. | year = 1970 | title = Organismic Supercategories: II. On Multistable Systems | url = http://cogprints.org/7752/3/OSIImultist1970.pdf| journal = Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics | volume = 32 | issue = 4| pages = 539–561 | doi=10.1007/bf02476770 | pmid=4327361}}
 
* {{cite journal | last1 = Baianu | first1 = I.C. | year = 1970 | title = Organismic Supercategories: II. On Multistable Systems | url = http://cogprints.org/7752/3/OSIImultist1970.pdf| journal = Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics | volume = 32 | issue = 4| pages = 539–561 | doi=10.1007/bf02476770 | pmid=4327361}}
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== External links ==
      
== 外部链接 ==
 
== 外部链接 ==
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* 罗伯特 · 罗森: 这个问题及其答案是: 为什么有机体不同于机器？作者: Donald c. Mikulecky。
 
* 罗伯特 · 罗森: 这个问题及其答案是: 为什么有机体不同于机器？作者: Donald c. Mikulecky。
 
* 罗伯特 · 罗森: 1934年6月27日ー1998年12月30日。
 
* 罗伯特 · 罗森: 1934年6月27日ー1998年12月30日。
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[[Category:Systems biologists]]
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Category:Systems biologists
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Category:1934 births
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Category:Dalhousie University faculty
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类别: 系统生物学家类别: 1934年出生类别: 1998年死亡类别: 戴尔豪斯大学教员类别: 美国系统科学家类别: 理论生物学家类别: 哥伦比亚大学校友
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<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Robert Rosen (biologist)]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[罗伯特罗森/edithistory]]</small></noinclude>
       
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