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第82行：
第82行： − 时间箭头、熵和热力学第二定律的基础背后的数学来源于以下的设置，详见卡诺(1824)、克拉佩龙(1832)和克劳修斯(1854) :+ 第97行：
第97行： − 这里，正如常见的经验所证明的，当一个热的物体 t 子1 / 子，例如一个炉子，进入物理接触，例如通过一个流体(工作物体)与一个冷的物体 t 子2 / 子，例如一股冷水，能量总是以热 q 的形式从热流向冷流，并且给定时间系统将达到平衡。熵被定义为 q / t，由 Rudolf Clausius 提出，作为一个函数来衡量这个过程的分子不可逆性。原子和分子在转变过程中相互作用的耗散功。+ 第105行：
第105行： − 在这个图中，我们可以计算热量 q 从温度 t1 / sub 通过流体的“工作体”(见热机)到温度 t2 / sub 的熵变 s。此外，为了讨论的目的，我们可以假设工作物体只含有两个水分子。+ − − 第113行：
第111行： − 接下来，如果我们像最初由克劳修斯所做的那样做作业:+
无编辑摘要
The mathematics behind the arrow of time, entropy, and basis of the second law of thermodynamics derive from the following set-up, as detailed by Carnot (1824), Clapeyron (1832), and Clausius (1854):
The mathematics behind the arrow of time, entropy, and basis of the second law of thermodynamics derive from the following set-up, as detailed by Carnot (1824), Clapeyron (1832), and Clausius (1854):
时间箭头、熵和热力学第二定律的基础数学背景来源于以下的设置，详见卡诺(1824)、克拉佩龙(1832)和克劳修斯(1854) :
Here, as common experience demonstrates, when a hot body T<sub>1</sub>, such as a furnace, is put into physical contact, such as being connected via a body of fluid (working body), with a cold body T<sub>2</sub>, such as a stream of cold water, energy will invariably flow from hot to cold in the form of heat Q, and given time the system will reach equilibrium. Entropy, defined as Q/T, was conceived by Rudolf Clausius as a function to measure the molecular irreversibility of this process, i.e. the dissipative work the atoms and molecules do on each other during the transformation.
Here, as common experience demonstrates, when a hot body T<sub>1</sub>, such as a furnace, is put into physical contact, such as being connected via a body of fluid (working body), with a cold body T<sub>2</sub>, such as a stream of cold water, energy will invariably flow from hot to cold in the form of heat Q, and given time the system will reach equilibrium. Entropy, defined as Q/T, was conceived by Rudolf Clausius as a function to measure the molecular irreversibility of this process, i.e. the dissipative work the atoms and molecules do on each other during the transformation.
这里，如一般经验所示，当热物体T1（例如炉子）通过流体(工作物体)与冷物体T2（例如冷水）物理接触时，能量总是以热 Q 的形式从热的物体流向冷的物体，并且系统将在给定时间内达到平衡。熵定义为 q / t，由 Rudolf Clausius 提出，作为一个函数来衡量这个过程的分子不可逆性，即原子和分子在转变过程中对彼此做的耗散功。
In this diagram, one can calculate the entropy change ΔS for the passage of the quantity of heat Q from the temperature T<sub>1</sub>, through the "working body" of fluid (see heat engine), which was typically a body of steam, to the temperature T<sub>2</sub>. Moreover, one could assume, for the sake of argument, that the working body contains only two molecules of water.
In this diagram, one can calculate the entropy change ΔS for the passage of the quantity of heat Q from the temperature T<sub>1</sub>, through the "working body" of fluid (see heat engine), which was typically a body of steam, to the temperature T<sub>2</sub>. Moreover, one could assume, for the sake of argument, that the working body contains only two molecules of water.
在此图中，我们可以计算热量 Q 通过通常是蒸汽的流体的“工作体”(见热机)从温度T1到温度 T2 的熵变 ΔS。此外，为了讨论的目的，可以假设工作物体只含有两个水分子。
Next, if we make the assignment, as originally done by Clausius:
Next, if we make the assignment, as originally done by Clausius:
Next, if we make the assignment, as originally done by Clausius:
Next, if we make the assignment, as originally done by Clausius:
接下来，如果我们像克劳修斯最初所做的那样: