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第1行： − 此词条由潮升阶翻译并审校，未经排版编辑，带来阅读不便，请见谅。+ + + + − {{Short description|Philosophical view explaining systems in terms of smaller parts}} − [[René Descartes, in De homine (1662), claimed that non-human animals could be explained reductively as automata; meaning essentially as more mechanically complex versions of this Digesting Duck.]]+ − + − '''Reductionism''' is any of several related [[Philosophy|philosophical]] ideas regarding the associations between [[Phenomenon|phenomena]], which can be described in terms of other simpler or more fundamental phenomena.<ref name=MerriamWebster /> It is also described as an intellectual and philosophical position that interprets a complex system as the sum of its parts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Kricheldorf|first=Hans R.|title=Getting It Right in Science and Medicine: Can Science Progress through Errors? Fallacies and Facts|publisher=Springer|year=2016|isbn=978-3-319-30386-4|location=Cham|pages=63|language=en}}</ref> − − 还原论是一种有关现象之间的联系的哲学观点，认为现象可以用其他更简单或更基本的现象来描述<ref name="MerriamWebster" /> 。它是一种将一个复杂的系统解释为其各部分的总和的思想和哲学立场<ref name=":0" />。 − 第20行：
第18行： − ''[[The Oxford Companion to Philosophy]]'' suggests that reductionism is "one of the most used and abused terms in the philosophical lexicon" and suggests a three part division:<ref name="Ruse">{{cite book |title=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy |author=Michael Ruse |editor=Ted Honderich |isbn=978-0-19-103747-4 |year=2005 |edition=2nd |chapter=Entry for "reductionism" |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=793 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJFCAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1884}}</ref>+ − − 《牛津哲学指南》指出，还原论是“哲学词汇中最常用和最常被滥用的术语之一”，并将其划分为三部分:<ref name="Ruse" /> − − # '''Ontological reductionism''': a belief that the whole of reality consists of a minimal number of parts. − − Ontological reductionism: a belief that the whole of reality consists of a minimal number of parts. − − 本体论还原论: 一种认为所有现实均是由最小数量的部分组成的信念。 − − # '''Methodological reductionism''': the scientific attempt to provide explanation in terms of ever smaller entities. − − Methodological reductionism: the scientific attempt to provide explanation in terms of ever smaller entities. − − 方法论还原论: 一种用尽可能小的对象来提供解释的科学尝试。 − − # '''Theory reductionism''': the suggestion that a newer theory does not replace or absorb an older one, but reduces it to more basic terms. Theory reduction itself is divisible into three parts: translation, derivation and explanation.<ref name=Ney /> − − Theory reductionism: the suggestion that a newer theory does not replace or absorb an older one, but reduces it to more basic terms. Theory reduction itself is divisible into three parts: translation, derivation and explanation. − 理论还原论: 认为新的理论不会取代或吸收旧的理论，而是将其简化为更基本的术语。理论还原本身可以分为翻译、推导和解释三个部分<ref name="Ney" />。+ + + + + + − Reductionism can be applied to any [[phenomenon]], including [[object (philosophy)|objects]], problems, [[explanation]]s, [[theory|theories]], and meanings.<ref name=Ney /><ref name=Polkinghorne>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Reductionism |author=John Polkinghorne |url=http://www.disf.org/en/Voci/104.asp |encyclopedia=Interdisciplinary Encyclopedia of Religion and Science|date=2002 |publisher=Advanced School for Interdisciplinary Research; Pontifical University of the Holy Cross}}</ref><ref name=":2">For reductionism referred to [[explanation]]s, [[theory|theories]], and meanings, see [[Willard Van Orman Quine]]'s ''[[Two Dogmas of Empiricism]]''. Quine objected to the [[positivism|positivistic]], reductionist "belief that each meaningful statement is equivalent to some logical construct upon terms which refer to immediate experience" as an intractable problem.</ref> − + − For the sciences, application of methodological reductionism attempts explanation of entire systems in terms of their individual, constituent parts and their interactions. For example, the temperature of a gas is reduced to nothing beyond the average kinetic energy of its molecules in motion. Thomas Nagel and others speak of 'psychophysical reductionism' (the attempted reduction of psychological phenomena to physics and chemistry), and 'physico-chemical reductionism' (the attempted reduction of biology to physics and chemistry). − In a very simplified and sometimes contested form, reductionism is said to imply that a system is nothing but the sum of its parts.<ref name="Polkinghorne" /><ref name="GodfreySmith" /> However, a more nuanced opinion is that a system is composed entirely of its parts, but the system will have features that none of the parts have (which, in essence is the basis of [[emergentism]]).<ref name="Jones" /> "The point of mechanistic explanations is usually showing how the higher level features arise from the parts."<ref name="GodfreySmith" /> − + 第482行：
第464行： − Category:Emergence − 类别: 涌现 − <noinclude> − <small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Reductionism]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[还原论/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> − + + + + + +
无编辑摘要
{{#seo:
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|description=还原论是一种有关现象之间的联系的哲学观点，认为现象可以用其他更简单或更基本的现象来描述，它是一种将一个复杂的系统解释为其各部分的总和的思想和哲学立场。}}
[[File:Digesting Duck.jpg|thumb|300px|[[René Descartes]], in [[The World (Descartes)|De homine]] (1662), claimed that non-human animals could be explained reductively as [[automaton|automata]]; meaning essentially as more mechanically complex versions of this [[Digesting Duck]].|链接=Special:FilePath/Digesting_Duck.jpg]]
[[File:Digesting Duck.jpg|thumb|300px|[[René Descartes]], in [[The World (Descartes)|De homine]] (1662), claimed that non-human animals could be explained reductively as [[automaton|automata]]; meaning essentially as more mechanically complex versions of this [[Digesting Duck]].|链接=Special:FilePath/Digesting_Duck.jpg]]
勒内·笛卡尔（[[René Descartes, in De homine (1662), claimed that non-human animals could be explained reductively as automata; meaning essentially as more mechanically complex versions of this Digesting Duck.|René Descartes]]）在其1662年出版的《人论》(De Homine，1662)中宣称：非人类动物可以被简化为自动机，从本质上讲，是这种消化鸭的机械复杂版本。
勒内·笛卡尔（[[René Descartes, in De homine (1662), claimed that non-human animals could be explained reductively as automata; meaning essentially as more mechanically complex versions of this Digesting Duck.|René Descartes]]）在其1662年出版的《人论》(De Homine，1662)中宣称：非人类动物可以被简化为自动机，从本质上讲，是这种消化鸭的机械复杂版本。
还原论是一种有关现象之间的联系的哲学观点，认为现象可以用其他更简单或更基本的现象来描述<ref name="MerriamWebster" /> 。它是一种将一个复杂的系统解释为其各部分的总和的思想和哲学立场<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Kricheldorf|first=Hans R.|title=Getting It Right in Science and Medicine: Can Science Progress through Errors? Fallacies and Facts|publisher=Springer|year=2016|isbn=978-3-319-30386-4|location=Cham|pages=63|language=en}}</ref>。
== 定义 ==
== 定义 ==
《牛津哲学指南》指出，还原论是“哲学词汇中最常用和最常被滥用的术语之一”，并将其划分为三部分:<ref name="Ruse">{{cite book |title=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy |author=Michael Ruse |editor=Ted Honderich |isbn=978-0-19-103747-4 |year=2005 |edition=2nd |chapter=Entry for "reductionism" |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=793 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJFCAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1884}}</ref>
#
'''本体论还原论''': 一种认为所有现实均是由最小数量的部分组成的信念。
#
'''方法论还原论''': 一种用尽可能小的对象来提供解释的科学尝试。
#
'''理论还原论''': 认为新的理论不会取代或吸收旧的理论，而是将其简化为更基本的术语。理论还原本身可以分为翻译、推导和解释三个部分<ref name="Ney" />。
还原论可以应用于任何现象，包括对象、问题、解释、理论和意义<ref name="Polkinghorne" /><ref name=":2" />。
还原论可以应用于任何现象，包括对象、问题、解释、理论和意义<ref name=Ney /><ref name=Polkinghorne>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Reductionism |author=John Polkinghorne |url=http://www.disf.org/en/Voci/104.asp |encyclopedia=Interdisciplinary Encyclopedia of Religion and Science|date=2002 |publisher=Advanced School for Interdisciplinary Research; Pontifical University of the Holy Cross}}</ref><ref name=":2">For reductionism referred to [[explanation]]s, [[theory|theories]], and meanings, see [[Willard Van Orman Quine]]'s ''[[Two Dogmas of Empiricism]]''. Quine objected to the [[positivism|positivistic]], reductionist "belief that each meaningful statement is equivalent to some logical construct upon terms which refer to immediate experience" as an intractable problem.</ref>。
对于科学而言，方法论还原论试图从个体、组成部分及其相互作用的角度对整个系统进行解释。例如，对气体温度的降低不能超过其运动着的分子的平均动能。托马斯 · 内格尔（Thomas Nagel）和其他人还谈到了“心理物理学还原论”(试图将心理现象还原为物理和化学)和“物理化学还原论”(试图将生物学还原为物理和化学)<ref name="Nagel" />。
对于科学而言，方法论还原论试图从个体、组成部分及其相互作用的角度对整个系统进行解释。例如，对气体温度的降低不能超过其运动着的分子的平均动能。托马斯 · 内格尔（Thomas Nagel）和其他人还谈到了“心理物理学还原论”(试图将心理现象还原为物理和化学)和“物理化学还原论”(试图将生物学还原为物理和化学)<ref name="Nagel" />。
在一种非常简化的，有时是有争议的形式中，还原论被认为暗示一个系统只是它的部分的总和<ref name="Polkinghorne" /><ref name="GodfreySmith" />。然而，与之有着细微差别的观点是，一个系统完全由它的部分组成，但该系统将具有任何部分都没有的特征(这在本质上是涌现论的基础)<ref name="Jones" />。“机械论则侧重于解释整体更高层次的特征是如何从部分中产生的。”
在一种非常简化的，有时是有争议的形式中，还原论被认为暗示一个系统只是它的部分的总和<ref name="Polkinghorne" /><ref name="GodfreySmith" />。然而，与之有着细微差别的观点是，一个系统完全由它的部分组成，但该系统将具有任何部分都没有的特征(这在本质上是涌现论的基础)<ref name="Jones" />。“机械论则侧重于解释整体更高层次的特征是如何从部分中产生的。”<ref name="GodfreySmith" />
* Tara W. Lumpkin, ''Perceptual Diversity: Is Polyphasic Consciousness Necessary for Global Survival?'' December 28, 2006, http://www.bioregionalanimism.com/2006/12/is-polyphasic-consciousness-necessary.html
* Tara W. Lumpkin, ''Perceptual Diversity: Is Polyphasic Consciousness Necessary for Global Survival?'' December 28, 2006, http://www.bioregionalanimism.com/2006/12/is-polyphasic-consciousness-necessary.html
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