更改

这同样适用于草食动物、植食动物，以及它们吃的植物。1964年，保罗·R·欧里希和彼得·R·瑞文提出了逃逸和辐射的共同演化理论来描述植物和蝴蝶的进化多样性。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ehrlich |first1=Paul R. |author1-link=Paul R. Ehrlich |last2=Raven |first2=Peter H. |author2-link= Peter H. Raven |year=1964 |title=Butterflies and Plants: A Study in Coevolution |journal=Evolution |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=586–608 |doi=10.2307/2406212 |jstor=2406212}}</ref>在落基山脉，红松鼠和斑鸠（食种子的鸟）争夺海滩松的种子。松鼠通过啃咬松果鳞片来获取松子，而斑鸠则通过它们不寻常的交叉下颚来获取松子。在有松鼠的地方，海滩松的球果更重、种子更少、鳞片更薄，这使得松鼠更难获得种子。相反，如果有斑鸠，但没有松鼠，球果的结构较轻，但有较厚的鳞片，使交喙更难以获得种子。海滩上的锥形细胞与这两种食草动物进行着一场进化中的军备竞赛，在接下来的两个段落中也是这样。<ref name="Berkeley">{{cite web |title=Coevolution |url=https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_33 |publisher=University of California Berkeley |access-date=17 January 2017}} and the two following pages of the web article.</ref>

这同样适用于草食动物、植食动物，以及它们吃的植物。1964年，保罗·R·欧里希和彼得·R·瑞文提出了逃逸和辐射的共同演化理论来描述植物和蝴蝶的进化多样性。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ehrlich |first1=Paul R. |author1-link=Paul R. Ehrlich |last2=Raven |first2=Peter H. |author2-link= Peter H. Raven |year=1964 |title=Butterflies and Plants: A Study in Coevolution |journal=Evolution |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=586–608 |doi=10.2307/2406212 |jstor=2406212}}</ref>在落基山脉，红松鼠和斑鸠（食种子的鸟）争夺海滩松的种子。松鼠通过啃咬松果鳞片来获取松子，而斑鸠则通过它们不寻常的交叉下颚来获取松子。在有松鼠的地方，海滩松的球果更重、种子更少、鳞片更薄，这使得松鼠更难获得种子。相反，如果有斑鸠，但没有松鼠，球果的结构较轻，但有较厚的鳞片，使交喙更难以获得种子。海滩上的锥形细胞与这两种食草动物进行着一场进化中的军备竞赛，在接下来的两个段落中也是这样。<ref name="Berkeley">{{cite web |title=Coevolution |url=https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_33 |publisher=University of California Berkeley |access-date=17 January 2017}} and the two following pages of the web article.</ref>

[[File:Drosophila.melanogaster.couple.2.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sexual conflict]] has been studied in ''[[Drosophila melanogaster]]'' (shown mating, male on right).|链接=Special:FilePath/Drosophila.melanogaster.couple.2.jpg]]

[[File:Drosophila.melanogaster.couple.2.jpg|thumb|upright|[[性冲突]]已经在''[[Drosophila melanogaster|黑腹果蝇]]''（shown mating, male on right）的案例当中被研究|链接=Special:FilePath/Drosophila.melanogaster.couple.2.jpg]]

==竞争行为==

==竞争行为==

== Multispecies ==

== Multispecies ==

[[File:Amegilla cingulata on long tube of Acanthus ilicifolius flower.jpg|thumb|upright|Long-tongued bees and long-tubed flowers coevolved, whether pairwise or "diffusely" in groups known as guilds.<ref name=Juenger/>|链接=Special:FilePath/Amegilla_cingulata_on_long_tube_of_Acanthus_ilicifolius_flower.jpg]]

[[File:Amegilla cingulata on long tube of Acanthus ilicifolius flower.jpg|thumb|upright|长舌蜜蜂和长筒花朵成对或成组被称作集团的“广泛”地共同演化。<ref name=Juenger/>|链接=Special:FilePath/Amegilla_cingulata_on_long_tube_of_Acanthus_ilicifolius_flower.jpg]]

thumb|upright|Long-tongued bees and long-tubed flowers coevolved, whether pairwise or "diffusely" in groups known as guilds.

thumb|upright|Long-tongued bees and long-tubed flowers coevolved, whether pairwise or "diffusely" in groups known as guilds.

The types of coevolution listed so far have been described as if they operated pairwise (also called specific coevolution), in which traits of one species have evolved in direct response to traits of a second species, and vice versa. This is not always the case. Another evolutionary mode arises where evolution is reciprocal, but is among a group of species rather than exactly two. This is variously called guild or diffuse coevolution. For instance, a trait in several species of [[flowering plant]], such as offering its [[nectar]] at the end of a long tube, can coevolve with a trait in one or several species of pollinating insects, such as a long proboscis. More generally, flowering plants are pollinated by insects from different families including [[bee]]s, [[fly|flies]], and [[beetle]]s, all of which form a broad [[guild (ecology)|guild]] of [[pollinator]]s which respond to the nectar or pollen produced by flowers.

The types of coevolution listed so far have been described as if they operated pairwise (also called specific coevolution), in which traits of one species have evolved in direct response to traits of a second species, and vice versa. This is not always the case. Another evolutionary mode arises where evolution is reciprocal, but is among a group of species rather than exactly two. This is variously called guild or diffuse coevolution. For instance, a trait in several species of [[flowering plant]], such as offering its [[nectar]] at the end of a long tube, can coevolve with a trait in one or several species of pollinating insects, such as a long proboscis. More generally, flowering plants are pollinated by insects from different families including [[bee]]s, [[fly|flies]], and [[beetle]]s, all of which form a broad [[guild (ecology)|guild]] of [[pollinator]]s which respond to the nectar or pollen produced by flowers.

2. Coevolutionary hotspots and coldspots occur because natural selection on interactions among species is reciprocal in some environments but not in others. For example, a symbiont population may decrease the survival or reproduction of its hosts in one environment, but it may have no effect on host survival or reproduction in another environment. When detrimental, natural selection will favor evolutionary responses in the host population, resulting in a coevolutionary hotspot of ongoing reciprocal evolutionary changes in the parasite and host populations. When the symbiont has no effect on the survival and reproduction of the host, natural selection on the symbiont population will not favor an evolutionary response by the host population (i.e, a coevolutionary coldspot).

2. Coevolutionary hotspots and coldspots occur because natural selection on interactions among species is reciprocal in some environments but not in others. For example, a symbiont population may decrease the survival or reproduction of its hosts in one environment, but it may have no effect on host survival or reproduction in another environment. When detrimental, natural selection will favor evolutionary responses in the host population, resulting in a coevolutionary hotspot of ongoing reciprocal evolutionary changes in the parasite and host populations. When the symbiont has no effect on the survival and reproduction of the host, natural selection on the symbiont population will not favor an evolutionary response by the host population (i.e, a coevolutionary coldspot).

2. ''共同演化的热点和冷点''的出现是因为物种间相互作用的自然选择在某些环境中是相互的，而在其他环境中则不然。例如，一个共生生物种群可能会减少其宿主在一个环境中的生存或繁殖，但它可能对宿主在另一个环境中的生存或繁殖没有影响。当有害时，自然选择将有利于宿主种群的进化反应，从而导致寄生虫和宿主种群中正在进行的相互进化变化的共同进化热点。当共生生物对宿主的生存和繁殖没有影响时，共生生物种群的自然选择不利于宿主种群的进化反应(即共同进化的冷斑)。

2. ''共同演化的热点和冷点''的出现是因为物种间相互作用的自然选择在某些环境中是相互的，而在其他环境中则不然。例如，一个共生的生物种群可能会损害其宿主在一个环境中的生存或繁殖，但它可能对宿主在另一个环境中的生存或繁殖没有影响。当这一影响是负面的时候，自然选择将有利于宿主种群的进化反应，从而导致寄生虫和宿主种群中正在进行的相互演变的共同演化热点。当共生对宿主的生存和繁殖没有影响时，共生生物种群的自然选择则会不利于宿主种群的进化反应（即共同演化的冷点）。

3. Finally, there is constant ''remixing of the traits'' on which natural selection acts both locally and regionally. At any moment in time, a local population will have a unique combination of genes on which natural selection acts. These genetic differences among populations occur because each local population has a unique history of new mutations, genomic alterations (e.g., whole genome duplications), gene flow among populations from individuals arriving from other populations or going to other populations, random loss or fixation of genes at times when populations are small (random genetic drift), hybridization with other species, and other genetic and ecological processes that affect the raw genetic material on which natural selection acts. More formally, then, the geographic mosaic of coevolution can be viewed as a genotype by genotype by environment interaction (GxGxE) that results in the relentless evolution of interacting species.

3. Finally, there is constant ''remixing of the traits'' on which natural selection acts both locally and regionally. At any moment in time, a local population will have a unique combination of genes on which natural selection acts. These genetic differences among populations occur because each local population has a unique history of new mutations, genomic alterations (e.g., whole genome duplications), gene flow among populations from individuals arriving from other populations or going to other populations, random loss or fixation of genes at times when populations are small (random genetic drift), hybridization with other species, and other genetic and ecological processes that affect the raw genetic material on which natural selection acts. More formally, then, the geographic mosaic of coevolution can be viewed as a genotype by genotype by environment interaction (GxGxE) that results in the relentless evolution of interacting species.

3. Finally, there is constant remixing of the traits on which natural selection acts both locally and regionally. At any moment in time, a local population will have a unique combination of genes on which natural selection acts. These genetic differences among populations occur because each local population has a unique history of new mutations, genomic alterations (e.g., whole genome duplications), gene flow among populations from individuals arriving from other populations or going to other populations, random loss or fixation of genes at times when populations are small (random genetic drift), hybridization with other species, and other genetic and ecological processes that affect the raw genetic material on which natural selection acts. More formally, then, the geographic mosaic of coevolution can be viewed as a genotype by genotype by environment interaction (GxGxE) that results in the relentless evolution of interacting species.

3. Finally, there is constant remixing of the traits on which natural selection acts both locally and regionally. At any moment in time, a local population will have a unique combination of genes on which natural selection acts. These genetic differences among populations occur because each local population has a unique history of new mutations, genomic alterations (e.g., whole genome duplications), gene flow among populations from individuals arriving from other populations or going to other populations, random loss or fixation of genes at times when populations are small (random genetic drift), hybridization with other species, and other genetic and ecological processes that affect the raw genetic material on which natural selection acts. More formally, then, the geographic mosaic of coevolution can be viewed as a genotype by genotype by environment interaction (GxGxE) that results in the relentless evolution of interacting species.

3.最后，自然选择在局部和区域两方面作用的特征不断重新混合。在任何时候，当地的种群都会有一个独特的基因组合，自然选择对其起作用。这些种群之间的遗传差异之所以会出现，是因为每个当地种群都有新突变、基因组改变(例如全基因组复制)、来自其他种群或前往其他种群的个体的种群之间的基因流动、在种群较小时随机丢失或固定基因(随机遗传漂变)、与其他种群杂交，以及影响自然选择作用的原始遗传物质的其他遗传和生态过程。更正式地说，共同进化的地理拼图可以被看作是一种基因型与环境相互作用(GxGxE) ，这种作用导致了相互作用物种的无情进化。

3. 最后，自然选择作用在局部和区域两方面的''特征-''不断-''重新混合''。在任何时候，当地的种群都会有一个自然选择作用的独特基因组合。这些种群之间的遗传差异之所以会出现，是因为每个当地种群都有新的突变、基因组的改变（例如全基因组复制）、来自其他种群个体或个体朝向其他种群的种间基因流、在种群规模较小时随机丢失或加强的基因（随机遗传漂变）、与其他种群的杂交，以及影响自然选择之作用的原始遗传物质的其他遗传和生态过程。更正式地说，共同演化的地理镶嵌可被看作是一种基因型与环境的相互作用（GxGxE），这种作用导致了相互作用物种的无向演化。

Geographic mosaic theory has been explored through a wide range of mathematical models, studies of interacting species in nature, and laboratory experiments using microbial species and viruses.<ref name="Thompson, John N. 2005"/><ref name="Thompson, John N"/>

Geographic mosaic theory has been explored through a wide range of mathematical models, studies of interacting species in nature, and laboratory experiments using microbial species and viruses.

Geographic mosaic theory has been explored through a wide range of mathematical models, studies of interacting species in nature, and laboratory experiments using microbial species and viruses.

Geographic mosaic theory has been explored through a wide range of mathematical models, studies of interacting species in nature, and laboratory experiments using microbial species and viruses.

==Outside biology==

==Outside biology==

共同演化是一个生物学的概念，但已经类推至其他领域。

共同演化是一个生物学的概念，但已经类推至其他领域。

===In algorithms===

===在算法中===

{{See also|Evolutionary computation}}

{{See also|Evolutionary computation}}

Coevolutionary algorithms are used for generating [[artificial life]] as well as for optimization, game learning and [[machine learning]].<ref>Potter M. and K. De Jong, Evolving Complex Structures via Cooperative Coevolution, Fourth Annual Conference on Evolutionary Programming, San Diego, CA, 1995.</ref><ref>Potter M., The Design and Computational Model of Cooperative Coevolution, PhD thesis, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, 1997.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Potter|first1=Mitchell A.|last2=De Jong|first2=Kenneth A.|title=Cooperative Coevolution: An Architecture for Evolving Coadapted Subcomponents|journal=Evolutionary Computation|date=2000|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–29|doi=10.1162/106365600568086|pmid=10753229|citeseerx=10.1.1.134.2926|s2cid=10265380}}</ref><ref>Weigand P., Liles W., De Jong K., An empirical analysis of collaboration methods in cooperative coevolutionary algorithms. Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO) 2001.</ref><ref>Weigand P., An Analysis of Cooperative Coevolutionary Algorithms, PhD thesis, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, 2003.</ref> [[Daniel Hillis]] added "co-evolving parasites" to prevent an optimization procedure from becoming stuck at local maxima.<ref>{{citation |author=Hillis, W.D. |year=1990 |title=Co-evolving parasites improve simulated evolution as an optimization procedure |journal=Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena |volume=42 |issue=1–3 |pages=228–234 |doi=10.1016/0167-2789(90)90076-2|bibcode=1990PhyD...42..228H}}</ref> [[Karl Sims]] coevolved virtual creatures.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sims |first1=Karl |title=Evolved Virtual Creatures |url=http://www.karlsims.com/evolved-virtual-creatures.html|publisher=Karl Sims|access-date=17 January 2017|date=1994}}</ref>

Coevolutionary algorithms are used for generating [[artificial life]] as well as for optimization, game learning and [[machine learning]]. [[Daniel Hillis]] added "co-evolving parasites" to prevent an optimization procedure from becoming stuck at local maxima. [[Karl Sims]] coevolved virtual creatures.

Coevolutionary algorithms are used for generating artificial life as well as for optimization, game learning and machine learning.Potter M. and K. De Jong, Evolving Complex Structures via Cooperative Coevolution, Fourth Annual Conference on Evolutionary Programming, San Diego, CA, 1995.Potter M., The Design and Computational Model of Cooperative Coevolution, PhD thesis, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, 1997.Weigand P., Liles W., De Jong K., An empirical analysis of collaboration methods in cooperative coevolutionary algorithms. Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO) 2001.Weigand P., An Analysis of Cooperative Coevolutionary Algorithms, PhD thesis, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, 2003. Daniel Hillis added "co-evolving parasites" to prevent an optimization procedure from becoming stuck at local maxima. Karl Sims coevolved virtual creatures.

Coevolutionary algorithms are used for generating artificial life as well as for optimization, game learning and machine learning.Potter M. and K. De Jong, Evolving Complex Structures via Cooperative Coevolution, Fourth Annual Conference on Evolutionary Programming, San Diego, CA, 1995.Potter M., The Design and Computational Model of Cooperative Coevolution, PhD thesis, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, 1997.Weigand P., Liles W., De Jong K., An empirical analysis of collaboration methods in cooperative coevolutionary algorithms. Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO) 2001.Weigand P., An Analysis of Cooperative Coevolutionary Algorithms, PhD thesis, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, 2003. Daniel Hillis added "co-evolving parasites" to prevent an optimization procedure from becoming stuck at local maxima. Karl Sims coevolved virtual creatures.

协同进化算法已经应用于生成人工生命，以及优化，博弈学习和机器学习等方面。和 k. De Jong，通过合作共同进化进化复杂结构，第四届进化规划年会，圣地亚哥，加利福尼亚州，1995。合作共同进化的设计与计算模型，博士论文，乔治梅森大学，费尔法克斯，弗吉尼亚州，1997。合作共同进化算法中协作方法的实证分析。2001年遗传学和进化计算学会会议论文集。合作共同进化算法分析》 ，博士论文，乔治梅森大学，弗吉尼亚州费尔法克斯，2003年。Daniel Hillis 补充了“共同进化寄生虫”，以防止优化过程陷入局部极大值。卡尔 · 西姆斯共同进化了虚拟生物。

协同演化性的算法已经应用于生成人工生命；以及优化、博弈学习和机器学习等方面。<ref>Potter M. and K. De Jong, Evolving Complex Structures via Cooperative Coevolution, Fourth Annual Conference on Evolutionary Programming, San Diego, CA, 1995.</ref><ref>Potter M., The Design and Computational Model of Cooperative Coevolution, PhD thesis, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, 1997.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Potter|first1=Mitchell A.|last2=De Jong|first2=Kenneth A.|title=Cooperative Coevolution: An Architecture for Evolving Coadapted Subcomponents|journal=Evolutionary Computation|date=2000|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–29|doi=10.1162/106365600568086|pmid=10753229|citeseerx=10.1.1.134.2926|s2cid=10265380}}</ref><ref>Weigand P., Liles W., De Jong K., An empirical analysis of collaboration methods in cooperative coevolutionary algorithms. Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO) 2001.</ref><ref>Weigand P., An Analysis of Cooperative Coevolutionary Algorithms, PhD thesis, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, 2003.</ref>丹尼尔希尔斯引进“共同进化寄生虫”防止优化过程陷入局部极大值。<ref>{{citation |author=Hillis, W.D. |year=1990 |title=Co-evolving parasites improve simulated evolution as an optimization procedure |journal=Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena |volume=42 |issue=1–3 |pages=228–234 |doi=10.1016/0167-2789(90)90076-2|bibcode=1990PhyD...42..228H}}</ref>卡尔西姆斯将这一概念用至了虚拟生物上面。<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sims |first1=Karl |title=Evolved Virtual Creatures |url=http://www.karlsims.com/evolved-virtual-creatures.html|publisher=Karl Sims|access-date=17 January 2017|date=1994}}</ref>

 

===In architecture===

 

===In architecture===

 

= = = 在建筑中 = = =  

The concept of coevolution was introduced in architecture by the Danish architect-urbanist [[Henrik Valeur]] as an antithesis to "star-architecture".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://henrikvaleur.dk/biography/ |title=Henrik Valeur's biography |access-date=2015-08-29}}</ref> As the curator of the Danish Pavilion at the 2006 Venice Biennale of Architecture, he created an exhibition-project on coevolution in urban development in China; it won the Golden Lion for Best National Pavilion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dac.dk/en/dac-life/exhibitions/2006/co-evolution/about-co-evolution/ |title=About Co-evolution |publisher=Danish Architecture Centre |access-date=2015-08-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120011414/http://www.dac.dk/en/dac-life/exhibitions/2006/co-evolution/about-co-evolution/ |archive-date=2015-11-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://movingcities.org/interviews/henrik-valeur_domuschina/ |title= An interview with Henrik Valeur |publisher=Movingcities |access-date=2015-10-17 |date=2007-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Valeur |first=Henrik |title=Co-evolution: Danish/Chinese Collaboration on Sustainable Urban Development in China|publisher=Danish Architecture Centre|year= 2006|location= Copenhagen |isbn=978-87-90668-61-7 |page=12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Valeur |first=Henrik |title=India: the Urban Transition - a Case Study of Development Urbanism |publisher=Architectural Publisher B |year=2014 |isbn=978-87-92700-09-4 |title-link=India: the Urban Transition |page=22}}</ref>

The concept of coevolution was introduced in architecture by the Danish architect-urbanist [[Henrik Valeur]] as an antithesis to "star-architecture".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://henrikvaleur.dk/biography/ |title=Henrik Valeur's biography |access-date=2015-08-29}}</ref> As the curator of the Danish Pavilion at the 2006 Venice Biennale of Architecture, he created an exhibition-project on coevolution in urban development in China; it won the Golden Lion for Best National Pavilion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dac.dk/en/dac-life/exhibitions/2006/co-evolution/about-co-evolution/ |title=About Co-evolution |publisher=Danish Architecture Centre |access-date=2015-08-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120011414/http://www.dac.dk/en/dac-life/exhibitions/2006/co-evolution/about-co-evolution/ |archive-date=2015-11-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://movingcities.org/interviews/henrik-valeur_domuschina/ |title= An interview with Henrik Valeur |publisher=Movingcities |access-date=2015-10-17 |date=2007-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Valeur |first=Henrik |title=Co-evolution: Danish/Chinese Collaboration on Sustainable Urban Development in China|publisher=Danish Architecture Centre|year= 2006|location= Copenhagen |isbn=978-87-90668-61-7 |page=12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Valeur |first=Henrik |title=India: the Urban Transition - a Case Study of Development Urbanism |publisher=Architectural Publisher B |year=2014 |isbn=978-87-92700-09-4 |title-link=India: the Urban Transition |page=22}}</ref>

The concept of coevolution was introduced in architecture by the Danish architect-urbanist Henrik Valeur as an antithesis to "star-architecture". As the curator of the Danish Pavilion at the 2006 Venice Biennale of Architecture, he created an exhibition-project on coevolution in urban development in China; it won the Golden Lion for Best National Pavilion.

The concept of coevolution was introduced in architecture by the Danish architect-urbanist Henrik Valeur as an antithesis to "star-architecture". As the curator of the Danish Pavilion at the 2006 Venice Biennale of Architecture, he created an exhibition-project on coevolution in urban development in China; it won the Golden Lion for Best National Pavilion.

共同进化的概念是由丹麦建筑师兼城市规划专家亨利克 · 瓦勒尔在建筑学中引入的，作为“星级建筑”的对立面。作为2006年威尼斯建筑双年展丹麦馆的馆长，他创建了一个关于中国城市发展共同进化的展览项目，并获得了最佳国家馆的金狮奖。

共同进化的概念被丹麦建筑师兼城市规划专家亨利克 · 瓦勒尔在建筑学引入，作为“星级建筑”的对立面。作为2006年威尼斯建筑双年展丹麦馆的馆长，他创建了一个关于中国城市发展共同进化的展览项目，并获得了最佳国家馆的金狮奖。

At the School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, [[Newcastle University]], a coevolutionary approach to architecture has been defined as a design practice that engages students, volunteers and members of the local community in practical, experimental work aimed at "establishing dynamic processes of learning between users and designers."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Farmer |first=Graham |year=2017 |title=From Differentiation to Concretisation: Integrative Experiments in Sustainable Architecture |journal=Societies |volume=3 |issue=35 |page=18 |doi=10.3390/soc7040035 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

At the School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, [[Newcastle University]], a coevolutionary approach to architecture has been defined as a design practice that engages students, volunteers and members of the local community in practical, experimental work aimed at "establishing dynamic processes of learning between users and designers."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Farmer |first=Graham |year=2017 |title=From Differentiation to Concretisation: Integrative Experiments in Sustainable Architecture |journal=Societies |volume=3 |issue=35 |page=18 |doi=10.3390/soc7040035 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

At the School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, Newcastle University, a coevolutionary approach to architecture has been defined as a design practice that engages students, volunteers and members of the local community in practical, experimental work aimed at "establishing dynamic processes of learning between users and designers."

At the School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, Newcastle University, a coevolutionary approach to architecture has been defined as a design practice that engages students, volunteers and members of the local community in practical, experimental work aimed at "establishing dynamic processes of learning between users and designers."

===In cosmology and astronomy===

===在宇宙学和天文学中===

In his book ''The Self-organizing Universe'', [[Erich Jantsch]] attributed the entire evolution of the [[cosmos]] to coevolution.

In his book ''The Self-organizing Universe'', [[Erich Jantsch]] attributed the entire evolution of the [[cosmos]] to coevolution.

In his book The Self-organizing Universe, Erich Jantsch attributed the entire evolution of the cosmos to coevolution.

In his book The Self-organizing Universe, Erich Jantsch attributed the entire evolution of the cosmos to coevolution.

In [[astronomy]], an emerging theory proposes that [[black hole]]s and [[galaxy|galaxies]] develop in an interdependent way analogous to biological coevolution.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gnedin |first=Oleg Y. |display-authors=etal|title=Co-Evolution of Galactic Nuclei and Globular Cluster Systems |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=785 |issue=1 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/785/1/71 |bibcode=2014ApJ...785...71G |pages=71|arxiv=1308.0021|year=2014 |s2cid=118660328 }}</ref>

In [[astronomy]], an emerging theory proposes that [[black hole]]s and [[galaxy|galaxies]] develop in an interdependent way analogous to biological coevolution.

In astronomy, an emerging theory proposes that black holes and galaxies develop in an interdependent way analogous to biological coevolution.

In astronomy, an emerging theory proposes that black holes and galaxies develop in an interdependent way analogous to biological coevolution.

===In management and organization studies===

===在管理和组织研究中===

Since year 2000, a growing number of management and organization studies discuss coevolution and coevolutionary processes. Even so, Abatecola el al. (2020) reveals a prevailing scarcity in explaining what processes substantially characterize coevolution in these fields, meaning that specific analyses about where this perspective on socio-economic change is, and where it could move toward in the future, are still missing.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2020.119964 |title=Do organizations really co-evolve? Problematizing co-evolutionary change in management and organization studies |year=2020 |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |volume= 155 |last1=Abatecola |first1=Gianpaolo |last2=Breslin |first2=Dermot |last3=Kask |first3=Johan |page=119964 |issn=0040-1625|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Since year 2000, a growing number of management and organization studies discuss coevolution and coevolutionary processes. Even so, Abatecola el al. (2020) reveals a prevailing scarcity in explaining what processes substantially characterize coevolution in these fields, meaning that specific analyses about where this perspective on socio-economic change is, and where it could move toward in the future, are still missing.

Since year 2000, a growing number of management and organization studies discuss coevolution and coevolutionary processes. Even so, Abatecola el al. (2020) reveals a prevailing scarcity in explaining what processes substantially characterize coevolution in these fields, meaning that specific analyses about where this perspective on socio-economic change is, and where it could move toward in the future, are still missing.

Since year 2000, a growing number of management and organization studies discuss coevolution and coevolutionary processes. Even so, Abatecola el al. (2020) reveals a prevailing scarcity in explaining what processes substantially characterize coevolution in these fields, meaning that specific analyses about where this perspective on socio-economic change is, and where it could move toward in the future, are still missing.

===In sociology===

===在社会学中===

In ''Development Betrayed: The End of Progress and A Coevolutionary Revisioning of the Future'' (1994)<ref>{{cite book |last=Norgaard |first=Richard B. |title=Development Betrayed: The End of Progress and a Coevolutionary Revisioning of the Future |year=1994 |publisher=Routledge}}</ref> [[Richard Norgaard]] proposes a coevolutionary cosmology to explain how social and environmental systems influence and reshape each other.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Glasser |first1=Harold |year=1996 |title=Development Betrayed: The End of Progress and A Coevolutionary Revisioning of the Future by Richard B. Norgaard |journal=Environmental Values |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=267–270|jstor=30301478 }}</ref> In ''Coevolutionary Economics: The Economy, Society and the Environment'' (1994) John Gowdy suggests that: "The economy, society, and the environment are linked together in a coevolutionary relationship".<ref>{{cite book |last=Gowdy |first=John |title=Coevolutionary Economics: The Economy, Society and the Environment |year=1994 |publisher=Springer |pages=1–2}}</ref>

In ''Development Betrayed: The End of Progress and A Coevolutionary Revisioning of the Future'' (1994) [[Richard Norgaard]] proposes a coevolutionary cosmology to explain how social and environmental systems influence and reshape each other. In ''Coevolutionary Economics: The Economy, Society and the Environment'' (1994) John Gowdy suggests that: "The economy, society, and the environment are linked together in a coevolutionary relationship".

In Development Betrayed: The End of Progress and A Coevolutionary Revisioning of the Future (1994) Richard Norgaard proposes a coevolutionary cosmology to explain how social and environmental systems influence and reshape each other. In Coevolutionary Economics: The Economy, Society and the Environment (1994) John Gowdy suggests that: "The economy, society, and the environment are linked together in a coevolutionary relationship".

In Development Betrayed: The End of Progress and A Coevolutionary Revisioning of the Future (1994) Richard Norgaard proposes a coevolutionary cosmology to explain how social and environmental systems influence and reshape each other. In Coevolutionary Economics: The Economy, Society and the Environment (1994) John Gowdy suggests that: "The economy, society, and the environment are linked together in a coevolutionary relationship".

发展背叛: 进步的终结和未来的共同进化修正(1994)理查德 · 诺尔加尔提出了一个共同进化的宇宙学来解释社会和环境系统是如何相互影响和重塑的。在《共同进化经济学: 经济、社会和环境》(1994)中，约翰 · 高迪认为: “经济、社会和环境在共同进化的关系中联系在一起。”。

在''发展的背叛：进步的终结和未来的共同演化修正''（1994）<ref>{{cite book |last=Norgaard |first=Richard B. |title=Development Betrayed: The End of Progress and a Coevolutionary Revisioning of the Future |year=1994 |publisher=Routledge}}</ref>中，理查德·诺尔加尔提出了一个共同演化的宇宙学来解释社会和环境系统是如何相互影响和重塑的。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Glasser |first1=Harold |year=1996 |title=Development Betrayed: The End of Progress and A Coevolutionary Revisioning of the Future by Richard B. Norgaard |journal=Environmental Values |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=267–270|jstor=30301478 }}</ref>在''共同演化经济学：经济、社会和环境''（1994）中，约翰 · 高迪认为: “经济、社会和环境在共同进化的关系中联系在一起。”。<ref>{{cite book |last=Gowdy |first=John |title=Coevolutionary Economics: The Economy, Society and the Environment |year=1994 |publisher=Springer |pages=1–2}}</ref>

===In technology===

===在科技中===

{{Further|Software ecosystem}}

{{Further|Software ecosystem}}

Computer software and hardware can be considered as two separate components but tied intrinsically by coevolution. Similarly, operating systems and computer applications, web browsers, and web applications.

Computer software and hardware can be considered as two separate components but tied intrinsically by coevolution. Similarly, operating systems and computer applications, web browsers, and web applications.

All of these systems depend upon each other and advance step by step through a kind of evolutionary process. Changes in hardware, an operating system or web browser may introduce new features that are then incorporated into the corresponding applications running alongside.<ref>Theo D'Hondt, Kris De Volder, Kim Mens and Roel Wuyts, Co-Evolution of Object-Oriented Software Design and Implementation, TheKluwer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science, 2002, Volume 648, Part 2, 207–224 {{doi|10.1007/978-1-4615-0883-0_7}}</ref> The idea is closely related to the concept of "joint optimization" in [[sociotechnical system]]s analysis and design, where a system is understood to consist of both a "technical system" encompassing the tools and hardware used for production and maintenance, and a "social system" of relationships and procedures through which the technology is tied into the goals of the system and all the other human and organizational relationships within and outside the system. Such systems work best when the technical and social systems are deliberately developed together.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cherns |first1=A. |year=1976 |title=The principles of sociotechnical design |journal=Human Relations |volume=29 |issue=8 |page=8 |doi=10.1177/001872677602900806|doi-access=free }}</ref>

All of these systems depend upon each other and advance step by step through a kind of evolutionary process. Changes in hardware, an operating system or web browser may introduce new features that are then incorporated into the corresponding applications running alongside. The idea is closely related to the concept of "joint optimization" in [[sociotechnical system]]s analysis and design, where a system is understood to consist of both a "technical system" encompassing the tools and hardware used for production and maintenance, and a "social system" of relationships and procedures through which the technology is tied into the goals of the system and all the other human and organizational relationships within and outside the system. Such systems work best when the technical and social systems are deliberately developed together.

All of these systems depend upon each other and advance step by step through a kind of evolutionary process. Changes in hardware, an operating system or web browser may introduce new features that are then incorporated into the corresponding applications running alongside.Theo D'Hondt, Kris De Volder, Kim Mens and Roel Wuyts, Co-Evolution of Object-Oriented Software Design and Implementation, TheKluwer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science, 2002, Volume 648, Part 2, 207–224  The idea is closely related to the concept of "joint optimization" in sociotechnical systems analysis and design, where a system is understood to consist of both a "technical system" encompassing the tools and hardware used for production and maintenance, and a "social system" of relationships and procedures through which the technology is tied into the goals of the system and all the other human and organizational relationships within and outside the system. Such systems work best when the technical and social systems are deliberately developed together.

All of these systems depend upon each other and advance step by step through a kind of evolutionary process. Changes in hardware, an operating system or web browser may introduce new features that are then incorporated into the corresponding applications running alongside.Theo D'Hondt, Kris De Volder, Kim Mens and Roel Wuyts, Co-Evolution of Object-Oriented Software Design and Implementation, TheKluwer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science, 2002, Volume 648, Part 2, 207–224  The idea is closely related to the concept of "joint optimization" in sociotechnical systems analysis and design, where a system is understood to consist of both a "technical system" encompassing the tools and hardware used for production and maintenance, and a "social system" of relationships and procedures through which the technology is tied into the goals of the system and all the other human and organizational relationships within and outside the system. Such systems work best when the technical and social systems are deliberately developed together.

所有这些系统都相互依存，通过一种进化过程一步一步地前进。硬件、操作系统或网页浏览器的改变可能会引入新的功能，然后将这些功能合并到相应的应用程序中。Theo d’hondt，Kris De volker，Kim Mens and Roel Wuyts，Co-Evolution of Object-Oriented Software Design and Implementation，kluwer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science，2002，Volume 648，Part 2,207-224这个想法与社会技术系统分析和设计中的“联合优化”概念密切相关，在这个概念中，一个系统被理解为既包括用于生产和维护的工具和硬件的“技术系统”，也包括一个关系和程序的“社会系统”，通过这个系统，技术与系统的目标以及系统内外的所有其他人和组织关系联系在一起。当技术系统和社会系统有意识地结合在一起时，这种系统工作得最好。

所有这些系统相互依存，通过一种演进过程一步一步前进。硬件、操作系统或网页浏览器的改变可能会引入新的功能，然后将这些功能合并到相应的应用程序中。<ref>Theo D'Hondt, Kris De Volder, Kim Mens and Roel Wuyts, Co-Evolution of Object-Oriented Software Design and Implementation, TheKluwer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science, 2002, Volume 648, Part 2, 207–224 {{doi|10.1007/978-1-4615-0883-0_7}}</ref>这个想法与社会技术系统分析和设计中的“联合优化”概念密切相关，在这个概念中，一个系统被理解为既包括用于生产和维护的工具和硬件的“技术系统”，也包括一个关系和程序的“社会系统”，通过这个系统，系统的目标以及系统内外的所有其他人和组织关系同技术联系在一起；当技术系统和社会系统被有意地共同发展时，这种系统工作得最好。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cherns |first1=A. |year=1976 |title=The principles of sociotechnical design |journal=Human Relations |volume=29 |issue=8 |page=8 |doi=10.1177/001872677602900806|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==See also==

==See also==

*Genomics of domestication

*Genomics of domestication

= = 也 = =  

= 也可以看看 =  

* Bak-Sneppen 模型

* Bak-Sneppen模型

* 共同灭绝  

* 共同灭绝  

* 生态适应  

* 生态适应  

* 驯化的基因组学

* 驯化的基因组学

==Notes==

==注记==

{{Notelist}}

{{Notelist}}