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== 工作 ==

== 工作 ==

考夫曼最著名的论点是，生物系统和有机体的复杂性可能来自自组织和远离平衡的动力学，也可能来自达尔文的自然选择，在进化生物学的三个领域，即种群动力学、分子进化和形态发生。在分子生物学方面，考夫曼的结构主义方法因忽视了能量在驱动细胞生化反应中的作用而受到批评，这种作用可以被称为自催化，但不是简单的自组织。<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fox |first=Ronald F. |title=Review of Stuart Kauffman, The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution |journal=Biophys. J. |date=December 1993 |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=2698–2699 |pmc=1226010 |doi=10.1016/s0006-3495(93)81321-3 |bibcode=1993BpJ....65.2698F}}</ref>一些在考夫曼领域工作的生物学家和物理学家对他关于自组织和进化的观点提出了质疑。一个恰当的例子是2001年出版的《生物系统中的自组织 Self-Organization in Biological Systems》一书中的一些评论。<ref>{{cite book |last1=Camazine |first1=Scott |last2=Deneubourg |first2=Jean-Louis |last3=Franks |first3=Nigel R. |last4=Sneyd |first4=James |last5=Theraulaz |first5=Guy |last6=Bonabeau |first6=Eric |date=2001 |title=Self-Organization in Biological Systems |series=Princeton Studies in Complexity |location=Princeton, New Jersey |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_OXaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 88–89], [https://books.google.com/books?id=_OXaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA283 283] |doi=10.2307/j.ctvzxx9tx |isbn=0691012113 |oclc=44876868 |jstor=j.ctvzxx9tx}}</ref>Roger Sansom在2011年出版的《天才基因:基因调控网络如何进化到控制发展 Ingenious Genes: How Gene Regulation Networks Evolve to Control Development》一书，是对考夫曼关于基因调控网络的自组织模型的扩展批评。<ref>{{cite book |last=Sansom |first=Roger |date=2011 |title=Ingenious Genes: How Gene Regulation Networks Evolve To Control Development |series=Life and Mind: Philosophical Issues in Biology and Psychology |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=9780262195812 |oclc=694600461 |doi=10.7551/mitpress/9780262195812.001.0001}} See also: {{cite journal |last=Wray |first=Gregory A. |date=December 2012 |title=Adaptation and Gene Networks: ''Ingenious Genes: How Gene Regulation Networks Evolve to Control Development'' [book review] |journal=[[BioScience]] |volume=62 |issue=12 |pages=1084–1085 |doi=10.1525/bio.2012.62.12.10 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

考夫曼最著名的论点是，生物系统和有机体的复杂性可能来自自组织和远离平衡的动力学，也可能来自达尔文的自然选择，在进化生物学的三个领域，即种群动力学、分子进化和形态发生。在分子生物学方面，考夫曼的结构主义方法因忽视了能量在驱动细胞生化反应中的作用而受到批评，这种作用可以被称为自催化，但不是简单的自组织。<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fox |first=Ronald F. |title=Review of Stuart Kauffman, The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution |journal=Biophys. J. |date=December 1993 |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=2698–2699 |pmc=1226010 |doi=10.1016/s0006-3495(93)81321-3 |bibcode=1993BpJ....65.2698F}}</ref>一些在考夫曼领域工作的生物学家和物理学家对他关于自组织和进化的观点提出了质疑。一个恰当的例子是2001年出版的《生物系统中的自组织 Self-Organization in Biological Systems》一书中的一些评论。<ref>{{cite book |last1=Camazine |first1=Scott |last2=Deneubourg |first2=Jean-Louis |last3=Franks |first3=Nigel R. |last4=Sneyd |first4=James |last5=Theraulaz |first5=Guy |last6=Bonabeau |first6=Eric |date=2001 |title=Self-Organization in Biological Systems |series=Princeton Studies in Complexity |location=Princeton, New Jersey |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_OXaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 88–89], [https://books.google.com/books?id=_OXaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA283 283] |doi=10.2307/j.ctvzxx9tx |isbn=0691012113 |oclc=44876868 |jstor=j.ctvzxx9tx}}</ref>Roger Sansom在2011年出版的《天才基因:基因调控网络如何进化到控制发展 Ingenious Genes: How Gene Regulation Networks Evolve to Control Development》一书，是对考夫曼关于基因调控网络的自组织模型的扩展批评。<ref>{{cite book |last=Sansom |first=Roger |date=2011 |title=Ingenious Genes: How Gene Regulation Networks Evolve To Control Development |series=Life and Mind: Philosophical Issues in Biology and Psychology |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=9780262195812 |oclc=694600461 |doi=10.7551/mitpress/9780262195812.001.0001}} 参见: {{cite journal |last=Wray |first=Gregory A. |date=December 2012 |title=Adaptation and Gene Networks: ''Ingenious Genes: How Gene Regulation Networks Evolve to Control Development'' [book review] |journal=[[BioScience]] |volume=62 |issue=12 |pages=1084–1085 |doi=10.1525/bio.2012.62.12.10 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

考夫曼在这里讲述了2017年的故事[https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/mxALd-rqSBc Ghostarchive] and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20170312233945/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxALd-rqSBc&feature=youtu.be Wayback Machine]: {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxALd-rqSBc |title=The Surprising True Story of Patrick, Rupert, Sly, and Gus |website=[[YouTube]] |date=10 March 2017 |access-date=2020-05-26}}  

考夫曼在这里讲述了2017年的故事[https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/mxALd-rqSBc Ghostarchive] and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20170312233945/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxALd-rqSBc&feature=youtu.be Wayback Machine]: {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxALd-rqSBc |title=The Surprising True Story of Patrick, Rupert, Sly, and Gus |website=[[YouTube]] |date=10 March 2017 |access-date=2020-05-26}}  

这里有一个动画版本:  [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/qKXt7zdLVR4 Ghostarchive] and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20201002012309/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qKXt7zdLVR4&t=663s Wayback Machine]: {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qKXt7zdLVR4|title=The origins of life and its continuing wonder |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=Science Animated |date=24 August 2020 |quote=Stuart Kauffman explains how life evolved from its earlier origins some 3,700 million years ago through the story of four protocells—Patrick, Rupert, Sly and Gus. He explains why our knowledge of the origins and early evolution of life can greatly help us understand our true place in the world.}}</ref>

这里有一个动画版本:  [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/qKXt7zdLVR4 Ghostarchive] and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20201002012309/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qKXt7zdLVR4&t=663s Wayback Machine]: {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qKXt7zdLVR4|title=The origins of life and its continuing wonder |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=Science Animated |date=24 August 2020 |quote=斯图尔特·考夫曼通过讲述四种原始细胞——帕特里克、鲁伯特、希尔和格斯的故事，解释了生命是如何从37亿年前的早期起源进化而来的。他解释了为什么我们关于生命起源和早期进化的知识可以极大地帮助我们理解我们在世界上的真实位置。}}</ref>