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::这样得到转换的表观有效地球平均温度。这是因为上面的方程代表了地球的有效辐射温度(包括云和大气)。

::这样得到转换的表观有效地球平均温度。这是因为上面的方程代表了地球的有效辐射温度(包括云和大气)。

::This very simple model is quite instructive. For example, it easily determines the effect on average earth temperature of changes in solar constant or change of albedo or effective earth emissivity.

::This very simple model is quite instructive. For example, it easily determines the effect on average earth temperature of changes in solar constant or change of albedo or effective earth emissivity.

 

::这个非常简单的模型很有启发性。例如，它很容易确定太阳常数的变化或反照率或有效地球发射率的变化对平均地球温度的影响。

这个非常简单的模型很有启发性。例如，它很容易确定太阳常数的变化或反照率或有效地球发射率的变化对平均地球温度的影响。

::The average emissivity of the earth is readily estimated from available data. The emissivities of terrestrial surfaces are all in the range of 0.96 to 0.99<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icess.ucsb.edu/modis/EMIS/html/seawater.html|title=Seawater Samples - Emissivities|work=ucsb.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1175/JCLI3720.1 |vauthors=Jin M, Liang S |title=An Improved Land Surface Emissivity Parameter for Land Surface Models Using Global Remote Sensing Observations |journal=J. Climate |volume=19 |issue=12 |pages=2867–81 |date=15 June 2006 |url=http://www.glue.umd.edu/~sliang/papers/Jin2006.emissivity.pdf|bibcode = 2006JCli...19.2867J }}</ref> (except for some small desert areas which may be as low as 0.7). Clouds, however, which cover about half of the earth's surface, have an average emissivity of about 0.5<ref>{{cite conference |author1=T.R. Shippert |author2=S.A. Clough |author3=P.D. Brown |author4=W.L. Smith |author5=R.O. Knuteson |author6=S.A. Ackerman |title=Spectral Cloud Emissivities from LBLRTM/AERI QME  |book-title=Proceedings of the Eighth Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Science Team Meeting March 1998 Tucson, Arizona |url=http://www.arm.gov/publications/proceedings/conf08/extended_abs/shippert_tr.pdf }}</ref> (which must be reduced by the fourth power of the ratio of cloud absolute temperature to average earth absolute temperature) and an average cloud temperature of about {{convert|258|K|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite conference |author1=A.G. Gorelik |author2=V. Sterljadkin |author3=E. Kadygrov |author4=A. Koldaev |title=Microwave and IR Radiometry for Estimation of Atmospheric Radiation Balance and Sea Ice Formation |book-title=Proceedings of the Eleventh Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Science Team Meeting March 2001 Atlanta, Georgia |url=http://www.arm.gov/publications/proceedings/conf11/extended_abs/gorelik_ag.pdf }}</ref> Taking all this properly into account results in an effective earth emissivity of about 0.64 (earth average temperature {{convert|285|K|abbr=on}}). 地球的平均比辐射率很容易从现有数据中估计出来。陆地表面的放射系数均在0.96ー0.99之间(除少数小沙漠地区可能低至0.7)。然而，覆盖地球表面大约一半的云层，其平均发射率约为0.5(必须用云的绝对温度与地球平均绝对温度之比的四次方减少) ，而云的平均温度约为0.5。适当地考虑这些因素，得到的有效地球发射率约为0.64(地球平均温度)。

 

:This simple model readily determines the effect of changes in solar output or change of earth albedo or effective earth emissivity on average earth temperature. It says nothing, however about what might cause these things to change. Zero-dimensional models do not address the temperature distribution on the earth or the factors that move energy about the earth.

The average emissivity of the earth is readily estimated from available data. The emissivities of terrestrial surfaces are all in the range of 0.96 to 0.99<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icess.ucsb.edu/modis/EMIS/html/seawater.html|title=Seawater Samples - Emissivities|work=ucsb.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1175/JCLI3720.1 |vauthors=Jin M, Liang S |title=An Improved Land Surface Emissivity Parameter for Land Surface Models Using Global Remote Sensing Observations |journal=J. Climate |volume=19 |issue=12 |pages=2867–81 |date=15 June 2006 |url=http://www.glue.umd.edu/~sliang/papers/Jin2006.emissivity.pdf|bibcode = 2006JCli...19.2867J }}</ref> (except for some small desert areas which may be as low as 0.7). Clouds, however, which cover about half of the earth's surface, have an average emissivity of about 0.5<ref>{{cite conference |author1=T.R. Shippert |author2=S.A. Clough |author3=P.D. Brown |author4=W.L. Smith |author5=R.O. Knuteson |author6=S.A. Ackerman |title=Spectral Cloud Emissivities from LBLRTM/AERI QME  |book-title=Proceedings of the Eighth Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Science Team Meeting March 1998 Tucson, Arizona |url=http://www.arm.gov/publications/proceedings/conf08/extended_abs/shippert_tr.pdf }}</ref> (which must be reduced by the fourth power of the ratio of cloud absolute temperature to average earth absolute temperature) and an average cloud temperature of about {{convert|258|K|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite conference |author1=A.G. Gorelik |author2=V. Sterljadkin |author3=E. Kadygrov |author4=A. Koldaev |title=Microwave and IR Radiometry for Estimation of Atmospheric Radiation Balance and Sea Ice Formation |book-title=Proceedings of the Eleventh Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Science Team Meeting March 2001 Atlanta, Georgia |url=http://www.arm.gov/publications/proceedings/conf11/extended_abs/gorelik_ag.pdf }}</ref> Taking all this properly into account results in an effective earth emissivity of about 0.64 (earth average temperature {{convert|285|K|abbr=on}}).

:这个简单的模型很容易确定太阳输出量的变化或地球反照率或有效地球发射率的变化对地球平均温度的影响。然而，它没有提到是什么可能导致这些事情发生改变。零维模型不能解释地球上的温度分布或者地球周围移动能量的因素。

 

地球的平均比辐射率很容易从现有数据中估计出来。陆地表面的放射系数均在0.96ー0.99之间(除少数小沙漠地区可能低至0.7)。然而，覆盖地球表面大约一半的云层，其平均发射率约为0.5(必须用云的绝对温度与地球平均绝对温度之比的四次方减少) ，而云的平均温度约为0.5。适当地考虑这些因素，得到的有效地球发射率约为0.64(地球平均温度)。

 

This simple model readily determines the effect of changes in solar output or change of earth albedo or effective earth emissivity on average earth temperature. It says nothing, however about what might cause these things to change. Zero-dimensional models do not address the temperature distribution on the earth or the factors that move energy about the earth.

 

这个简单的模型很容易确定太阳输出量的变化或地球反照率或有效地球发射率的变化对地球平均温度的影响。然而，它没有提到是什么可能导致这些事情发生改变。零维模型不能解释地球上的温度分布或者地球周围移动能量的因素。

== Radiative-convective models= = 辐射-对流模式 = ==

== Radiative-convective models= = 辐射-对流模式 = ==