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→Structure （ 结构）
全球气候观测系统包括许多有贡献的观测系统和网络中与气候有关的部分。 它的任务是帮助确保这些贡献系统作为一个整体，提供包括个人、国家和国际组织和机构在内的用户所需的全球气候系统的全面信息。 该方案促进针对全气候系统的可靠物理、化学和生物观测和数据记录的持续提供和可用性- -覆盖大气、海洋和陆地领域，包括水循环、碳循环和冰冻圈。
全球气候观测系统包括许多有贡献的观测系统和网络中与气候有关的部分。 它的任务是帮助确保这些贡献系统作为一个整体，提供包括个人、国家和国际组织和机构在内的用户所需的全球气候系统的全面信息。 该方案促进针对全气候系统的可靠物理、化学和生物观测和数据记录的持续提供和可用性- -覆盖大气、海洋和陆地领域，包括水循环、碳循环和冰冻圈。
==Structure （ 结构）==
==Structure == 结构====
The primary observing systems contributing to the GCOS are the WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS)<ref>{{cite news |title= WMO Integrated Global Observing System |publisher=WMO |year= 2013 |url= http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/wigos/index_en.html|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref>, the Global Cryosphere Watch (GCW)<ref>{{cite news |title= Global Cryosphere Watch |publisher=WMO |year= 2013 |url= http://globalcryospherewatch.org/|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref>, and the World Hydrological Cycle Observing System (WHYCOS)<ref>{{cite news |title= World Hydrological Cycle Observing System |publisher=WMO |year= 2013 |url= http://www.whycos.org/whycos/|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref>, and the [[Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission]]-led Global Ocean Observing System ([[GOOS]]). A number of other domain-based and cross-domain research and operational observing systems also provide important contributions and encompass both in-situ and satellite observations. GCOS is both supported by and supports the international scientific and technical community, and the [[World Climate Research Programme]] (WCRP) co-sponsors the expert panels set up by GCOS for the atmospheric, oceanic and terrestrial domains. The composite observing system designated by GCOS serves as the climate-observation component of the broader [[Global Earth Observation System of Systems]] (GEOSS), and at the same time a number of specific observing-system initiatives of GEOSS contribute to the GCOS.
The primary observing systems contributing to the GCOS are the WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS)<ref>{{cite news |title= WMO Integrated Global Observing System |publisher=WMO |year= 2013 |url= http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/wigos/index_en.html|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref>, the Global Cryosphere Watch (GCW)<ref>{{cite news |title= Global Cryosphere Watch |publisher=WMO |year= 2013 |url= http://globalcryospherewatch.org/|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref>, and the World Hydrological Cycle Observing System (WHYCOS)<ref>{{cite news |title= World Hydrological Cycle Observing System |publisher=WMO |year= 2013 |url= http://www.whycos.org/whycos/|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref>, and the [[Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission]]-led Global Ocean Observing System ([[GOOS]]). A number of other domain-based and cross-domain research and operational observing systems also provide important contributions and encompass both in-situ and satellite observations. GCOS is both supported by and supports the international scientific and technical community, and the [[World Climate Research Programme]] (WCRP) co-sponsors the expert panels set up by GCOS for the atmospheric, oceanic and terrestrial domains. The composite observing system designated by GCOS serves as the climate-observation component of the broader [[Global Earth Observation System of Systems]] (GEOSS), and at the same time a number of specific observing-system initiatives of GEOSS contribute to the GCOS.
为全球海洋观测系统作出贡献的主要观测系统是气象组织综合全球观测系统(WIGOS)[1]，全球冰冻圈观测系统(GCW)[2]，和世界水循环观测系统(WHYCOS)[3]，和政府间海洋学委员会领导的全球海洋观测系统(GOOS)。 其他一些基于领域和跨领域的研究和业务观测系统也提供了重要贡献，包括现场观测和卫星观测。 全球气候观测系统同时得到国际科学和技术界的支持，并支持和支持国际科学和技术。世界气候研究计划(WCRP)共同赞助了全球气候观测系统为大气、海洋和陆地领域设立的专家小组。 GCOS指定的复合观测系统是更广泛的全球地球观测系统(GEOSS)的气候观测组成部分，同时全球对地观测系统的具体观测系统举措也促进了全球气候观测系统。
为全球海洋观测系统作出贡献的主要观测系统是气象组织综合全球观测系统(WIGOS)[1]，全球冰冻圈观测系统(GCW)[2]，和世界水循环观测系统(WHYCOS)[3]，和政府间海洋学委员会领导的全球海洋观测系统(GOOS)。 其他一些基于领域和跨领域的研究和业务观测系统也提供了重要贡献，包括现场观测和卫星观测。 全球气候观测系统同时得到国际科学和技术界的支持，并支持和支持国际科学和技术。世界气候研究计划(WCRP)共同赞助了全球气候观测系统为大气、海洋和陆地领域设立的专家小组。 GCOS指定的复合观测系统是更广泛的全球地球观测系统(GEOSS)的气候观测组成部分，同时全球对地观测系统的具体观测系统举措也促进了全球气候观测系统。
==Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) （基本气候变量-ECVs) ==
==Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) ==基本气候变量-ECVs== ==
GCOS has identified 50 '''Essential Climate Variables''' ('''ECV'''s)<ref>{{cite news |title= the GCOS Essential Climate Variables |publisher=GCOS |year= 2013 |url= http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/index.php?name=EssentialClimateVariables|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref> considered to be feasible for global climate observation and to have a high impact on the requirements of the [[UNFCCC]] and other stakeholders. There is a strong need for sustained observation of these ECVs, as the observations are needed for the generation and updating of global climate products and derived information. GCOS and its partners are developing ways of improving the generation and supply of data products relating to the ECVs.<ref>{{cite news |title= GCOS Climate Monitoring Principles |publisher=GCOS |year= 2013 |url= http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/documents/GCOS_Climate_Monitoring_Principles.pdf|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Global Observing Systems Information Center |publisher=GOSIC |year= 2013 |url= http://gosic.org/|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= ECV Inventory from CEOS |publisher=CEOS |year= 2013 |url= http://ecv-inventory.com/ecv-inventory|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref>
GCOS has identified 50 '''Essential Climate Variables''' ('''ECV'''s)<ref>{{cite news |title= the GCOS Essential Climate Variables |publisher=GCOS |year= 2013 |url= http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/index.php?name=EssentialClimateVariables|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref> considered to be feasible for global climate observation and to have a high impact on the requirements of the [[UNFCCC]] and other stakeholders. There is a strong need for sustained observation of these ECVs, as the observations are needed for the generation and updating of global climate products and derived information. GCOS and its partners are developing ways of improving the generation and supply of data products relating to the ECVs.<ref>{{cite news |title= GCOS Climate Monitoring Principles |publisher=GCOS |year= 2013 |url= http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/documents/GCOS_Climate_Monitoring_Principles.pdf|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Global Observing Systems Information Center |publisher=GOSIC |year= 2013 |url= http://gosic.org/|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= ECV Inventory from CEOS |publisher=CEOS |year= 2013 |url= http://ecv-inventory.com/ecv-inventory|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref>
全球气候观测系统已经确定了50个被认为是全球气候观测可行的基本气候变量(ECVs)，并对《联合国气候变化框架公约》和其他利益攸关方的要求产生了重大影响。 对这些基本气候变量的持续观测非常有必要，因为这些观测是生成和更新全球气候产品和派生信息所必需的。 全球气候观测系统及其合作伙伴正在开发改进与ECVs有关的数据产品的生产和供应途径。
全球气候观测系统已经确定了50个被认为是全球气候观测可行的基本气候变量(ECVs)，并对《联合国气候变化框架公约》和其他利益攸关方的要求产生了重大影响。 对这些基本气候变量的持续观测非常有必要，因为这些观测是生成和更新全球气候产品和派生信息所必需的。 全球气候观测系统及其合作伙伴正在开发改进与ECVs有关的数据产品的生产和供应途径。
==Expert Panels （专家小组）==
==Expert Panels ==专家小组====
Three expert panels have been established by the GCOS Steering Committee<ref>{{cite news |title= GCOS Steering Committee |publisher=GCOS |year= 2013 |url= http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/index.php?name=SteeringCommittee|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref> to define the observations needed in each of the main global domains - [[Atmosphere]], oceans, and land - to prepare specific programme elements and to make recommendations for implementation. GCOS is both supported by and supports the international scientific community, and therefore the three expert panels are co-sponsored by the [[World Climate Research Programme]] (WCRP). The Atmospheric, Ocean, and Terrestrial Observation Panel for Climate gather scientific and technical experts in the respective areas to generate inputs from these fields to the climate observing community. Those expert panels report to the GCOS Steering Committee, and have been established to define the observations needed in each of the main global domains to prepare scientific programme-elements and to make recommendations for implementation.
Three expert panels have been established by the GCOS Steering Committee<ref>{{cite news |title= GCOS Steering Committee |publisher=GCOS |year= 2013 |url= http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/index.php?name=SteeringCommittee|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref> to define the observations needed in each of the main global domains - [[Atmosphere]], oceans, and land - to prepare specific programme elements and to make recommendations for implementation. GCOS is both supported by and supports the international scientific community, and therefore the three expert panels are co-sponsored by the [[World Climate Research Programme]] (WCRP). The Atmospheric, Ocean, and Terrestrial Observation Panel for Climate gather scientific and technical experts in the respective areas to generate inputs from these fields to the climate observing community. Those expert panels report to the GCOS Steering Committee, and have been established to define the observations needed in each of the main global domains to prepare scientific programme-elements and to make recommendations for implementation.
全球气候观测系统指导委员会设立了三个专家小组，以确定在每一个主要的全球领域（大气、海洋和陆地）所需要的观测，以编制具体的方案构成部分，并提出执行建议。 GCOS得到国际科学界的支持，也支持国际科学界。因此三个专家小组是由世界气候研究计划(WCRP)共同赞助的。 大气、海洋和陆地气候观测小组召集各领域的科学和技术专家，从这些领域向气候观测团体提供投入。 这些专家小组向全球气候观测系统指导委员会报告，设立这些专家小组的目的是确定在每一个主要的全球领域所需的观测，以便编制科学方案组成部分，并提出执行建议。
全球气候观测系统指导委员会设立了三个专家小组，以确定在每一个主要的全球领域（大气、海洋和陆地）所需要的观测，以编制具体的方案构成部分，并提出执行建议。 GCOS得到国际科学界的支持，也支持国际科学界。因此三个专家小组是由世界气候研究计划(WCRP)共同赞助的。 大气、海洋和陆地气候观测小组召集各领域的科学和技术专家，从这些领域向气候观测团体提供投入。 这些专家小组向全球气候观测系统指导委员会报告，设立这些专家小组的目的是确定在每一个主要的全球领域所需的观测，以便编制科学方案组成部分，并提出执行建议。
===Atmospheric Observation Panel for Climate (AOPC) （大气气候观测小组—AOPC) ===
===Atmospheric Observation Panel for Climate (AOPC) ==大气气候观测小组—AOPC== ===
''AOPC'' was established in recognition of the need for specific scientific and technical input concerning atmospheric observations for climate. Its aim is to ensure the quality, long-term homogeneity and continuity of data needed. AOPC supports and is supported by the WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS).
''AOPC'' was established in recognition of the need for specific scientific and technical input concerning atmospheric observations for climate. Its aim is to ensure the quality, long-term homogeneity and continuity of data needed. AOPC supports and is supported by the WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS).
- 促进向用户群体转让和提供数据，以及重建历史观测和代用气候数据集。
- 促进向用户群体转让和提供数据，以及重建历史观测和代用气候数据集。
===Ocean Observations Panel for Climate (OOPC) （ 海洋气候观测小组-OOPC)===
===Ocean Observations Panel for Climate (OOPC) == 海洋气候观测小组-OOPC=====
''OOPC'', co-sponsored by GOOS, as well as GCOS and WCRP, is a scientific and technical advisory group charged with making recommendations for a sustained global ocean observing system for climate in support of the goals of its sponsors. This includes recommendations for phased implementation. The Panel also aids in the development of strategies for evaluation and evolution of the system and of its recommendations, and supports global ocean observing activities by interested parties through liaison and advocacy for the agreed observing plans.
''OOPC'', co-sponsored by GOOS, as well as GCOS and WCRP, is a scientific and technical advisory group charged with making recommendations for a sustained global ocean observing system for climate in support of the goals of its sponsors. This includes recommendations for phased implementation. The Panel also aids in the development of strategies for evaluation and evolution of the system and of its recommendations, and supports global ocean observing activities by interested parties through liaison and advocacy for the agreed observing plans.
- 审查对物理基本海洋变量和海洋观测变量进行持续海洋观测的需求并确定其优先次序，以便使广大利益攸关方参与进来，评估观测技术的准备情况和目前全球主要变量观测的充分性，并就制定国家沿海和海洋观测要求和观测系统执行计划提供技术咨询。
- 审查对物理基本海洋变量和海洋观测变量进行持续海洋观测的需求并确定其优先次序，以便使广大利益攸关方参与进来，评估观测技术的准备情况和目前全球主要变量观测的充分性，并就制定国家沿海和海洋观测要求和观测系统执行计划提供技术咨询。
===Terrestrial Observation Panel for Climate (TOPC)（ 陆面气候观测小组-TOPC) ===
===Terrestrial Observation Panel for Climate (TOPC) == 陆面气候观测小组-TOPC== ===
''TOPC'' was set up to develop a balanced and integrated system of in-situ and satellite observations of the terrestrial [[ecosystem]]. The Panel focuses on the identification of terrestrial observation requirements, assisting the establishment of observing networks for climate, providing guidance on observation standards and norms, facilitating access to climate data and information and its assimilation, and promoting climate studies and assessments.
''TOPC'' was set up to develop a balanced and integrated system of in-situ and satellite observations of the terrestrial [[ecosystem]]. The Panel focuses on the identification of terrestrial observation requirements, assisting the establishment of observing networks for climate, providing guidance on observation standards and norms, facilitating access to climate data and information and its assimilation, and promoting climate studies and assessments.
在实施全球气候观测系统方面特别成功的一个例子是启动了一个高空观测参考网络——全球气候观测系统参考高空网络。该网络是一个混合观测系统的原型，将业务上的高空测量站点与研究站点结合起来，为大气廓线提供高质量的参考数据。全球气候观测系统参考高空网络各站正在进行高质量的大气剖面测量，这将有助于了解高空气候变化趋势，协助调查对流层上层和平流层下层的过程，并为校准卫星测量和验证独立的气候分析和模型提供数据。在 GRUAN 站点，至少部分观测程序遵循了质量、可追溯性和完整的错误描述的原则。该网络计划在未来几年扩大其最初的15个站点的规模; 在更多的站点引入气候质量标准。
在实施全球气候观测系统方面特别成功的一个例子是启动了一个高空观测参考网络——全球气候观测系统参考高空网络。该网络是一个混合观测系统的原型，将业务上的高空测量站点与研究站点结合起来，为大气廓线提供高质量的参考数据。全球气候观测系统参考高空网络各站正在进行高质量的大气剖面测量，这将有助于了解高空气候变化趋势，协助调查对流层上层和平流层下层的过程，并为校准卫星测量和验证独立的气候分析和模型提供数据。在 GRUAN 站点，至少部分观测程序遵循了质量、可追溯性和完整的错误描述的原则。该网络计划在未来几年扩大其最初的15个站点的规模; 在更多的站点引入气候质量标准。
==See also ==另请参阅==
==See also ==另请参阅====
* '''''<small>{{portal-inline|Ecology}}</small>'''''
* '''''<small>{{portal-inline|Ecology}}</small>'''''
* '''''<small>{{portal-inline|Environment}}</small>'''''
* '''''<small>{{portal-inline|Environment}}</small>'''''
*
*
==References==参考文献==
==References==参考文献====
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