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第9行： − 自动催化装置是一组实体的集合，每一个实体都可以由装置内的其他实体催化地创造出来，这样，作为一个整体，该装置能够催化自己的生产。这样，集合作为一个整体被称为是自催化的。自动催化集最初和最具体的定义是分子实体，但最近隐喻地扩展到社会学和经济学系统的研究。+ 第13行：
第15行： − 自催化集也有能力复制自己，如果他们分裂成两个物理上分开的空间。计算机模型表明，分裂的自动催化装置将在每一半重现原始装置的所有反应，很像细胞有丝分裂。实际上，利用自动催化的原理，一个小的新陈代谢可以自我复制，很少有高层次的组织。这就是为什么自动催化作为复杂进化的基本机制是一个竞争者。+ 第19行：
第21行： − 在沃森与克里克之前，生物学家认为自我催化设定了新陈代谢功能的原则，即。一种蛋白质帮助合成另一种蛋白质等等。在发现双螺旋：发现DNA结构的故事之后，中心法则被制定出来，即 DNA 转录成 RNA，再转化成蛋白质。DNA 和 RNA 的分子结构，以及维持它们繁殖的新陈代谢，被认为过于复杂，不可能在化学混合物的一个步骤中自发产生。+ 第25行：
第27行： − 生命起源的几个模型都是基于这样一个概念，即生命可能是通过一个随着时间演化的初始分子自催化集的发展而产生的。从复杂系统研究中产生的大多数模型都预测，生命并非起源于具有任何特定特征的分子(例如自我复制的 RNA) ，而是起源于一个自我催化的集合。第一个经验性的支持来自 Lincoln 和 Joyce，他们获得了自催化装置，其中“两个[ RNA ]酶催化对方的合成，从总共四个组成底物。”此外，一个由这些自复制因子群体开始的进化过程产生了一个由重组复制因子控制的群体。+ 第31行：
第33行： − 现代生命具有自我催化的特征，因为没有任何特定的分子，或任何类型的分子，能够自我复制。目前有几个基于自催化集的模型，包括 Stuart kauffman，Stuart a。(2008)重塑神圣: 科学、理性与宗教的新视角。[基础书籍] ，，第五章，特别是第页。59-71和其他人。+ 第326行：
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无编辑摘要
本词条由余凡尘初步翻译
此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，翻译字数共1689，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。
此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，翻译字数共1689，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。
An autocatalytic set is a collection of entities, each of which can be created catalytically by other entities within the set, such that as a whole, the set is able to catalyze its own production. In this way the set as a whole is said to be autocatalytic. Autocatalytic sets were originally and most concretely defined in terms of molecular entities, but have more recently been metaphorically extended to the study of systems in sociology and economics.
An autocatalytic set is a collection of entities, each of which can be created catalytically by other entities within the set, such that as a whole, the set is able to catalyze its own production. In this way the set as a whole is said to be autocatalytic. Autocatalytic sets were originally and most concretely defined in terms of molecular entities, but have more recently been metaphorically extended to the study of systems in sociology and economics.
自催化集合是一组实体的集合，每一个实体都可以由集合内的其他实体催化而创造出来。这样一来，作为一个整体，该集合能够催化其自身的生成。以这种方式，该集合作为一个整体被称为是自催化的。自催化集合最初是用分子实体来定义的，这种定义也是最具体的，但最近被隐喻地扩展到社会学和经济学系统的研究。
Autocatalytic sets also have the ability to replicate themselves if they are split apart into two physically separated spaces. Computer models illustrate that split autocatalytic sets will reproduce all of the reactions of the original set in each half, much like cellular [[mitosis]]. In effect, using the principles of autocatalysis, a small metabolism can replicate itself with very little high level organization. This property is why autocatalysis is a contender as the foundational mechanism for complex evolution.
Autocatalytic sets also have the ability to replicate themselves if they are split apart into two physically separated spaces. Computer models illustrate that split autocatalytic sets will reproduce all of the reactions of the original set in each half, much like cellular [[mitosis]]. In effect, using the principles of autocatalysis, a small metabolism can replicate itself with very little high level organization. This property is why autocatalysis is a contender as the foundational mechanism for complex evolution.
Autocatalytic sets also have the ability to replicate themselves if they are split apart into two physically separated spaces. Computer models illustrate that split autocatalytic sets will reproduce all of the reactions of the original set in each half, much like cellular mitosis. In effect, using the principles of autocatalysis, a small metabolism can replicate itself with very little high level organization. This property is why autocatalysis is a contender as the foundational mechanism for complex evolution.
Autocatalytic sets also have the ability to replicate themselves if they are split apart into two physically separated spaces. Computer models illustrate that split autocatalytic sets will reproduce all of the reactions of the original set in each half, much like cellular mitosis. In effect, using the principles of autocatalysis, a small metabolism can replicate itself with very little high level organization. This property is why autocatalysis is a contender as the foundational mechanism for complex evolution.
如果自催化集合被分裂成物理上分离的两个空间，它们仍有复制自身的能力。计算机模型表明，分裂来的每一半自催化集合都将重新自生成出初始集合中的所有反应，就像细胞有丝分裂一样。实际上，利用自催化的原理，一个小的代谢系统可以在几乎没有高水平组织的情况下自复制。这种性质解释了为什么自催化能作为复杂进化的基本机制。
Prior to [[James D. Watson|Watson]] and [[Francis Crick|Crick]], biologists considered autocatalytic sets the way [[metabolism]] functions in principle, i.e. one [[protein]] helps to synthesize another protein and so on. After the discovery of the [[double helix]], the [[central dogma of molecular biology]] was formulated, which is that [[DNA]] is transcribed to [[RNA]] which is translated to protein. The molecular structure of DNA and RNA, as well as the metabolism that maintains their reproduction, are believed to be too complex to have arisen spontaneously in one step from a soup of chemistry.
Prior to [[James D. Watson|Watson]] and [[Francis Crick|Crick]], biologists considered autocatalytic sets the way [[metabolism]] functions in principle, i.e. one [[protein]] helps to synthesize another protein and so on. After the discovery of the [[double helix]], the [[central dogma of molecular biology]] was formulated, which is that [[DNA]] is transcribed to [[RNA]] which is translated to protein. The molecular structure of DNA and RNA, as well as the metabolism that maintains their reproduction, are believed to be too complex to have arisen spontaneously in one step from a soup of chemistry.
Prior to Watson and Crick, biologists considered autocatalytic sets the way metabolism functions in principle, i.e. one protein helps to synthesize another protein and so on. After the discovery of the double helix, the central dogma of molecular biology was formulated, which is that DNA is transcribed to RNA which is translated to protein. The molecular structure of DNA and RNA, as well as the metabolism that maintains their reproduction, are believed to be too complex to have arisen spontaneously in one step from a soup of chemistry.
Prior to Watson and Crick, biologists considered autocatalytic sets the way metabolism functions in principle, i.e. one protein helps to synthesize another protein and so on. After the discovery of the double helix, the central dogma of molecular biology was formulated, which is that DNA is transcribed to RNA which is translated to protein. The molecular structure of DNA and RNA, as well as the metabolism that maintains their reproduction, are believed to be too complex to have arisen spontaneously in one step from a soup of chemistry.
在沃森与克里克之前，生物学家认为自催化在原则上决定了代谢功能，即一种蛋白质帮助完成另一种蛋白质的合成等。在发现DNA双螺旋结构之后，中心法则被制定出来，即 DNA 转录成 RNA，再翻译成蛋白质。DNA 和 RNA 的分子结构以及维持它们复制的代谢，被认为过于复杂，不可能在化学汤中一步自发产生。
Several models of the [[origin of life]] are based on the notion that life may have arisen through the development of an initial molecular autocatalytic set which evolved over time. Most of these models which have emerged from the studies of [[complex system]]s predict that life arose not from a molecule with any particular trait (such as self-replicating [[RNA World|RNA]]) but from an autocatalytic set. The first empirical support came from Lincoln and Joyce, who obtained autocatalytic sets in which "two [RNA] enzymes catalyze each other’s synthesis from a total of four component substrates."<ref>{{cite journal | author = Lincoln TA, Joyce GF | title = Self-sustained replication of an RNA enzyme | journal = Science | volume = 323 | issue = 5918 | pages = 1229–32 |date=February 2009 | pmid = 19131595 | pmc = 2652413 | doi = 10.1126/science.1167856 | bibcode = 2009Sci...323.1229L }}</ref> Furthermore, an evolutionary process that began with a population of these self-replicators yielded a population dominated by [[Genetic recombination|recombinant]] replicators.
Several models of the [[origin of life]] are based on the notion that life may have arisen through the development of an initial molecular autocatalytic set which evolved over time. Most of these models which have emerged from the studies of [[complex system]]s predict that life arose not from a molecule with any particular trait (such as self-replicating [[RNA World|RNA]]) but from an autocatalytic set. The first empirical support came from Lincoln and Joyce, who obtained autocatalytic sets in which "two [RNA] enzymes catalyze each other’s synthesis from a total of four component substrates."<ref>{{cite journal | author = Lincoln TA, Joyce GF | title = Self-sustained replication of an RNA enzyme | journal = Science | volume = 323 | issue = 5918 | pages = 1229–32 |date=February 2009 | pmid = 19131595 | pmc = 2652413 | doi = 10.1126/science.1167856 | bibcode = 2009Sci...323.1229L }}</ref> Furthermore, an evolutionary process that began with a population of these self-replicators yielded a population dominated by [[Genetic recombination|recombinant]] replicators.
Several models of the origin of life are based on the notion that life may have arisen through the development of an initial molecular autocatalytic set which evolved over time. Most of these models which have emerged from the studies of complex systems predict that life arose not from a molecule with any particular trait (such as self-replicating RNA) but from an autocatalytic set. The first empirical support came from Lincoln and Joyce, who obtained autocatalytic sets in which "two [RNA] enzymes catalyze each other’s synthesis from a total of four component substrates." Furthermore, an evolutionary process that began with a population of these self-replicators yielded a population dominated by recombinant replicators.
Several models of the origin of life are based on the notion that life may have arisen through the development of an initial molecular autocatalytic set which evolved over time. Most of these models which have emerged from the studies of complex systems predict that life arose not from a molecule with any particular trait (such as self-replicating RNA) but from an autocatalytic set. The first empirical support came from Lincoln and Joyce, who obtained autocatalytic sets in which "two [RNA] enzymes catalyze each other’s synthesis from a total of four component substrates." Furthermore, an evolutionary process that began with a population of these self-replicators yielded a population dominated by recombinant replicators.
生命起源的几个模型都是基于这样一个理念，即生命可能是通过一个随着时间演化的原初分子自催化集合的发展而产生的。从复杂系统研究中产生的大多数模型都这样预测，生命并非起源于具有任何特定特征的分子(如能自复制的RNA) ，而是起源于一个自催化的集合。第一个经验性的支持来自林肯（Lincoln）和乔伊斯（Joyce），他们构造出了自催化集合（两种[RNA]酶通过四种底物组件互相催化对方的合成）。此外，一个始于这些自复制因子的群体通过进化产生了一个重组复制因子占主导的群体。
Modern life has the traits of an autocatalytic set, since no particular molecule, nor any class of molecules, is able to replicate itself. There are several models based on autocatalytic sets, including those of [[Stuart Kauffman]]<ref>Kauffman, Stuart A. (2008) ''Reinventing the Sacred: A New View of Science, Reason, and Religion''. [Basic Books], {{ISBN|0-465-00300-1}}, chapter 5, especially pp. 59–71</ref> and others.
Modern life has the traits of an autocatalytic set, since no particular molecule, nor any class of molecules, is able to replicate itself. There are several models based on autocatalytic sets, including those of [[Stuart Kauffman]]<ref>Kauffman, Stuart A. (2008) ''Reinventing the Sacred: A New View of Science, Reason, and Religion''. [Basic Books], {{ISBN|0-465-00300-1}}, chapter 5, especially pp. 59–71</ref> and others.
Modern life has the traits of an autocatalytic set, since no particular molecule, nor any class of molecules, is able to replicate itself. There are several models based on autocatalytic sets, including those of Stuart KauffmanKauffman, Stuart A. (2008) Reinventing the Sacred: A New View of Science, Reason, and Religion. [Basic Books], , chapter 5, especially pp. 59–71 and others.
Modern life has the traits of an autocatalytic set, since no particular molecule, nor any class of molecules, is able to replicate itself. There are several models based on autocatalytic sets, including those of Stuart KauffmanKauffman, Stuart A. (2008) Reinventing the Sacred: A New View of Science, Reason, and Religion. [Basic Books], , chapter 5, especially pp. 59–71 and others.
现代生命具有自催化集合的特征，因为没有任何特定的分子或任何类型的分子，能够自复制。目前有几个基于自催化集合的模型，包括斯图尔特·考夫曼（Stuart Kauffman）和其他人的模型。
==Formal definition==
==Formal definition==
= = 与其他生命理论的比较 = =
= = 与其他生命理论的比较 = =
Autocatalytic sets constitute just one of several current theories of life, including the [[chemoton]]<ref name=gantibook>{{cite book| isbn= 9780198507260| title = The Principles of Life | last = Gánti | first = Tibor |publisher = Oxford University Press | date = 2003|editor1 = Eörs Száthmary | editor2 = James Griesemer}}</ref> of [[Tibor Gánti]], the [[Hypercycle (chemistry)|hypercycle]] of [[Manfred Eigen]] and [[Peter Schuster]],<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.11007/bf00450633|last1 = Eigen |first1 = M| last2 = Schuster |first2 =P | title = The hypercycle: a principle of natural self-organization. A: emergence of the hypercycle| journal= Naturwissenschaften|volume = 64|issue = 11|pages = 541–565}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1007/bf00420631|last1 = Eigen |first1 = M| last2 = Schuster |first2 =P | title = The hypercycle: a principle of natural self-organization. B: the abstract hypercycle| journal= Naturwissenschaften|volume = 65|issue = 1 |pages = 7–41}}</ref>
Autocatalytic sets constitute just one of several current theories of life, including the [[chemoton]]<ref name="gantibook">{{cite book| isbn= 9780198507260| title = The Principles of Life | last = Gánti | first = Tibor |publisher = Oxford University Press | date = 2003|editor1 = Eörs Száthmary | editor2 = James Griesemer}}</ref> of [[Tibor Gánti]], the [[Hypercycle (chemistry)|hypercycle]] of [[Manfred Eigen]] and [[Peter Schuster]],<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.11007/bf00450633|last1 = Eigen |first1 = M| last2 = Schuster |first2 =P | title = The hypercycle: a principle of natural self-organization. A: emergence of the hypercycle| journal= Naturwissenschaften|volume = 64|issue = 11|pages = 541–565}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1007/bf00420631|last1 = Eigen |first1 = M| last2 = Schuster |first2 =P | title = The hypercycle: a principle of natural self-organization. B: the abstract hypercycle| journal= Naturwissenschaften|volume = 65|issue = 1 |pages = 7–41}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1007/bf00420631|last1 = Eigen |first1 = M| last2 = Schuster |first2 =P | title = The hypercycle: a principle of natural self-organization. C: the realistic hypercycle| journal= Naturwissenschaften|volume = 65|issue = 7 |pages = 41–369}}</ref> the [[Robert Rosen (theoretical biologist)#Complexity and complex scientific models: (M,R) systems | (''M,R'') systems]]<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1007/BF02477890 |last1 = Rosen | first1 = R.| date = 1958 |journal = Bull. Math. Biophys.| volume = 20|issue= 4|pages = 317–341|title = The representation of biological systems from the standpoint of the theory of categories}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last1 = Rosen | first1 = R.| date = 1991| title = Life Itself: a comprehensive inquiry into the nature, origin, and fabrication of life| publisher = Columbia University Press| place= New York}}</ref> of [[Robert Rosen (theoretical biologist)|Robert Rosen]], and the [[autopoiesis]] (or ''self-building'')<ref>{{cite book| last1=Maturana |first1 = H. R.|last2 =Varela|first2 = F. |title = Autopoiesis and cognition: the realisation of the living|date=1980|publisher= D. Reidel Publishing Company| place = Dordrecht}}</ref> of [[Humberto Maturana]] and [[Francisco Varela]]. All of these (including autocatalytic sets) found their original inspiration in Erwin Schrödinger's book ''What is Life?''<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Schrödinger| first1 = Erwin|title = What is Life? |publisher = Cambridge University Press|date = 1944}}</ref> but at first they appear to have little in common with one another, largely because the authors did not communicate with one another, and none of them made any reference in their principal publications to any of the other theories. Nonetheless, there are more similarities than may be obvious at first sight, for example between Gánti and Rosen.<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.05.015|title = Tibor Gánti and Robert Rosen: contrasting approaches to the same problem|last1 =Cornish-Bowden | first1 =A.|journal= J. Theor. Biol. |volume = 381|pages = 6–10|date=2015}}</ref> Until recently<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.06.033 |title= From ''L’Homme Machine'' to metabolic closure: steps towards understanding life|last1 = Letelier|first1 = J C|last2=Cárdenas |first2 =M L|last3=Cornish-Bowden|first3 =A |journal=J. Theor. Biol. | date = 2011 | volume= 286|issue= 1 | pages= 100–113}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1016/j.biosystems.2014.03.002| title=Time rescaling and pattern formation in biological evolution| journal =BioSystems|volume=123 |pages= 19–26|date= 2014|last=Igamberdiev|first=A.U.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1016/j.biosystems.2019.104063
<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1007/bf00420631|last1 = Eigen |first1 = M| last2 = Schuster |first2 =P | title = The hypercycle: a principle of natural self-organization. C: the realistic hypercycle| journal= Naturwissenschaften|volume = 65|issue = 7 |pages = 41–369}}</ref> the [[Robert Rosen (theoretical biologist)#Complexity and complex scientific models: (M,R) systems | (''M,R'') systems]]<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1007/BF02477890 |last1 = Rosen | first1 = R.| date = 1958 |journal = Bull. Math. Biophys.| volume = 20|issue= 4|pages = 317–341|title = The representation of biological systems from the standpoint of the theory of categories}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last1 = Rosen | first1 = R.| date = 1991| title = Life Itself: a comprehensive inquiry into the nature, origin, and fabrication of life| publisher = Columbia University Press| place= New York}}</ref> of [[Robert Rosen (theoretical biologist)|Robert Rosen]], and the [[autopoiesis]] (or ''self-building'')<ref>{{cite book| last1=Maturana |first1 = H. R.|last2 =Varela|first2 = F. |title = Autopoiesis and cognition: the realisation of the living|date=1980|publisher= D. Reidel Publishing Company| place = Dordrecht}}</ref> of [[Humberto Maturana]] and [[Francisco Varela]]. All of these (including autocatalytic sets) found their original inspiration in Erwin Schrödinger's book ''What is Life?''<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Schrödinger| first1 = Erwin|title = What is Life? |publisher = Cambridge University Press|date = 1944}}</ref> but at first they appear to have little in common with one another, largely because the authors did not communicate with one another, and none of them made any reference in their principal publications to any of the other theories. Nonetheless, there are more similarities than may be obvious at first sight, for example between Gánti and Rosen.<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.05.015|title = Tibor Gánti and Robert Rosen: contrasting approaches to the same problem|last1 =Cornish-Bowden | first1 =A.|journal= J. Theor. Biol. |volume = 381|pages = 6–10|date=2015}}</ref> Until recently<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.06.033 |title= From ''L’Homme Machine'' to metabolic closure: steps towards understanding life|last1 = Letelier|first1 = J C|last2=Cárdenas |first2 =M L|last3=Cornish-Bowden|first3 =A |journal=J. Theor. Biol. | date = 2011 | volume= 286|issue= 1 | pages= 100–113}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1016/j.biosystems.2014.03.002| title=Time rescaling and pattern formation in biological evolution| journal =BioSystems|volume=123 |pages= 19–26|date= 2014|last=Igamberdiev|first=A.U.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1016/j.biosystems.2019.104063
|last2=Cárdenas |first2 =M L|last1=Cornish-Bowden|first1 =A|title =Contrasting theories of life: historical context, current theories. In search of an ideal theory|journal=BioSystems|volume =188|pages=104063|date=2020}}</ref> there have been almost no attempts to compare the different theories and discuss them together.
|last2=Cárdenas |first2 =M L|last1=Cornish-Bowden|first1 =A|title =Contrasting theories of life: historical context, current theories. In search of an ideal theory|journal=BioSystems|volume =188|pages=104063|date=2020}}</ref> there have been almost no attempts to compare the different theories and discuss them together.