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第2行： − [[File:Flightless Dung Beetle Circellium Bachuss, Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa.JPG|thumb|The [[flightless dung beetle]] occupies an ecological niche: exploiting animal droppings as a food source.|链接=Special:FilePath/Flightless_Dung_Beetle_Circellium_Bachuss,_Addo_Elephant_National_Park,_South_Africa.JPG]] − In [[ecology]], a '''niche''' is the match of a species to a specific environmental condition.<ref name="Pocheville2015">{{cite book | last1= Pocheville | first1= Arnaud | year= 2015 | chapter= The Ecological Niche: History and Recent Controversies | chapter-url= https://www.academia.edu/6188833 | editor1-last= Heams | editor1-first= Thomas | editor2-last= Huneman − | editor2-first= Philippe | editor3-last= Lecointre | editor3-first= Guillaume |display-editors = 3 | editor4-last= Silberstein | editor4-first= Marc − | title= Handbook of Evolutionary Thinking in the Sciences | location= Dordrecht | publisher= Springer | publication-date= 2015 | pages= 547–586 | isbn= 978-94-017-9014-7}} − </ref><ref name="Levin"> − Three variants of ecological niche are described by {{cite book |author=Thomas W. Schoener |chapter=§I.1 Ecological niche |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4MS-vfT89QMC&pg=PA3 |pages=3 ''ff'' |title=The Princeton Guide to Ecology |editor1=Simon A. Levin |editor2=Stephen R. Carpenter |editor3=H. Charles J. Godfray |editor4=Ann P. Kinzig |editor5=Michel Loreau |editor6=Jonathan B. Losos |editor7=Brian Walker |editor8=David S. Wilcove |isbn=9781400833023 |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2009}} − </ref> It describes how an organism or population responds to the distribution of [[Resource (biology)|resources]] and competitors (for example, by growing when resources are abundant, and when [[predator]]s, [[parasite]]s and [[pathogen]]s are scarce) and how it in turn alters those same factors (for example, limiting access to resources by other organisms, acting as a food source for predators and a consumer of prey). "The type and number of variables comprising the dimensions of an environmental niche vary from one species to another [and] the relative importance of particular environmental variables for a species may vary according to the geographic and biotic contexts".<ref name="Peterson"> − {{cite book |title=Ecological Niches and Geographic Distributions (MPB-49) |isbn=9780691136882 |year=2011 |publisher=Princeton University Press |chapter=Species-environment relationships |page= 82 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_h9FlvgM6wC&pg=PA82 |author1=A Townsend Peterson |author2=Jorge Soberôn |author3=RG Pearson |author4=Roger P Anderson |author5=Enrique Martínez-Meyer |author6=Miguel Nakamura |author7=Miguel Bastos Araújo }} See also Chapter 2: Concepts of niches, pp. 7 ''ff'' − </ref> − Three variants of ecological niche are described by See also Chapter 2: Concepts of niches, pp. 7 ff + − 在生态学中，生态位是一个物种与特定环境条件的匹配。它描述了生物体或种群如何对资源和竞争对手的分布做出反应(例如，在资源丰富同时捕食者、寄生虫、病原体稀少的时候生长) ，以及它如何反过来改变这些相同的因素(例如，限制其他生物获取资源，充当捕食者的食物来源和猎物的消费者)。”构成环境生态位尺度的变量的类型和数量因物种而异，[而]特定环境变量对某一物种的相对重要性可能因地理和生物环境而异”。+ + + + + − 生态位的三种变体另见第二章: 生态位的概念，第7页及其后。 − A Grinnellian niche is determined by the [[habitat]] in which a species lives and its accompanying [[Behavioral ecology|behavioral adaptations]]. An Eltonian niche emphasizes that a species not only grows in and responds to an environment, it may also change the environment and its behavior as it grows. The Hutchinsonian niche uses mathematics and statistics to try to explain how species coexist within a given community.+ − 格林尼利亚生态位是由物种生活的栖息地及其伴随的行为适应决定的。埃尔顿生态位强调物种不仅在环境中生长并对环境作出反应，而且在生长过程中还可能改变环境及其行为。哈钦森生态位使用数学和统计学试图解释物种如何在一个给定的群落中共存。 − The concept of ecological niche is central to ecological [[biogeography]], which focuses on spatial patterns of ecological communities.<ref name="Biogeography">{{cite book |author1=Mark V Lomolino |author2=Brett R Riddle |author3=James H Brown |title=Biogeography |publisher=Sinauer Associates |location=Sunderland, Mass |year=2009 |edition=3rd |isbn=978-0878934867 |quote=The geographic range of a species can be viewed as a spatial reflection of its niche |page=[https://archive.org/details/biogeography0000lomo/page/73 73] |chapter=The geographic range as a reflection of the niche |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/biogeography0000lomo/page/73 }} [https://www.amazon.com/Biogeography-Third-Mark-V-Lomolino/dp/0878934863/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1400001561&sr=1-1#reader_0878934863 Viewable on line] via Amazon's 'look-inside' feature.+ − + − + − 生态位的概念是生态生物地理学的核心，它关注生态群落的空间格局。“物种的分布及其随时间变化的动态是由物种的特性、环境变化所决定的... ... 以及两者之间的相互作用——特别是某些物种，尤其是我们自己，具有改变其环境和改变许多其他物种的活动范围。”居民对生态位的改造是生态位建设的主题。 − The majority of species exist in a standard ecological niche, sharing behaviors, adaptations, and [[Functional group (ecology)|functional traits]] similar to the other closely related species within the same broad [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] class, but there are exceptions. A premier example of a non-standard niche filling species is the flightless, ground-dwelling [[Kiwi (bird)|kiwi]] bird of New Zealand, which feeds on worms and other ground creatures, and lives its life in a mammal-like niche. [[Island biogeography]] can help explain island species and associated unfilled niches.+ + + + + − 大多数物种存在于一个标准的生态位中，共享行为、适应和功能特征，类似于同一广泛分类类别中其他密切相关的物种，但也有例外。非标准生态位填补物种的一个典型例子是新西兰的不会飞的几维鸟，它以蠕虫和其他陆栖生物为食，在类似哺乳动物的生态位中生活。岛屿生物地理学可以帮助解释岛屿物种和相关的未填补的生态位。 − ==Grinnellian niche==+ − The ecological meaning of niche comes from the meaning of niche as a recess in a wall for a statue,<ref name="oxford">{{cite web|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/126748|title=Niche|work=Oxford English Dictionary {{Subscription required}}|access-date=8 June 2013}}</ref> which itself is probably derived from the [[Middle French]] word ''nicher'', meaning ''to nest''.<ref name="webster">{{cite encyclopedia | title=Niche | encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster Dictionary | publisher=Merriam-Webster | access-date=30 October 2014 | url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/niche}}</ref><ref name="oxford"/> − The term was coined by the naturalist [[Roswell Hill Johnson]]<ref name="Johnson1910"> − {{cite book |last= Johnson |first= Roswell |date= 1910 |title= Determinate evolution in the color-pattern of the lady-beetles |url=https://archive.org/details/determinateevol00johngoog|location= Washington |publisher= Carnegie Institution of Washington|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.30902 }}</ref> − but [[Joseph Grinnell]] was probably the first to use it in a research program in 1917, in his paper "The niche relationships of the California Thrasher".<ref name=Grinnell1917>{{cite journal |author = Joseph Grinnell |year = 1917 |title = The niche-relationships of the California Thrasher |journal = The Auk |volume = 34 |issue = 4 |pages = 427–433 |url = http://artifex.org/~ecoreaders/lit/Grinnell1917.pdf |doi = 10.2307/4072271 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160310144027/http://artifex.org/~ecoreaders/lit/Grinnell1917.pdf |archive-date = 2016-03-10 |jstor = 4072271 }}</ref><ref name=Pocheville2015 /> − 生态学意义上的生态位来源于壁龛的意义，壁龛是墙壁凹槽的意思，它本身可能来源于中世纪法语单词 nicher，意思是巢穴。这个术语是博物学家罗斯维尔 · 希尔 · 约翰逊创造的，但约瑟夫 · 格林内尔可能是第一个在1917年的一个研究项目中使用这个术语的人，即在他的论文《加利福尼亚恐龙的生态位关系》中提到。+ − The Grinnellian niche concept embodies the idea that the niche of a species is determined by the [[habitat]] in which it lives and its accompanying [[Behavioral ecology|behavioral adaptations]]. In other words, the niche is the sum of the habitat requirements and behaviors that allow a species to persist and produce offspring. For example, the behavior of the [[California thrasher]] is consistent with the [[chaparral]] habitat it lives in—it breeds and feeds in the underbrush and escapes from its predators by shuffling from underbrush to underbrush. Its 'niche' is defined by the felicitous complementing of the thrasher's behavior and physical traits (camouflaging color, short wings, strong legs) with this habitat.<ref name=Grinnell1917/> − 格林尼利亚生态位概念体现了这样一种观点，即一个物种的生态位是由其生活的栖息地及其伴随的行为适应决定的。换句话说，生态位是一个物种赖以生存和繁衍后代的栖息地需求和行为的总和。例如，加利福尼亚短尾叶蝉的行为与其生活的灌木丛栖息地一致ーー它在灌木丛中繁殖和进食，并通过从灌木丛到灌木丛的慢慢移动来逃避捕食者。它的“生态位”被定义为对恐龙行为和身体特征(伪装色、短翅膀、强壮的腿)与栖息地的恰当补充。+ − [[File:Ifugao - 2.jpg|left|thumb|The Grinnellian niche can be described as the "needs" niche, or an area that meets the environmental requirements for an organism's survival. Most succulents are native in dry, arid regions like deserts and require large quantities of sun exposure.|链接=Special:FilePath/Ifugao_-_2.jpg]] − The Grinnellian niche can be described as the "needs" niche, or an area that meets the environmental requirements for an organism's survival. Most succulents are native in dry, arid regions like deserts and require large quantities of sun exposure.Grinnellian niches can be defined by non-interactive (abiotic) variables and environmental conditions on broad scales.<ref name=":1" /> Variables of interest in this niche class include average temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, and terrain aspect which have become increasingly accessible across spatial scales. Most literature has focused on Ginnellian niche constructs, often from a climatic perspective, to explain distribution and abundance. Current predictions on species responses to climate change strongly rely on projecting altered environmental conditions on species distributions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Van der Putten|first1=Wim H.|last2=Macel|first2=Mirka|last3=Visser|first3=Marcel E.|date=2010-07-12|title=Predicting species distribution and abundance responses to climate change: why it is essential to include biotic interactions across trophic levels|url= |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=365|issue=1549|pages=2025–2034|doi=10.1098/rstb.2010.0037|pmc=2880132|pmid=20513711}}</ref> However, it is increasingly acknowledged that climate change also influences species interactions and an Eltonian perspective may be advantageous in explaining these processes. − 格林尼利亚生态位可以被描述为“需要”生态位，或者说是一个满足有机体生存环境要求的地区。大多数肉质植物原产于干燥、干旱的地区，如沙漠，需要大量的阳光照射。格林尼利安生态位可以通过非交互(非生物)变量和大尺度的环境条件来定义。在这个生态位类别中感兴趣的变量包括平均温度、降水量、太阳辐射和地形方面，这些变量在空间尺度上已经变得越来越容易获得。大多数文献都集中在格林尼利安的生态位构造，往往从气候的角度，以解释分布和丰度。目前关于物种对气候变化反应的预测主要依赖于对物种分布变化的预测环境条件。然而，人们越来越认识到，气候变化也影响物种间的相互作用，从埃尔顿学说的角度来解释这些过程可能是有利的。 − This perspective of niche allows for the existence of both ecological equivalents and empty niches. An ecological equivalent to an organism is an organism from a different taxonomic group exhibiting similar adaptations in a similar habitat, an example being the different [[Succulent plant|succulents]] found in American and African deserts, [[cactus]] and [[euphorbia]], respectively.<ref name="Huggett">+ − + − − 这种生态位视角考虑到了生态等价物和空生态位的存在。生态学上相当于有机体的是来自不同分类群的有机体，它们在相似的生境中表现出相似的适应性，例如分别在美洲和非洲的沙漠、仙人掌和大戟中发现的不同的肉质植物。作为另一个例子，大安的列斯群岛的变色蜥蜴是一个罕见的例子，趋同演化、辐射适应和生态等价物的存在: 变色蜥蜴在相似的微生境中独立进化，在所有4个岛屿上形成了相同的生态群落。 − + − In 1927 [[Charles Sutherland Elton]], a [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] [[ecologist]], defined a niche as follows: "The 'niche' of an animal means its place in the biotic environment, ''its relations to food and enemies''."<ref name="Elton2001">+ 第70行：
第55行： − 1927年，一位英国生态学家对查尔斯·艾尔顿的定义如下: “动物的‘ 生态位’意味着它在生物环境中的位置，它与食物和敌人的关系。”+ − + − − − Elton 根据觅食活动(“食物习惯”)对生态位进行了分类: “ Elton 专注于一个物种的龛位，因为它在食物链中的功能作用及其对环境的影响。”[[File:Scheelhecke, Landwehrgraben, Biberdämme 2020.JPG|left|thumb|235x235px|Beaver dam in Hesse, Germany. By exploiting the resource of available wood, beavers are affecting biotic conditions for other species that live within their habitat.|链接=Special:FilePath/Scheelhecke,_Landwehrgraben,_Biberdämme_2020.JPG]]+ − left|thumb|235x235px|Beaver dam in Hesse, Germany. By exploiting the resource of available wood, beavers are affecting biotic conditions for other species that live within their habitat. − Conceptually, the Eltonian niche introduces the idea of a species' response to and effect on the environment. Unlike other niche concepts, it emphasizes that a species not only grows in and responds to an environment based on available resources, predators, and climatic conditions, but also changes the availability and behavior of those factors as it grows. In an extreme example, beavers require certain resources in order to survive and reproduce, but also construct dams that alter water flow in the river where the beaver lives. Thus, the beaver affects the biotic and abiotic conditions of other species that live in and near the watershed. In a more subtle case, competitors that consume resources at different rates can lead to cycles in resource density that differ between species. Not only do species grow differently with respect to resource density, but their own population growth can affect resource density over time. − 左 | 拇指 | 235x235px | Hesse 的比弗大坝。通过开发可利用的木材资源，海狸正在影响生活在其栖息地内的其他物种的生物条件。从概念上讲，埃尔顿生态位引入了一个物种对环境的反应和对环境的影响的概念。与其他生态位概念不同的是，它强调一个物种不仅生长在基于可用资源、捕食者和气候条件的环境中并对其作出反应，而且在生长过程中改变这些因素的可用性和行为。在一个极端的例子中，海狸需要一定的资源来生存和繁殖，但也建造水坝，改变水流在河里的河狸生活。因此，河狸影响生活在分水岭及其附近的其他物种的生物和非生物条件。在更微妙的情况下，竞争对手以不同的速度消耗资源可能导致不同物种之间资源密度不同的循环。物种不仅在资源密度方面有不同的增长，而且它们自身的种群增长会随着时间的推移影响资源密度。+ − Eltonian niches focus on biotic interactions and [[Consumer–resource interactions|consumer–resource dynamics]] (biotic variables) on local scales.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Soberón|first=Jorge|date=2007|title=Grinnellian and Eltonian niches and geographic distributions of species|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01107.x|journal=Ecology Letters|language=en|volume=10|issue=12|pages=1115–1123|doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01107.x|pmid=17850335|issn=1461-0248}}</ref> Because of the narrow extent of focus, data sets characterizing Eltonian niches typically are in the form of detailed [[Field research|field studies]] of specific individual phenomena, as the dynamics of this class of niche are difficult to measure at a broad geographic scale. However, the Eltonian niche may be useful in the explanation of a species' endurance of global change.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=oldenlab|date=2015-12-19|title=Niche conservatism: which niche matters most?|url=https://depts.washington.edu/oldenlab/niche-conservatism-which-niche-matters-most/|access-date=2021-02-20|website=Olden Research Lab|language=en-US}}</ref> Because adjustments in biotic interactions inevitably change abiotic factors, Eltonian niches can be useful in describing the overall response of a species to new environments. − + − ==Hutchinsonian niche==<!-- Hutchinsonian niche redirects here--> − [[File:Purple-throated carib hummingbird feeding.jpg|thumb|The shape of the [[beak|bill]] of this [[purple-throated carib]] is complementary to the shape of the flower and [[coevolution|coevolved]] with it, enabling it to exploit the nectar as a resource.|链接=Special:FilePath/Purple-throated_carib_hummingbird_feeding.jpg]] − The Hutchinsonian niche is an "[[N-dimensional space|n-dimensional]] hypervolume", where the dimensions are environmental conditions and [[Resource (biology)|resources]], that define the requirements of an individual or a species to practice its way of life, more particularly, for its population to persist.<ref name=Levin/> The "hypervolume" defines the multi-dimensional space of resources (e.g., light, nutrients, structure, etc.) available to (and specifically used by) organisms, and "all species other than those under consideration are regarded as part of the coordinate system."<ref name=Hutchinson1957>{{cite journal | author = Hutchinson, G.E. | year = 1957 | title = Concluding remarks | journal = Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 415–427 | url = http://artifex.org/~ecoreaders/lit/Hutchinson1957.pdf | access-date = 2007-07-24 | doi = 10.1101/sqb.1957.022.01.039 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070926153803/http://artifex.org/~ecoreaders/lit/Hutchinson1957.pdf | archive-date = 2007-09-26 | url-status = dead }}</ref>+ + − 哈钦森生态位是一个”n 维超体积”，其中的维度是环境条件和资源，这些条件和资源决定了个人或物种实践其生活方式的要求，特别是其种群的持续生存。“超体积”定义了资源的多维空间(例如，光、养分、结构等)以及”除考虑中的物种外，所有其他物种均视为坐标系的一部分。”+ − The niche concept was popularized by the zoologist [[G. Evelyn Hutchinson]] in 1957.<ref name=Hutchinson1957/> Hutchinson inquired into the question of why there are so many types of organisms in any one habitat. His work inspired many others to develop models to explain how many and how similar coexisting species could be within a given community, and led to the concepts of [[Realized niche width#Niche width vs. realized niche width|'niche breadth']] (the variety of resources or habitats used by a given species), [[Niche differentiation|'niche partitioning']] (resource differentiation by coexisting species), and 'niche overlap' (overlap of resource use by different species).<ref name="Chase2">{{cite book |author1=Jonathan M. Chase |author2=Mathew A. Leibold |title=Ecological Niches: Linking Classical and Contemporary Approaches |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ssmcl_ubQUQC&pg=PA11 |page=11 |isbn=9780226101804 |year=2003 |publisher=University of Chicago Press}}</ref> − 生态位的概念在1957年被动物学家乔治·伊夫林·哈钦森普及。哈钦森探究了为什么在任何一个栖息地都有这么多种生物的问题。他的工作启发了其他许多人开发模型来解释在一个给定的群落中有多少以及如何共存相似的物种，并导致了“生态位宽度”(给定物种使用的资源或生境的多样性)、“生态位划分”(共存物种的资源分化)和“生态位重叠”(不同物种使用的资源重叠)的概念。+ − + − thumb|Where three species eat some of the same prey, a statistical picture of each niche shows overlap in resource usage between three species, indicating where competition is strongest.+ − 拇指 | 当三个物种吃掉一些同样的猎物时，每个生态位的统计图显示三个物种在资源使用上的重叠，这表明哪里的竞争最强。+ − Statistics were introduced into the Hutchinson niche by [[Robert MacArthur]] and [[Richard Levins]] using the 'resource-utilization' niche employing histograms to describe the 'frequency of occurrence' as a function of a Hutchinson coordinate.<ref name=Levin/><ref name=MacArthur>{{cite journal |author=Robert H. MacArthur |title=Population ecology of some warblers of northeastern coniferous forests |journal=Ecology |volume=39 |issue=4 |year=1958 |pages=599–619 |url=http://people.biology.ufl.edu/troutinthemilk/IGERT/MacArthur_1958.pdf |doi=10.2307/1931600 |jstor=1931600 |access-date=2014-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519002134/http://people.biology.ufl.edu/troutinthemilk/IGERT/MacArthur_1958.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> So, for instance, a [[Normal distribution|Gaussian]] might describe the frequency with which a species ate prey of a certain size, giving a more detailed niche description than simply specifying some median or average prey size. For such a bell-shaped distribution, the ''position'', ''width'' and ''form'' of the niche correspond to the ''mean'', ''standard deviation'' and the actual distribution itself.<ref name="Putnam">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NCpkrNG6xFkC&pg=PA107 |page=[https://archive.org/details/principlesofecol00putm/page/107 107] |author1=Rory Putman |author2=Stephen D. Wratten |title=Principles of ecology |chapter=§5.2 Parameters of the niche |isbn=9780520052543 |year=1984 |publisher=University of California Press |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofecol00putm/page/107 }}</ref> One advantage in using statistics is illustrated in the figure, where it is clear that for the narrower distributions (top) there is no competition for prey between the extreme left and extreme right species, while for the broader distribution (bottom), niche overlap indicates competition can occur between all species. The resource-utilization approach consists in postulating that not only competition ''can'' occur, but also that it ''does'' occur, and that overlap in resource utilization directly enables the estimation of the competition coefficients.<ref name="Schoener1986">{{cite book |last1=Schoener |first1=Thomas W. |date=1986 |chapter=The Ecological Niche |editor1-last=Cherret |editor1-first=J. M. |title=Ecological concepts: the contribution of ecology to an understanding of the natural world |location=Cambridge |publisher=Blackwell Scientific Publications}}</ref> This postulate, however, can be misguided, as it ignores the impacts that the resources of each category have on the organism and the impacts that the organism has on the resources of each category. For instance, the resource in the overlap region can be non-limiting, in which case there is no competition for this resource despite niche overlap.<ref name=Pocheville2015/><ref name=Chase2/><ref name=Schoener1986/> − 统计学是由罗伯特·麦克阿瑟和 Richard Levins 引入到 Hutchinson 生态位中的，他们使用直方图来描述出现的频率作为 Hutchinson 坐标的函数。所以，比如说，高斯分布可能描述了一个物种捕食一定大小猎物的频率，给出了更详细的生态位描述，而不是简单地指定一些中位数或平均猎物大小。对于这样的钟形分布，位置，宽度和形式的生态位对应的平均值，标准差和实际分布本身。使用统计数据的一个优点在图中得到说明，很明显，在较窄的分布范围(顶部)中，极左和极右物种之间不存在对猎物的竞争，而在较宽的分布范围(底部)中，生态位重叠表明所有物种之间都存在竞争。资源利用方法假定不仅可以发生竞争，而且竞争确实发生，资源利用的重叠直接使竞争系数的估计成为可能。然而，这种假设可能是错误的，因为它忽略了每个类别的资源对生物体的影响，以及生物体对每个类别的资源的影响。例如，重叠区域中的资源可以是非限制性的，在这种情况下，尽管存在利基重叠，但对该资源不存在竞争。+ − [[File:Mistletoe infested tree.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|As a hemi-[[parasitic plant]], the [[mistletoe]] in this tree exploits its host for nutrients and as a place to grow.|链接=Special:FilePath/Mistletoe_infested_tree.jpg]] − An organism free of interference from other species could use the full range of conditions (biotic and abiotic) and resources in which it could survive and reproduce which is called its '''fundamental niche'''.<ref name="Griesemer">{{cite book |title=Keywords in Evolutionary Biology |author=James R. Griesemer |page=[https://archive.org/details/keywordsinevolut00harv/page/239 239] |editor=Evelyn Fox Keller |editor2=Elisabeth A. Lloyd |chapter=Niche: Historical perspectives |isbn=9780674503137 |year=1994 |publisher=Harvard University Press |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hvm7sCuyRV4C&pg=PA239 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/keywordsinevolut00harv/page/239 }}</ref> However, as a result of pressure from, and interactions with, other organisms (i.e. inter-specific competition) species are usually forced to occupy a niche that is narrower than this, and to which they are mostly highly [[adaptation|adapted]]; this is termed the [[Realized niche width|'''realized niche''']].<ref name=Griesemer/> Hutchinson used the idea of competition for resources as the primary mechanism driving ecology, but overemphasis upon this focus has proved to be a handicap for the niche concept.<ref name=Chase2/> In particular, overemphasis upon a species' dependence upon resources has led to too little emphasis upon the effects of organisms on their environment, for instance, colonization and invasions.<ref name=Chase2/>+ − 一个不受其他物种干扰的生物体可以利用其生存和繁殖所需的全部条件(生物和非生物)和资源，这就是所谓的基本生态位。然而，由于来自其他生物的压力，以及与其他生物的相互作用(即。种间竞争)物种通常被迫占据比这更窄的生态位，而且它们大多高度适应这个生态位，这被称为已实现的生态位。哈钦森把资源竞争作为驱动生态学的主要机制，但是过分强调这一点已经证明是利基概念的障碍。特别是，过分强调一个物种对资源的依赖，导致对生物体对其环境的影响重视不够，例如，殖民和入侵。 − − The term "adaptive zone" was coined by the paleontologist [[George Gaylord Simpson]] to explain how a population could jump from one niche to another that suited it, jump to an 'adaptive zone', made available by virtue of some modification, or possibly a change in the [[food chain]], that made the adaptive zone available to it without a discontinuity in its way of life because the group was 'pre-adapted' to the new ecological opportunity.<ref name="Schluter">{{cite book |title=The Ecology of Adaptive Radiation |chapter=§4.2: The ecological theory |author=Dolph Schluter |page=69 |isbn=9780191588327 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year= 2000 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1wxNmLAL10C&pg=PA69}}</ref> − − 这个词是由古生物学家乔治·盖洛德·辛普森创造的，用来解释一个种群如何从一个适合它的位置跳到另一个适合它的位置，跳到一个适合它的位置，通过一些修改，或者可能是食物链的一个变化，使得适应区域对它来说是可利用的，而且它的生活方式没有中断，因为这个种群是‘预先适应’这个新的生态机会。 − − Hutchinson's "niche" (a description of the ecological space occupied by a species) is subtly different from the "niche" as defined by Grinnell (an ecological role, that may or may not be actually filled by a species—see [[vacant niches]]). − A niche is a very specific segment of ecospace occupied by a single species. On the presumption that no two species are identical in all respects (called Hardin's 'axiom of inequality'<ref name =Hardin>{{cite journal |author=Garrett Hardin |title=The competitive exclusion principle |journal =Science |volume=131 |pages=1292–1297 |issue=3409 |year=1960 |url=http://www.esf.edu/efb/schulz/seminars/hardin.pdf|doi=10.1126/science.131.3409.1292 |pmid=14399717|bibcode=1960Sci...131.1292H }}</ref>) and the [[competitive exclusion principle]], ''some'' resource or adaptive dimension will provide a niche specific to each species.<ref name=Griesemer/> Species can however share a 'mode of life' or 'autecological strategy' which are broader definitions of ecospace.<ref name="SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates">{{cite journal | author=Sahney, S., Benton, M.J. and Ferry, P.A. | year=2010 | title=Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land | journal=Biology Letters | doi=10.1098/rsbl.2009.1024 | volume=6 | pages=544–547 | pmc=2936204 | issue=4 | pmid=20106856 }}</ref> For example, Australian grasslands species, though different from those of the [[Great Plains]] grasslands, exhibit similar modes of life.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20041010205937/http://collections.ic.gc.ca/abnature/glossary.htm Glossary for the Nature of Alberta]</ref> − − Glossary for the Nature of Alberta − − 生态位是生态空间中一个物种所占据的一个非常特殊的部分。假设没有两个物种在所有方面是相同的(称为哈丁的不平等公理)和竞争排除原则，一些资源或适应维度将提供一个特定于每个物种的生态位。然而，物种可以共享一种“生活方式”或“生态学策略”，这是生态空间的更广泛定义。例如，澳大利亚的草原物种，虽然不同于大平原的草原物种，但表现出相似的生活方式。 − 艾伯塔省性质词汇+ − Once a niche is left vacant, other organisms can fill that position. For example, the niche that was left vacant by the extinction of the [[Equus ferus ferus|tarpan]] has been filled by other animals (in particular a small horse breed, the [[konik]]). Also, when plants and animals are introduced into a new environment, they have the potential to occupy or invade the niche or niches of native organisms, often outcompeting the indigenous species. Introduction of [[non-indigenous species]] to non-native [[habitat]]s by humans often results in biological pollution by the exotic or [[invasive species]]. − The mathematical representation of a species' fundamental niche in ecological space, and its subsequent projection back into geographic space, is the domain of [[environmental niche modelling|niche modelling]].<ref>On the logic of the relation between the niche and the corresponding geographic environment, see: {{cite journal|doi=10.1111/0029-4624.00151|url=http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/articles/niches.pdf|title=The Niche|journal=Nous|volume=33|issue=2|pages=214–238|year=1999|last1=Smith|first1=Barry|last2=Varzi|first2=Achille C.}}</ref> − − On the logic of the relation between the niche and the corresponding geographic environment, see: − + − 关于生态位与相应地理环境之间的关系，请参阅: − + − + − thumb|351x351px|Diagram representation of the effects of competitive exclusion on the barnacle Chthamalus stellatus in the intertidal zone. The fundamental and realized geographic ranges of C. stellatus are represented by the dark blue and light blue bars, respectively.The [[Species distribution|geographic range]] of a species can be viewed as a spatial reflection of its niche, along with characteristics of the geographic template and the species that influence its potential to colonize. The '''fundamental geographic range''' of a species is the area it occupies in which environmental conditions are favorable, without restriction from barriers to disperse or colonize.<ref name="Biogeography" /> A species will be confined to a its '''realized geographic range''' when confronting biotic interactions or abiotic barriers that limit dispersal, a more narrow subset of its larger fundamental geographic range. − 拇指 | 351x351px | 图解表示潮间带竞争排斥对星形藤壶的影响。星斑拟南芥的基本地理分布区和实际地理分布区分别用深蓝色和浅蓝色条形图表示。一个物种的地理分布范围可以看作是其生态位的空间反映，同时也可以看作是地理模板的特征和影响其殖民潜力的物种。一个物种的基本地理范围是它所占据的环境条件有利的区域，没有分散或殖民的障碍限制。当面对限制扩散的生物相互作用或非生物屏障时，一个物种将被限制在其实现的地理范围内，这是其更大的基本地理范围的一个更狭窄的子集。+ − An early study on ecological niches conducted by [[Joseph H. Connell]] analyzed the environmental factors that limit the range of a barnacle (''Chthamalus stellatus'') on Scotland's Isle of Cumbrae.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Connell|first=Joseph H.|date=1961|title=The Influence of Interspecific Competition and Other Factors on the Distribution of the Barnacle Chthamalus Stellatus|url=https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2307/1933500|journal=Ecology|language=en|volume=42|issue=4|pages=710–723|doi=10.2307/1933500|jstor=1933500|issn=1939-9170}}</ref> In his experiments, Connell described the dominant features of ''C. stellatus'' niches and provided explanation for their distribution on [[intertidal zone]] of the rocky coast of the Isle. Connell described the upper portion of C. stellatus's range is limited by the barnacle's ability to resist dehydration during periods of low tide. The lower portion of the range was limited by interspecific interactions, namely competition with a cohabiting barnacle species and predation by a snail.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Connell|first=Joseph H.|date=1961|title=The Influence of Interspecific Competition and Other Factors on the Distribution of the Barnacle Chthamalus Stellatus|url=https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2307/1933500|journal=Ecology|language=en|volume=42|issue=4|pages=710–723|doi=10.2307/1933500|jstor=1933500|issn=1939-9170}}</ref> By removing the competing ''B. balanoides'', Connell showed that ''C. stellatus'' was able to extend the lower edge of its realized niche in the absence of [[Competitive exclusion principle|competitive exclusion]]. These experiments demonstrate how biotic and abiotic factors limit the distribution of an organism. − 约瑟夫 · h · 康奈尔(Joseph h. Connell)进行的一项关于生态位的早期研究分析了限制在苏格兰库布雷岛上的藤壶(Chthamalus stellatus)活动范围的环境因素。在他的实验中，康奈尔描述了星际线虫生态位的主要特征，并解释了它们在岛屿岩石海岸潮间带的分布。康奈尔描述星际梭鱼的活动范围的上部受到藤壶在退潮期间抵抗脱水的能力的限制。种间相互作用，即与同栖藤壶物种的竞争和蜗牛的捕食，限制了分布范围的下部。通过去除竞争的巴拉诺菌，康奈尔表明星斑拟线虫能够在没有竞争排斥的情况下延长其实现生态位的下边缘。这些实验证明了生物和非生物因素如何限制有机体的分布。 + − ===Parameters=== − The different dimensions, or ''plot axes'', of a niche represent different [[Biotic component|biotic]] and [[Abiotic component|abiotic]] variables. These factors may include descriptions of the organism's [[Biological life cycle|life history]], [[Habitat (ecology)|habitat]], trophic position (place in the [[food chain]]), and geographic range. According to the [[competitive exclusion principle]], no two species can occupy the same niche in the same environment for a long time. The parameters of a realized niche are described by the [[realized niche width]] of that species.<ref name="Hardin" /> Some plants and animals, called [[Generalist and specialist species|specialists]], need specific habitats and surroundings to survive, such as the [[spotted owl]], which lives specifically in old growth forests. Other plants and animals, called generalists, are not as particular and can survive in a range of conditions, for example the [[dandelion]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=An Introduction to Human-Environment Geography |last1=Moseley |first1=William |last2=Perramond |first2=Eric|last3=Hapke|first3=Holly |last4=Laris |first4=Paul |publisher=Wiley Blackwell |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4051-8932-3 |location=West Sussex, UK |page=81}}</ref> − 生态位的不同维度，或者说地块轴线，代表了不同的生物和非生物变量。这些因素可能包括生物的生活史、栖息地、营养位置(食物链中的位置)和地理范围的描述。根据竞争排除原则自然保护联盟的研究，没有两个物种可以长时间占据同一环境中的同一生态位。生态位的实现参数由该物种的实现生态位宽度来描述。一些被称为专家的植物和动物，需要特定的栖息地和环境才能生存，例如斑点猫头鹰，它们特别生活在原始森林中。其他的植物和动物，被称为通才，没有那么特别，可以在一系列的条件下生存，例如蒲公英。+ − + − {{Portal|Ecology}} − *[[Ontogenetic niche shift]] − *[[Marginal distribution (biology)]] − *[[Fitness landscape]] − *[[Niche differentiation]] − *[[Overpopulation]] − *[[Phylogenetic niche conservatism]] − *[[Unified neutral theory of biodiversity]] − 个体遗传生态位改变 − * 边缘分布(生物学) − * 适应度景观 − * 生态位分化 − * 种群过剩 − * 生态位保守主义 − * 生物多样性和生物地理学的统一中性理论 − ==References== − + + + + + + + + + − ==External links== − *[http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/9g.html Concept of ecological niche] − *[http://www.sci-tech.co.uk/dino_1.php Environmental Niche – Extinction of the Dinosaurs] − *[http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bio/niche-smith.htm Ontology of the niche] − *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090129213243/http://knol.google.com/k/klaus-rohde/niche-restriction-and-segregation/xk923bc3gp4/12 Niche restriction and segregation] − *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090201225817/http://knol.google.com/k/klaus-rohde/vacant-niches-in-ecology/xk923bc3gp4/8 Vacant niche] − *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090201230848/http://knol.google.com/k/klaus-rohde/latitude-niche-width-hypothesis/xk923bc3gp4/48 Latitude-niche width hypothesis] − − = 外部链接 = − * 生态位的概念 − * 环境生态位-恐龙的灭绝 − * 生态位的本体 − * 生态位限制和分离 − * 空缺生态位 − * 纬度-生态位宽度假说 − − {{Biology nav}} − {{modelling ecosystems|expanded=other}} − {{Authority control}} − − {{DEFAULTSORT:Ecological Niche}} − [[Category:Ecological niche| ]] − [[Category:Biogeography]] − [[Category:Habitat]] − [[Category:Landscape ecology]] + + + + + + + − − Category:Biogeography − Category:Habitat − Category:Landscape ecology − 类别: 生物地理学类别: 栖息地类别: 景观生态学+ + − <noinclude> − <small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Ecological niche]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[生态位/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> − + + + + +
无编辑摘要
{{Short description|The fit of a species living under specific environmental conditions.}}
{{Short description|The fit of a species living under specific environmental conditions.}}
[[File:Flightless Dung Beetle Circellium Bachuss, Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa.JPG|thumb|[[不会飞的蜣螂]]占据了一个生态位:利用动物的粪便作为食物来源。]]
在生态学中，生态位是一个物种与特定环境条件的匹配。<ref name="Pocheville2015">{{cite book | last1= Pocheville | first1= Arnaud | year= 2015 | chapter= The Ecological Niche: History and Recent Controversies | chapter-url= https://www.academia.edu/6188833 | editor1-last= Heams | editor1-first= Thomas | editor2-last= Huneman
| editor2-first= Philippe | editor3-last= Lecointre | editor3-first= Guillaume |display-editors = 3 | editor4-last= Silberstein | editor4-first= Marc | title= Handbook of Evolutionary Thinking in the Sciences | location= Dordrecht | publisher= Springer | publication-date= 2015 | pages= 547–586 | isbn= 978-94-017-9014-7}}</ref><ref name="Levin">
Three variants of ecological niche are described by {{cite book |author=Thomas W. Schoener |chapter=§I.1 Ecological niche |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4MS-vfT89QMC&pg=PA3 |pages=3 ''ff'' |title=The Princeton Guide to Ecology |editor1=Simon A. Levin |editor2=Stephen R. Carpenter |editor3=H. Charles J. Godfray |editor4=Ann P. Kinzig |editor5=Michel Loreau |editor6=Jonathan B. Losos |editor7=Brian Walker |editor8=David S. Wilcove |isbn=9781400833023 |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2009}}
</ref>它描述了生物体或种群如何对资源和竞争对手的分布做出反应(例如，在资源丰富同时捕食者、寄生虫、病原体稀少的时候生长) ，以及它如何反过来改变这些相同的因素(例如，限制其他生物获取资源，充当捕食者的食物来源和猎物的消费者)。”构成环境生态位尺度的变量的类型和数量因物种而异，[而]特定环境变量对某一物种的相对重要性可能因地理和生物环境而异”。<ref name="Peterson">
{{cite book |title=Ecological Niches and Geographic Distributions (MPB-49) |isbn=9780691136882 |year=2011 |publisher=Princeton University Press |chapter=Species-environment relationships |page= 82 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_h9FlvgM6wC&pg=PA82 |author1=A Townsend Peterson |author2=Jorge Soberôn |author3=RG Pearson |author4=Roger P Anderson |author5=Enrique Martínez-Meyer |author6=Miguel Nakamura |author7=Miguel Bastos Araújo }}生态位的三种变体另见第二章: 生态位的概念，第7页及其后。</ref>
格林尼利亚生态位 Grinnellian niche是由物种生活的栖息地及其伴随的行为适应决定的。埃尔顿生态位 Eltonian niche强调物种不仅在环境中生长并对环境作出反应，而且在生长过程中还可能改变环境及其行为。哈钦森生态位 Hutchinsonian niche使用数学和统计学试图解释物种如何在一个给定的群落中共存。
生态位的概念是生态生物地理学的核心，它关注生态群落的空间格局。<ref name="Biogeography">{{cite book |author1=Mark V Lomolino |author2=Brett R Riddle |author3=James H Brown |title=Biogeography |publisher=Sinauer Associates |location=Sunderland, Mass |year=2009 |edition=3rd |isbn=978-0878934867 |quote=The geographic range of a species can be viewed as a spatial reflection of its niche |page=[https://archive.org/details/biogeography0000lomo/page/73 73] |chapter=The geographic range as a reflection of the niche |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/biogeography0000lomo/page/73 }} [https://www.amazon.com/Biogeography-Third-Mark-V-Lomolino/dp/0878934863/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1400001561&sr=1-1#reader_0878934863 Viewable on line] via Amazon's 'look-inside' feature.
</ref> "Species distributions and their dynamics over time result from properties of the species, environmental variation..., and interactions between the two—in particular the abilities of some species, especially our own, to modify their environments and alter the range dynamics of many other species."<ref name="Lomolino">
</ref>“物种的分布及其随时间变化的动态是由物种的特性、环境变化所决定的... ... 以及两者之间的相互作用——特别是某些物种，尤其是我们自己，具有改变其环境和改变许多其他物种的活动范围。”<ref name="Lomolino">
{{cite book |author1=Mark V Lomolino |author2=Brett R Riddle |author3=James H Brown |title=Biogeography |publisher=Sinauer Associates |location=Sunderland, Mass |year=2009 |edition=3rd |isbn=978-0878934867 |page=[https://archive.org/details/biogeography0000lomo/page/579 579] |chapter=Areography: Sizes, shapes and overlap of ranges |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/biogeography0000lomo/page/579 }} [https://www.amazon.com/Biogeography-Third-Mark-V-Lomolino/dp/0878934863/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1400001561&sr=1-1#reader_0878934863 Viewable on line] via Amazon's 'look-inside' feature.
{{cite book |author1=Mark V Lomolino |author2=Brett R Riddle |author3=James H Brown |title=Biogeography |publisher=Sinauer Associates |location=Sunderland, Mass |year=2009 |edition=3rd |isbn=978-0878934867 |page=[https://archive.org/details/biogeography0000lomo/page/579 579] |chapter=Areography: Sizes, shapes and overlap of ranges |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/biogeography0000lomo/page/579 }} [https://www.amazon.com/Biogeography-Third-Mark-V-Lomolino/dp/0878934863/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1400001561&sr=1-1#reader_0878934863 Viewable on line] via Amazon's 'look-inside' feature.
</ref> Alteration of an ecological niche by its inhabitants is the topic of [[niche construction]].<ref name="Townsend">
</ref>居民对生态位的改造是生态位建设的主题。<ref name="Townsend">
{{cite book |title=Ecological Niches and Geographic Distributions (MPB-49) |isbn=9780691136882 |year=2011 |publisher=Princeton University Press |chapter=Major themes in niche concepts |page= 11 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_h9FlvgM6wC&pg=PA11 |author1=A Townsend Peterson |author2=Jorge Soberôn |author3=RG Pearson |author4=Roger P Anderson |author5=Enrique Martínez-Meyer |author6=Miguel Nakamura |author7=Miguel Bastos Araújo |quote=We will make the crucial distinction between variables that are dynamically modified (linked) by the presence of the species versus those that are not. ... [Our construction] is based upon variables not dynamically affected by the species...in contrast to...those that are subject to modification by niche construction.}}
{{cite book |title=Ecological Niches and Geographic Distributions (MPB-49) |isbn=9780691136882 |year=2011 |publisher=Princeton University Press |chapter=Major themes in niche concepts |page= 11 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_h9FlvgM6wC&pg=PA11 |author1=A Townsend Peterson |author2=Jorge Soberôn |author3=RG Pearson |author4=Roger P Anderson |author5=Enrique Martínez-Meyer |author6=Miguel Nakamura |author7=Miguel Bastos Araújo |quote=We will make the crucial distinction between variables that are dynamically modified (linked) by the presence of the species versus those that are not. ... [Our construction] is based upon variables not dynamically affected by the species...in contrast to...those that are subject to modification by niche construction.}}
</ref>
</ref>
大多数物种存在于一个标准的生态位中，共享行为、适应和功能特征，类似于同一广泛分类类别中其他密切相关的物种，但也有例外。非标准生态位填补物种的一个典型例子是新西兰的不会飞的几维鸟，它以蠕虫和其他陆栖生物为食，在类似哺乳动物的生态位中生活。岛屿生物地理学可以帮助解释岛屿物种和相关的未填补的生态位。
==格林尼利亚生态位==
生态学意义上的生态位来源于壁龛的意义，壁龛是墙壁凹槽的意思，<ref name="oxford">{{cite web|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/126748|title=Niche|work=Oxford English Dictionary {{Subscription required}}|access-date=8 June 2013}}</ref>它本身可能来源于中世纪法语单词 nicher，意思是巢穴。<ref name="webster">{{cite encyclopedia | title=Niche | encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster Dictionary | publisher=Merriam-Webster | access-date=30 October 2014 | url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/niche}}</ref><ref name="oxford"/> 这个术语是博物学家罗斯维尔·希尔·约翰逊 Roswell Hill Johnson创造的，<ref name="Johnson1910">{{cite book |last= Johnson |first= Roswell |date= 1910 |title= Determinate evolution in the color-pattern of the lady-beetles |url=https://archive.org/details/determinateevol00johngoog|location= Washington |publisher= Carnegie Institution of Washington|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.30902 }}</ref>但约瑟夫·格林内尔 Joseph Grinnell可能是第一个在1917年的一个研究项目中使用这个术语的人，即在他的论文《加利福尼亚恐龙的生态位关系》中提到。<ref name=Grinnell1917>{{cite journal |author = Joseph Grinnell |year = 1917 |title = The niche-relationships of the California Thrasher |journal = The Auk |volume = 34 |issue = 4 |pages = 427–433 |url = http://artifex.org/~ecoreaders/lit/Grinnell1917.pdf |doi = 10.2307/4072271 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160310144027/http://artifex.org/~ecoreaders/lit/Grinnell1917.pdf |archive-date = 2016-03-10 |jstor = 4072271 }}</ref><ref name=Pocheville2015 />
格林尼利亚生态位概念体现了这样一种观点，即一个物种的生态位是由其生活的栖息地及其伴随的行为适应决定的。换句话说，生态位是一个物种赖以生存和繁衍后代的栖息地需求和行为的总和。例如，加利福尼亚短尾叶蝉 California thrasher的行为与其生活的灌木丛栖息地一致ーー它在灌木丛中繁殖和进食，并通过从灌木丛到灌木丛的慢慢移动来逃避捕食者。它的“生态位”被定义为对恐龙行为和身体特征(伪装色、短翅膀、强壮的腿)与栖息地的恰当补充。<ref name=Grinnell1917/>
[[File:Ifugao - 2.jpg|left|thumb|The Grinnellian niche can be described as the "needs" niche, or an area that meets the environmental requirements for an organism's survival. Most succulents are native in dry, arid regions like deserts and require large quantities of sun exposure.]]
格林尼利亚生态位可以被描述为“需要”生态位，或者说是一个满足有机体生存环境要求的地区。大多数肉质植物原产于干燥、干旱的地区，如沙漠，需要大量的阳光照射。格林尼利安生态位可以通过非交互(非生物)变量和大尺度的环境条件来定义。<ref name=":1" />在这个生态位类别中感兴趣的变量包括平均温度、降水量、太阳辐射和地形方面，这些变量在空间尺度上已经变得越来越容易获得。大多数文献都集中在格林尼利安的生态位构造，往往从气候的角度，以解释分布和丰度。目前关于物种对气候变化反应的预测主要依赖于对物种分布变化的预测环境条件。<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Van der Putten|first1=Wim H.|last2=Macel|first2=Mirka|last3=Visser|first3=Marcel E.|date=2010-07-12|title=Predicting species distribution and abundance responses to climate change: why it is essential to include biotic interactions across trophic levels|url= |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=365|issue=1549|pages=2025–2034|doi=10.1098/rstb.2010.0037|pmc=2880132|pmid=20513711}}</ref> 然而，人们越来越认识到，气候变化也影响物种间的相互作用，从埃尔顿学说的角度来解释这些过程可能是有利的。
这种生态位视角考虑到了生态等价物和空生态位的存在。生态学上相当于有机体的是来自不同分类群的有机体，它们在相似的生境中表现出相似的适应性，例如分别在美洲和非洲的沙漠、仙人掌和大戟中发现的不同的肉质植物。<ref name="Huggett">
{{cite book |author=Richard J. Huggett |title=Fundamentals of Biogeography |page=76 |isbn=9780415323475 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZR68HCMmPjoC&pg=PA76 |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2004}}
{{cite book |author=Richard J. Huggett |title=Fundamentals of Biogeography |page=76 |isbn=9780415323475 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZR68HCMmPjoC&pg=PA76 |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2004}}</ref>作为另一个例子，大安的列斯群岛的变色蜥蜴是一个罕见的例子，趋同演化 convergent evolution、辐射适应 adaptive radiation和生态等价物的存在: 变色蜥蜴在相似的微生境中独立进化，在所有4个岛屿上形成了相同的生态群落。
</ref> As another example, the [[anole]] lizards of the [[Greater Antilles]] are a rare example of [[convergent evolution]], [[adaptive radiation]], and the existence of ecological equivalents: the anole lizards evolved in similar [[Habitat#Microhabitat|microhabitats]] independently of each other and resulted in the same [[ecomorph]]s across all four islands.
==Eltonian niche==
==埃尔顿生态位==
1927年，一位名叫查尔斯·萨瑟兰·埃尔顿 Charles Sutherland Elton的生态学家给生态位下了这样的定义: “动物的‘ 生态位’意味着它在生物环境中的位置，它与食物和敌人的关系。”<ref name="Elton2001">
{{cite book
{{cite book
|author = Elton, Charles Sutherland
|author = Elton, Charles Sutherland
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
Elton 根据觅食活动(“食物习惯”)对生态位进行了分类: <ref name="Chase">
"Elton focused on the niche of a species as its functional role within the food chain and its impact upon the environment" {{cite book |author1=Jonathan M. Chase |author2=Mathew A. Leibold |title=Ecological Niches: Linking Classical and Contemporary Approaches |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ssmcl_ubQUQC&pg=PA7 |page=7 |isbn=9780226101804 |year=2003 |publisher=University of Chicago Press}}</ref>"“Elton 专注于一个物种的龛位，因为它在食物链中的功能作用及其对环境的影响。”
Elton classified niches according to [[foraging]] activities ("food habits"):<ref name="Chase">
"Elton focused on the niche of a species as its functional role within the food chain and its impact upon the environment" {{cite book |author1=Jonathan M. Chase |author2=Mathew A. Leibold |title=Ecological Niches: Linking Classical and Contemporary Approaches |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ssmcl_ubQUQC&pg=PA7 |page=7 |isbn=9780226101804 |year=2003 |publisher=University of Chicago Press}}</ref>"Elton focused on the niche of a species as its functional role within the food chain and its impact upon the environment"
[[File:Scheelhecke, Landwehrgraben, Biberdämme 2020.JPG|left|thumb|235x235px|德国黑森州的海狸水坝。通过开发可利用的木材资源，海狸正在影响生活在其栖息地内的其他物种的生物条件。]]
从概念上讲，埃尔顿生态位引入了一个物种对环境的反应和对环境的影响的概念。与其他生态位概念不同的是，它强调一个物种不仅生长在基于可用资源、捕食者和气候条件的环境中并对其作出反应，而且在生长过程中改变这些因素的可用性和行为。在一个极端的例子中，海狸需要一定的资源来生存和繁殖，但也建造水坝，改变水流在河里的河狸生活。因此，河狸影响生活在分水岭及其附近的其他物种的生物和非生物条件。在更微妙的情况下，竞争对手以不同的速度消耗资源可能导致不同物种之间资源密度不同的循环。物种不仅在资源密度方面有不同的增长，而且它们自身的种群增长会随着时间的推移影响资源密度。
埃尔顿生态位集中在生物相互作用和消费者资源动态(生物变量)的局部尺度。由于关注范围狭窄，表征埃尔顿生态位的数据集通常采用对特定个体现象进行详细实地研究的形式，因为这类生态位的动态性难以在广泛的地理尺度上衡量。然而，在解释一个物种对全球变化的忍耐力时，埃尔顿生态位可能是有用的。因为生物相互作用的调整不可避免地改变非生物因素，所以埃尔顿生态位可以用来描述一个物种对新环境的整体反应。
埃尔顿生态位集中在生物相互作用和消费者资源动态(生物变量)的局部尺度。<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Soberón|first=Jorge|date=2007|title=Grinnellian and Eltonian niches and geographic distributions of species|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01107.x|journal=Ecology Letters|language=en|volume=10|issue=12|pages=1115–1123|doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01107.x|pmid=17850335|issn=1461-0248}}</ref>由于关注范围狭窄，表征埃尔顿生态位的数据集通常采用对特定个体现象进行详细实地研究的形式，因为这类生态位的动态性难以在广泛的地理尺度上衡量。然而，在解释一个物种对全球变化的忍耐力时，埃尔顿生态位可能是有用的。<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=oldenlab|date=2015-12-19|title=Niche conservatism: which niche matters most?|url=https://depts.washington.edu/oldenlab/niche-conservatism-which-niche-matters-most/|access-date=2021-02-20|website=Olden Research Lab|language=en-US}}</ref>因为生物相互作用的调整不可避免地改变非生物因素，所以埃尔顿生态位可以用来描述一个物种对新环境的整体反应。
==哈钦森生态位==
[[File:Purple-throated carib hummingbird feeding.jpg|thumb|这种紫喉加利蜂鸟喙的形状与花的形状互补，并与之共同进化，使它能够利用花蜜作为一种资源.]]
哈钦森生态位是一个”N维超体积”，其中的维度是环境条件和资源，这些条件和资源决定了个人或物种实践其生活方式的要求，特别是其种群的持续生存。<ref name=Levin/>“超体积”定义了资源的多维空间(例如，光、养分、结构等)以及”除考虑中的物种外，所有其他物种均视为坐标系的一部分。”<ref name=Hutchinson1957>{{cite journal | author = Hutchinson, G.E. | year = 1957 | title = Concluding remarks | journal = Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 415–427 | url = http://artifex.org/~ecoreaders/lit/Hutchinson1957.pdf | access-date = 2007-07-24 | doi = 10.1101/sqb.1957.022.01.039 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070926153803/http://artifex.org/~ecoreaders/lit/Hutchinson1957.pdf | archive-date = 2007-09-26 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
生态位的概念在1957年被动物学家乔治·伊夫林·哈钦森 G. Evelyn Hutchinson普及。<ref name=Hutchinson1957/>哈钦森探究了为什么在任何一个栖息地都有这么多种生物的问题。他的工作启发了其他许多人开发模型来解释在一个给定的群落中有多少以及如何共存相似的物种，并导致了“生态位宽度”(给定物种使用的资源或生境的多样性)、“生态位划分”(共存物种的资源分化)和“生态位重叠”(不同物种使用的资源重叠)的概念。<ref name="Chase2">{{cite book |author1=Jonathan M. Chase |author2=Mathew A. Leibold |title=Ecological Niches: Linking Classical and Contemporary Approaches |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ssmcl_ubQUQC&pg=PA11 |page=11 |isbn=9780226101804 |year=2003 |publisher=University of Chicago Press}}</ref>
[[File:Resource allocation.png|thumb|Where three species eat some of the same prey, a statistical picture of each niche shows overlap in resource usage between three species, indicating where competition is strongest.|链接=Special:FilePath/Resource_allocation.png]]
[[File:Resource allocation.png|thumb|当三个物种吃掉一些同样的猎物时，每个生态位的统计图显示三个物种在资源使用上的重叠，这表明哪里的竞争最强。]]
统计学是由Robert MacArthur和 Richard Levins 引入到 Hutchinson 生态位中的，他们使用直方图来描述出现的频率作为 Hutchinson 坐标的函数。<ref name=Levin/><ref name=MacArthur>{{cite journal |author=Robert H. MacArthur |title=Population ecology of some warblers of northeastern coniferous forests |journal=Ecology |volume=39 |issue=4 |year=1958 |pages=599–619 |url=http://people.biology.ufl.edu/troutinthemilk/IGERT/MacArthur_1958.pdf |doi=10.2307/1931600 |jstor=1931600 |access-date=2014-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519002134/http://people.biology.ufl.edu/troutinthemilk/IGERT/MacArthur_1958.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref>所以，比如说，高斯分布可能描述了一个物种捕食一定大小猎物的频率，给出了更详细的生态位描述，而不是简单地指定一些中位数或平均猎物大小。对于这样的钟形分布，位置，宽度和形式的生态位对应的平均值，标准差和实际分布本身。<ref name="Putnam">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NCpkrNG6xFkC&pg=PA107 |page=[https://archive.org/details/principlesofecol00putm/page/107 107] |author1=Rory Putman |author2=Stephen D. Wratten |title=Principles of ecology |chapter=§5.2 Parameters of the niche |isbn=9780520052543 |year=1984 |publisher=University of California Press |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofecol00putm/page/107 }}</ref>使用统计数据的一个优点在图中得到说明，很明显，在较窄的分布范围(顶部)中，极左和极右物种之间不存在对猎物的竞争，而在较宽的分布范围(底部)中，生态位重叠表明所有物种之间都存在竞争。资源利用方法假定不仅可以发生竞争，而且竞争确实发生，资源利用的重叠直接使竞争系数的估计成为可能。<ref name="Schoener1986">{{cite book |last1=Schoener |first1=Thomas W. |date=1986 |chapter=The Ecological Niche |editor1-last=Cherret |editor1-first=J. M. |title=Ecological concepts: the contribution of ecology to an understanding of the natural world |location=Cambridge |publisher=Blackwell Scientific Publications}}</ref>然而，这种假设可能是错误的，因为它忽略了每个类别的资源对生物体的影响，以及生物体对每个类别的资源的影响。例如，重叠区域中的资源可以是非限制性的，在这种情况下，尽管存在利基重叠，但对该资源不存在竞争。<ref name=Pocheville2015/><ref name=Chase2/><ref name=Schoener1986/>
[[File:Mistletoe infested tree.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|作为一种半寄生植物，这棵树上的寄生槲利用它的寄主获取养分，并作为一个生长的地方。]]
一个不受其他物种干扰的生物体可以利用其生存和繁殖所需的全部条件(生物和非生物)和资源，这就是所谓的基本生态位。<ref name="Griesemer">{{cite book |title=Keywords in Evolutionary Biology |author=James R. Griesemer |page=[https://archive.org/details/keywordsinevolut00harv/page/239 239] |editor=Evelyn Fox Keller |editor2=Elisabeth A. Lloyd |chapter=Niche: Historical perspectives |isbn=9780674503137 |year=1994 |publisher=Harvard University Press |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hvm7sCuyRV4C&pg=PA239 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/keywordsinevolut00harv/page/239 }}</ref>然而，由于来自其他生物的压力，以及与其他生物的相互作用(即。种间竞争)物种通常被迫占据比这更窄的生态位，而且它们大多高度适应这个生态位，这被称为已实现的生态位。<ref name=Griesemer/>哈钦森把资源竞争作为驱动生态学的主要机制，但是过分强调这一点已经证明是利基概念的障碍。<ref name=Chase2/>特别是，过分强调一个物种对资源的依赖，导致对生物体对其环境的影响重视不够，例如，殖民和入侵。<ref name=Chase2/>
这个词是由古生物学家乔治·盖洛德·辛普森创造的，用来解释一个种群如何从一个适合它的位置跳到另一个适合它的位置，跳到一个适合它的位置，通过一些修改，或者可能是食物链的一个变化，使得适应区域对它来说是可利用的，而且它的生活方式没有中断，因为这个种群是‘预先适应’这个新的生态机会。<ref name="Schluter">{{cite book |title=The Ecology of Adaptive Radiation |chapter=§4.2: The ecological theory |author=Dolph Schluter |page=69 |isbn=9780191588327 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year= 2000 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1wxNmLAL10C&pg=PA69}}</ref>
哈钦森的“生态位”(对一个物种所占据的生态空间的描述)与格林内尔所定义的“生态位”(一个生态角色，实际上可能被一个物种填补，也可能不被填补ーー见空缺的生态位)有微妙的不同。
哈钦森的“生态位”(对一个物种所占据的生态空间的描述)与格林内尔所定义的“生态位”(一个生态角色，实际上可能被一个物种填补，也可能不被填补ーー见空缺的生态位)有微妙的不同。
生态位是生态空间中一个物种所占据的一个非常特殊的部分。假设没有两个物种在所有方面是相同的(称为哈丁的不平等公理)<ref name =Hardin>{{cite journal |author=Garrett Hardin |title=The competitive exclusion principle |journal =Science |volume=131 |pages=1292–1297 |issue=3409 |year=1960 |url=http://www.esf.edu/efb/schulz/seminars/hardin.pdf|doi=10.1126/science.131.3409.1292 |pmid=14399717|bibcode=1960Sci...131.1292H }}</ref>和竞争排除原则，一些资源或适应维度将提供一个特定于每个物种的生态位。<ref name=Griesemer/> 然而，物种可以共享一种“生活方式”或“生态学策略”，这是生态空间的更广泛定义。<ref name="SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates">{{cite journal | author=Sahney, S., Benton, M.J. and Ferry, P.A. | year=2010 | title=Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land | journal=Biology Letters | doi=10.1098/rsbl.2009.1024 | volume=6 | pages=544–547 | pmc=2936204 | issue=4 | pmid=20106856 }}</ref>例如，澳大利亚的草原物种，虽然不同于大平原的草原物种，但表现出相似的生活方式。<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20041010205937/http://collections.ic.gc.ca/abnature/glossary.htm Glossary for the Nature of Alberta]</ref>
一旦生态位空出来，其他生物就可以填补这个空缺。例如，由于 tarpan 的灭绝而空出来的生态位已经被其他动物(特别是一种小马品种 konik)填补了。此外，当植物和动物被引入到一个新的环境中，它们有可能占据或侵入本土生物的生态位或生态位，往往比原生物种更具竞争力。人类将非本土物种引入非本土生境，往往会导致外来物种或入侵物种的生物污染。
一旦生态位空出来，其他生物就可以填补这个空缺。例如，由于 tarpan 的灭绝而空出来的生态位已经被其他动物(特别是一种小马品种 konik)填补了。此外，当植物和动物被引入到一个新的环境中，它们有可能占据或侵入本土生物的生态位或生态位，往往比原生物种更具竞争力。人类将非本土物种引入非本土生境，往往会导致外来物种或入侵物种的生物污染。
一个物种在生态空间中的基本生态位的数学表达，以及随后生态位在地理空间中的投影，是生态位建模的范畴。
一个物种在生态空间中的基本生态位的数学表达，以及随后生态位在地理空间中的投影，是生态位建模的范畴。<ref>关于生态位与相应地理环境之间的关系，请参阅:{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/0029-4624.00151|url=http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/articles/niches.pdf|title=The Niche|journal=Nous|volume=33|issue=2|pages=214–238|year=1999|last1=Smith|first1=Barry|last2=Varzi|first2=Achille C.}}</ref>
=== Niche and Geographic Range ===
=== 生态位和地理范围 ===
[[File:Competitive exclusion in barnacles eu.svg|thumb|351x351px|Diagram representation of the effects of competitive exclusion on the barnacle ''Chthamalus stellatus'' in the intertidal zone. The fundamental and realized geographic ranges of ''C. stellatus'' are represented by the dark blue and light blue bars, respectively.|链接=Special:FilePath/Competitive_exclusion_in_barnacles_eu.svg]]
[[File:Competitive exclusion in barnacles eu.svg|thumb|351x351px|图解表示潮间带竞争排斥对星形藤壶的影响。星斑拟南芥的基本地理分布区和实际地理分布区分别用深蓝色和浅蓝色条形图表示。]]
一个物种的地理分布范围可以看作是其生态位的空间反映，同时也可以看作是地理模板的特征和影响其殖民潜力的物种。一个物种的基本地理范围是它所占据的环境条件有利的区域，没有分散或殖民的障碍限制。<ref name="Biogeography" />当面对限制扩散的生物相互作用或非生物屏障时，一个物种将被限制在其实现的地理范围内，这是其更大的基本地理范围的一个更狭窄的子集。
约瑟夫·H·康奈尔 Joseph H. Connell进行的一项关于生态位的早期研究分析了限制在苏格兰库布雷岛上的藤壶活动范围的环境因素。<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Connell|first=Joseph H.|date=1961|title=The Influence of Interspecific Competition and Other Factors on the Distribution of the Barnacle Chthamalus Stellatus|url=https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2307/1933500|journal=Ecology|language=en|volume=42|issue=4|pages=710–723|doi=10.2307/1933500|jstor=1933500|issn=1939-9170}}</ref>在他的实验中，康奈尔描述了星际线虫生态位的主要特征，并解释了它们在岛屿岩石海岸潮间带的分布。康奈尔描述星际梭鱼的活动范围的上部受到藤壶在退潮期间抵抗脱水的能力的限制。种间相互作用，即与同栖藤壶物种的竞争和蜗牛的捕食，限制了分布范围的下部。<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Connell|first=Joseph H.|date=1961|title=The Influence of Interspecific Competition and Other Factors on the Distribution of the Barnacle Chthamalus Stellatus|url=https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2307/1933500|journal=Ecology|language=en|volume=42|issue=4|pages=710–723|doi=10.2307/1933500|jstor=1933500|issn=1939-9170}}</ref>通过去除竞争的巴拉诺菌，康奈尔表明星斑拟线虫能够在没有竞争排斥的情况下延长其实现生态位的下边缘。这些实验证明了生物和非生物因素如何限制有机体的分布。
===决定因素===
== See also ==
生态位的不同维度，或者说地块轴线，代表了不同的生物和非生物变量。这些因素可能包括生物的生活史、栖息地、营养位置(食物链中的位置)和地理范围的描述。根据竞争排除原则自然保护联盟的研究，没有两个物种可以长时间占据同一环境中的同一生态位。生态位的实现参数由该物种的实现生态位宽度来描述。<ref name="Hardin" />一些被称为专家 specialists的植物和动物，需要特定的栖息地和环境才能生存，例如斑点猫头鹰，它们特别生活在原始森林中。其他的植物和动物，被称为通才 generalists，没有那么特别，可以在一系列的条件下生存，例如蒲公英。<ref>{{Cite book |title=An Introduction to Human-Environment Geography |last1=Moseley |first1=William |last2=Perramond |first2=Eric|last3=Hapke|first3=Holly |last4=Laris |first4=Paul |publisher=Wiley Blackwell |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4051-8932-3 |location=West Sussex, UK |page=81}}</ref>
==<nowiki>= 参考文献 =</nowiki>==
== 参见 ==
* [[个体遗传生态位改变]]
* [[边缘分布(生物学)]]
* [[适应度景观]]
* [[生态位分化 ]]
* [[种群过剩]]
* [[生态位保守主义]]
* [[生物多样性和生物地理学的统一中性理论]]
==参考文献==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
==外部链接==
*[http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/9g.html 生态位的概念]
*[http://www.sci-tech.co.uk/dino_1.php 环境生态位-恐龙的灭绝]
*[http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bio/niche-smith.htm 生态位的本体]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090129213243/http://knol.google.com/k/klaus-rohde/niche-restriction-and-segregation/xk923bc3gp4/12 生态位限制和分离]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090201225817/http://knol.google.com/k/klaus-rohde/vacant-niches-in-ecology/xk923bc3gp4/8 空缺生态位]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090201230848/http://knol.google.com/k/klaus-rohde/latitude-niche-width-hypothesis/xk923bc3gp4/48 纬度-生态位宽度假说]
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