更改

跳到导航 跳到搜索
删除2,425字节 、 2022年4月30日 (六) 13:13
无编辑摘要
第1行: 第1行: −
此词条暂由彩云小译翻译,翻译字数共6037,未经人工整理和审校,带来阅读不便,请见谅。
+
此词条由神经动力学读书会词条梳理志愿者[[用户:Autumnwolfberry|Autumnwolfberry]]翻译审校,未经专家审核,带来阅读不便,请见谅。
    
{{short description|Electrically excitable cell that communicates via synapses}}
 
{{short description|Electrically excitable cell that communicates via synapses}}
第16行: 第16行:  
A '''neuron''' or '''nerve cell''' is an [[membrane potential#Cell excitability|electrically excitable]] [[cell (biology)|cell]] that communicates with other cells via specialized connections called [[synapse]]s. The neuron is the main component of [[nervous tissue]] in all [[Animalia|animals]] except [[sponge]]s and [[placozoa]]. [[Plant]]s and [[fungi]] do not have nerve cells.
 
A '''neuron''' or '''nerve cell''' is an [[membrane potential#Cell excitability|electrically excitable]] [[cell (biology)|cell]] that communicates with other cells via specialized connections called [[synapse]]s. The neuron is the main component of [[nervous tissue]] in all [[Animalia|animals]] except [[sponge]]s and [[placozoa]]. [[Plant]]s and [[fungi]] do not have nerve cells.
   −
 
+
神经元或神经细胞是一种可电兴奋的细胞,通过称为突触的专门连接与其他细胞进行交流。神经元是所有动物神经组织的主要组成部分,除了海绵动物门和扁盘动物门。植物和真菌没有神经细胞。
 
  −
 
  −
 
  −
A neuron or nerve cell is an electrically excitable cell that communicates with other cells via specialized connections called synapses. The neuron is the main component of nervous tissue in all animals except sponges and placozoa. Plants and fungi do not have nerve cells.
  −
 
  −
神经元或神经细胞是一种电激活细胞,通过称为突触的特殊连接与其他细胞通信。神经元是除海绵和板虫外所有动物神经组织的主要成分。植物和真菌没有神经细胞。
      
Neurons are typically classified into three types based on their function. [[Sensory neuron]]s respond to [[Stimulus (physiology)|stimuli]] such as touch, sound, or light that affect the cells of the [[Sense|sensory organs]], and they send signals to the spinal cord or brain. [[Motor neuron]]s receive signals from the brain and spinal cord to control everything from [[muscle contraction]]s to [[gland|glandular output]]. [[Interneuron]]s connect neurons to other neurons within the same region of the brain or spinal cord. When multiple neurons are connected together they form what is called a [[neural circuit]].
 
Neurons are typically classified into three types based on their function. [[Sensory neuron]]s respond to [[Stimulus (physiology)|stimuli]] such as touch, sound, or light that affect the cells of the [[Sense|sensory organs]], and they send signals to the spinal cord or brain. [[Motor neuron]]s receive signals from the brain and spinal cord to control everything from [[muscle contraction]]s to [[gland|glandular output]]. [[Interneuron]]s connect neurons to other neurons within the same region of the brain or spinal cord. When multiple neurons are connected together they form what is called a [[neural circuit]].
   −
Neurons are typically classified into three types based on their function. Sensory neurons respond to stimuli such as touch, sound, or light that affect the cells of the sensory organs, and they send signals to the spinal cord or brain. Motor neurons receive signals from the brain and spinal cord to control everything from muscle contractions to glandular output. Interneurons connect neurons to other neurons within the same region of the brain or spinal cord. When multiple neurons are connected together they form what is called a neural circuit.
+
神经元通常根据其功能被分为三种类型。感觉神经元对影响感觉器官细胞的刺激,如触摸、声音或光线作出反应,并向脊髓或大脑发送信号。运动神经元接收来自大脑和脊髓的信号,控制从肌肉收缩到腺体输出的一切。中间神经元将神经元与大脑或脊髓同一区域内的其他神经元连接起来。当多个神经元连接在一起时,它们形成所谓的神经回路。
 
  −
神经元通常根据其功能分为三种类型。感觉神经元对触觉、声音或光线等刺激作出反应,这些刺激影响到感觉器官的细胞,它们向脊髓或大脑发送信号。运动神经元从大脑和脊髓接收信号,控制从肌肉收缩到腺体输出的一切。中间神经元将神经元连接到大脑或脊髓同一区域的其他神经元上。当多个神经元连接在一起时,就形成了所谓的神经回路。
      
A typical neuron consists of a cell body ([[Soma (biology)|soma]]), [[dendrite]]s, and a single [[axon]]. The soma is a compact structure and the axon and dendrites are filaments extruding from the soma. Dendrites typically branch profusely and extend a few hundred micrometers from the soma. The axon leaves the soma at a swelling called the [[axon hillock]] and travels for as far as 1 meter in humans or more in other species. It branches but usually maintains a constant diameter. At the farthest tip of the axon's branches are [[axon terminals]], where the neuron can transmit a signal across the [[synapse]] to another cell. Neurons may lack dendrites or have no axon. The term [[neurite]] is used to describe either a dendrite or an axon, particularly when the cell is [[Cellular differentiation|undifferentiated]].
 
A typical neuron consists of a cell body ([[Soma (biology)|soma]]), [[dendrite]]s, and a single [[axon]]. The soma is a compact structure and the axon and dendrites are filaments extruding from the soma. Dendrites typically branch profusely and extend a few hundred micrometers from the soma. The axon leaves the soma at a swelling called the [[axon hillock]] and travels for as far as 1 meter in humans or more in other species. It branches but usually maintains a constant diameter. At the farthest tip of the axon's branches are [[axon terminals]], where the neuron can transmit a signal across the [[synapse]] to another cell. Neurons may lack dendrites or have no axon. The term [[neurite]] is used to describe either a dendrite or an axon, particularly when the cell is [[Cellular differentiation|undifferentiated]].
   −
A typical neuron consists of a cell body (soma), dendrites, and a single axon. The soma is a compact structure and the axon and dendrites are filaments extruding from the soma. Dendrites typically branch profusely and extend a few hundred micrometers from the soma. The axon leaves the soma at a swelling called the axon hillock and travels for as far as 1 meter in humans or more in other species. It branches but usually maintains a constant diameter. At the farthest tip of the axon's branches are axon terminals, where the neuron can transmit a signal across the synapse to another cell. Neurons may lack dendrites or have no axon. The term neurite is used to describe either a dendrite or an axon, particularly when the cell is undifferentiated.
+
一个典型的神经元由一个细胞体(soma:胞体)、树突和一个轴突组成。胞体是一个紧凑的结构,轴突和树突是从胞体中挤出的丝状物。树突通常有大量的分支,并从胞体中延伸出几百微米。轴突在一个称为轴突丘的肿胀处离开胞体,在人类中最远可达1米,在其他物种中则更远。它有分支,但通常保持一个恒定的直径。在轴突分支的最远端是轴突终端,在那里神经元可以通过突触向另一个细胞传递信号。神经元可能缺乏树突或没有轴突。术语神经突被用来描述树突或轴突,特别是当细胞未分化时。
 
  −
一个典型的神经元由一个细胞体(胞体)、树突和一个轴突组成。胞体结构紧密,轴突和树突是从胞体上突出的细丝。典型的树突大量分支,从胞体延伸几百微米。轴突在一个叫做轴突丘的肿胀处离开躯体,在人类中最远可达1米,在其他物种中则更远。它分枝,但通常保持一个恒定的直径。轴突最远端的分支是轴突终末,在那里神经元可以通过突触将信号传递给另一个细胞。神经元可能缺少树突或没有轴突。神经突这个术语用来描述树突或轴突,特别是当细胞未分化时。
      
Most neurons receive signals via the dendrites and soma and send out signals down the axon. At the majority of synapses, signals cross from the axon of one neuron to a dendrite of another. However, synapses can connect an axon to another axon or a dendrite to another dendrite.
 
Most neurons receive signals via the dendrites and soma and send out signals down the axon. At the majority of synapses, signals cross from the axon of one neuron to a dendrite of another. However, synapses can connect an axon to another axon or a dendrite to another dendrite.
   −
Most neurons receive signals via the dendrites and soma and send out signals down the axon. At the majority of synapses, signals cross from the axon of one neuron to a dendrite of another. However, synapses can connect an axon to another axon or a dendrite to another dendrite.
+
大多数神经元通过树突和胞体接收信号,并沿轴突发出信号。在大多数突触中,信号从一个神经元的轴突交叉到另一个神经元的树突。然而,突触可以将一个轴突连接到另一个轴突,或者将一个树突连接到另一个树突。
 
  −
大多数神经元通过树突和胞体接收信号,并向轴突发送信号。在大多数突触中,信号从一个神经元的轴突传递到另一个神经元的树突。然而,突触可以将轴突连接到另一个轴突或树突连接到另一个树突。
      
The signaling process is partly electrical and partly chemical. Neurons are electrically excitable, due to maintenance of [[voltage]] gradients across their [[Cell membrane|membranes]]. If the voltage changes by a large enough amount over a short interval, the neuron generates an [[All-or-none law|all-or-nothing]] [[electrochemical]] pulse called an [[action potential]]. This potential travels rapidly along the axon and activates synaptic connections as it reaches them. Synaptic signals may be [[Excitatory postsynaptic potential|excitatory]] or [[Inhibitory postsynaptic potential|inhibitory]], increasing or reducing the net voltage that reaches the soma.
 
The signaling process is partly electrical and partly chemical. Neurons are electrically excitable, due to maintenance of [[voltage]] gradients across their [[Cell membrane|membranes]]. If the voltage changes by a large enough amount over a short interval, the neuron generates an [[All-or-none law|all-or-nothing]] [[electrochemical]] pulse called an [[action potential]]. This potential travels rapidly along the axon and activates synaptic connections as it reaches them. Synaptic signals may be [[Excitatory postsynaptic potential|excitatory]] or [[Inhibitory postsynaptic potential|inhibitory]], increasing or reducing the net voltage that reaches the soma.
   −
The signaling process is partly electrical and partly chemical. Neurons are electrically excitable, due to maintenance of voltage gradients across their membranes. If the voltage changes by a large enough amount over a short interval, the neuron generates an all-or-nothing electrochemical pulse called an action potential. This potential travels rapidly along the axon and activates synaptic connections as it reaches them. Synaptic signals may be excitatory or inhibitory, increasing or reducing the net voltage that reaches the soma.
+
信号传递过程部分是电子的,部分是化学的。神经元具有电兴奋性,这是由于其膜上的电压梯度得到了维持。如果电压在短时间内发生足够大的变化,神经元就会产生一个全有或全无的电化学脉冲,称为动作电位。这个电位沿轴突迅速传播,到达突触连接时激活它们。突触信号可能是兴奋性的或抑制性的,增加或减少到达胞体的净电压。
 
  −
信号传导过程一部分是电的,一部分是化学的。神经元是电性兴奋的,由于维持跨膜的电压梯度。如果电压在短时间内发生足够大的变化,神经元就会产生一种要么全有要么全无的电化学脉冲,称为动作电位。这个电位沿着轴突迅速传递,并在到达轴突时激活突触连接。突触信号可以是兴奋性或抑制性的,增加或减少到达躯体的网电压。
      
In most cases, neurons are generated by [[neural stem cell]]s during brain development and childhood. [[Neurogenesis]] largely ceases during adulthood in most areas of the brain.
 
In most cases, neurons are generated by [[neural stem cell]]s during brain development and childhood. [[Neurogenesis]] largely ceases during adulthood in most areas of the brain.
   −
In most cases, neurons are generated by neural stem cells during brain development and childhood. Neurogenesis largely ceases during adulthood in most areas of the brain.
+
在大多数情况下,神经元是在大脑发育和儿童时期由神经干细胞生成的。在大脑的大多数区域,神经元的生成在成年后基本停止。
 
  −
在大多数情况下,神经元是在大脑发育和儿童时期由神经干细胞产生的。在大脑的大部分区域,神经形成在成年期基本停止。
      
{{toclimit|3}}
 
{{toclimit|3}}

导航菜单