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海洋气候观测小组的主要活动包括:

海洋气候观测小组的主要活动包括:

- Providing advice on scientific and technical requirements to the Joint WMO-IOC Technical Commission on Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM),<ref>{{cite news |title= Joint WMO/IOC Technical Commission on Oceanography and Marine Meteorology |publisher=JCOMM |year= 2013 |url=  http://www.jcomm.info/|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref> which is responsible for the coordination and implementation of platform-based observing system components;

- Providing advice on scientific and technical requirements to the Joint WMO-IOC Technical Commission on Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM)<ref name=":8">{{cite news |title= Joint WMO/IOC Technical Commission on Oceanography and Marine Meteorology |publisher=JCOMM |year= 2013 |url=  http://www.jcomm.info/|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref> ,which is responsible for the coordination and implementation of platform-based observing system components;

- 就科学和技术需求向气象组织-海委会海洋学和海洋气象学联合技术委员会提供建议，该委员会负责协调和实施基于平台的观测系统组成部分;

- 就科学和技术需求向气象组织-海委会海洋学和海洋气象学联合技术委员会<ref name=":8" />提供建议，该委员会负责协调和实施基于平台的观测系统组成部分;

- Coordinate ocean observing networks that contribute to ocean ECVs by encouraging GOOS Regional Alliances (GRAs)<ref>{{cite news |title= GOOS Regional Alliances |publisher=GOOS |year= 2013 |url=  http://www.ioc-unesco.org/index.php?option=com_weblinks&view=category&id=71&Itemid=84|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref> and national commitments to global observing networks, and promoting common best practices and observing standards;

- Coordinate ocean observing networks that contribute to ocean ECVs by encouraging GOOS Regional Alliances (GRAs)<ref name=":9">{{cite news |title= GOOS Regional Alliances |publisher=GOOS |year= 2013 |url=  http://www.ioc-unesco.org/index.php?option=com_weblinks&view=category&id=71&Itemid=84|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref> and national commitments to global observing networks, and promoting common best practices and observing standards;

- 通过鼓励全球海洋观测系统区域联盟和国家对全球观测网络的承诺，并促进共同的最优方法和观测标准，协调有助于海洋环境变化的海洋观测网络;

- 通过鼓励全球海洋观测系统区域联盟<ref name=":9" /> 和国家对全球观测网络的承诺，并促进共同的最优方法和观测标准，协调有助于海洋环境变化的海洋观测网络;

- Reviewing and prioritizing requirements for sustained ocean observations of the physical [[Essential_Ocean_Variables_(EOVs)|Essential Ocean Variables]] (EOVs), and ocean ECVs, to engage the broad stakeholder community, to assess the readiness of observing technologies and adequacy of present global key variable observations, and to provide a source of technical advice on the development of national coastal and ocean observing requirements and observing system implementation plans.

- Reviewing and prioritizing requirements for sustained ocean observations of the physical [[Essential_Ocean_Variables_(EOVs)|Essential Ocean Variables]] (EOVs), and ocean ECVs, to engage the broad stakeholder community, to assess the readiness of observing technologies and adequacy of present global key variable observations, and to provide a source of technical advice on the development of national coastal and ocean observing requirements and observing system implementation plans.

- 协调与其他全球观测系统小组和工作组的活动，确保各项要求与总体方案保持一致;

- 协调与其他全球观测系统小组和工作组的活动，确保各项要求与总体方案保持一致;

- Assessing and monitoring the adequacy of terrestrial observing networks such as the Global Terrestrial Networks (GTNs),<ref>{{cite news |title= Global Terrestrial Networks |publisher=GCOS |year= 2013 |url=  http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/index.php?name=GTNs|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref> and promoting their integration and development to measure and exchange climate data and information;

- Assessing and monitoring the adequacy of terrestrial observing networks such as the Global Terrestrial Networks (GTNs)<ref>{{cite news |title= Global Terrestrial Networks |publisher=GCOS |year= 2013 |url=  http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/index.php?name=GTNs|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref> ,and promoting their integration and development to measure and exchange climate data and information;

评估和监测诸如全球陆地网络等陆地观测网络的充分性，并促进其整合和发展，以衡量和交流气候数据和信息;

评估和监测诸如全球陆地网络<ref>{{cite news |title= Global Terrestrial Networks |publisher=GCOS |year= 2013 |url=  http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/index.php?name=GTNs|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref>等陆地观测网络的充分性，并促进其整合和发展，以衡量和交流气候数据和信息;

- Identification of gaps in present observing systems and designs to ensure long-term monitoring of terrestrial ECVs.

- Identification of gaps in present observing systems and designs to ensure long-term monitoring of terrestrial ECVs.

==Networks= = 网络 = = ==

==Networks= = 网络 = = ==

One of the first tasks of the GCOS programme was to define a subset of the World Weather Watch (WWW)<ref>{{cite news |title= World Weather Watch |publisher=WMO |year= 2013 |url=  http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref> stations appropriate for basic climate monitoring. The subset of roughly 1000 baseline surface stations became the GCOS Surface Network (GSN),<ref>{{cite news |title= GCOS Observations and Systems |publisher=GCOS |year= 2013 |url=  http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/index.php?name=ObservingSystemsandData|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref> while a subset of 150 upper air stations was designated as the GCOS Upper-Air Network (GUAN).<ref>{{cite news |title= The GCOS Upper-Air Network - GUAN |publisher=GCOS/GOSIC |year= 2013 |url=  http://gosic.org/content/gcos-upper-air-network-guan-program-overview|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref> These were built on existing WMO classifications and became the initial baseline components of the atmospheric networks. Considerations for selection of GSN included spatial distribution, length and quality of record, long-term commitment, and degree of urbanization. Similar considerations were used for GUAN. Designation of these networks benefited both the GCOS and the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHS). For NMHSs, designation of a station as part of the global climate network helped sustain support for these sites with long-term records. The networks provided the foundation for the Regional Basic Climatological Network,<ref>{{cite news |title= Regional Basic Climatological Network |publisher=WMO |year= 2013 |url=  http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/ois/rbsn-rbcn/rbsn-rbcn-home.htm|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref> which provides far greater spatial detail on the variability of climate.

One of the first tasks of the GCOS programme was to define a subset of the World Weather Watch (WWW)<ref name=":10">{{cite news |title= World Weather Watch |publisher=WMO |year= 2013 |url=  http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref> stations appropriate for basic climate monitoring. The subset of roughly 1000 baseline surface stations became the GCOS Surface Network (GSN)<ref name=":11">{{cite news |title= GCOS Observations and Systems |publisher=GCOS |year= 2013 |url=  http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/index.php?name=ObservingSystemsandData|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref> ,while a subset of 150 upper air stations was designated as the GCOS Upper-Air Network (GUAN)<ref name=":12">{{cite news |title= The GCOS Upper-Air Network - GUAN |publisher=GCOS/GOSIC |year= 2013 |url=  http://gosic.org/content/gcos-upper-air-network-guan-program-overview|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref> .These were built on existing WMO classifications and became the initial baseline components of the atmospheric networks. Considerations for selection of GSN included spatial distribution, length and quality of record, long-term commitment, and degree of urbanization. Similar considerations were used for GUAN. Designation of these networks benefited both the GCOS and the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHS). For NMHSs, designation of a station as part of the global climate network helped sustain support for these sites with long-term records. The networks provided the foundation for the Regional Basic Climatological Network,<ref name=":13">{{cite news |title= Regional Basic Climatological Network |publisher=WMO |year= 2013 |url=  http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/ois/rbsn-rbcn/rbsn-rbcn-home.htm|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref> which provides far greater spatial detail on the variability of climate.

全球气候观测系统方案的首要任务之一是确定适合于基本气候监测的世界天气观测站的子集。大约1000个基线地面站的子集成为 GCOS 地面网络(GSN) ，而150个高空站的子集被指定为 GCOS 高空网络(GUAN)。它们建立在现有的气象组织分类的基础上，成为大气网络的最初基线组成部分。选择 GSN 的考虑因素包括空间分布、记录的长度和质量、长期承诺和城市化程度。类似的考虑也适用于GUAN。指定这些网络有利于全球气候观测系统和国家气象和水文服务。对于国家气象和水文服务来说，指定一个气象站作为全球气候网络的一部分，有助于维持对这些有长期记录的站点的支持。这些网络为区域基础气候学网络提供了基础，该网络提供了关于气候变化的更多空间细节。

全球气候观测系统方案的首要任务之一是确定适合于基本气候监测的世界天气观测<ref name=":10" />站的子集。大约1000个基线地面站的子集成为 GCOS 地面网络(GSN)<ref name=":11" />  ，而150个高空站的子集被指定为 GCOS 高空网络(GUAN)<ref name=":12" />。它们建立在现有的气象组织分类的基础上，成为大气网络的最初基线组成部分。选择 GSN 的考虑因素包括空间分布、记录的长度和质量、长期承诺和城市化程度。类似的考虑也适用于GUAN。指定这些网络有利于全球气候观测系统和国家气象和水文服务。对于国家气象和水文服务来说，指定一个气象站作为全球气候网络的一部分，有助于维持对这些有长期记录的站点的支持。这些网络为区域基础气候学网络<ref name=":13" /> 提供了基础，该网络提供了关于气候变化的更多空间细节。

Recognizing that a balance has to be struck between standards and completeness of ground-based measurement, the GCOS programme recognized a hierarchy of observational networks and systems, comprising comprehensive, baseline and reference networks based on assumptions of spatial sampling needs.

Recognizing that a balance has to be struck between standards and completeness of ground-based measurement, the GCOS programme recognized a hierarchy of observational networks and systems, comprising comprehensive, baseline and reference networks based on assumptions of spatial sampling needs.

全球气候观测系统方案认识到必须在地面测量的标准和完整性之间取得平衡，认识到观测网络和系统的层次结构，包括根据对空间取样需要的假设而建立的综合、基准和参考网络。

全球气候观测系统方案认识到必须在地面测量的标准和完整性之间取得平衡，认识到观测网络和系统的层次结构，包括根据对空间取样需要的假设而建立的综合、基准和参考网络。

An example of a particularly successful step forward in implementing a global observing system for climate is the initiation of a reference network for upper-air observations - the GCOS Reference Upper-Air Network (GRUAN).<ref>{{cite news |title= GCOS Reference Upper-Air Network |publisher=GCOS |year= 2013 |url=  http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/index.php?name=GRUAN|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref> The network is the prototype of a hybrid observing system, combining operational upper-air measurement sites with research sites and providing high-quality reference data for atmospheric profiles. GRUAN sites are undertaking high-quality atmospheric profile measurements that will help understand trends in upper-air ECVs, assist in investigating processes in the upper-troposphere and lower stratosphere, and provide data for calibrating satellite measurements and validating independent climate analyses and models. At GRUAN sites, the principles of quality, traceability and complete error characterization have been heeded, for at least part of the observing programme. The network is planned to grow over its initial size of 15 stations in coming years; introducing climate quality standards to a larger number of sites.

An example of a particularly successful step forward in implementing a global observing system for climate is the initiation of a reference network for upper-air observations - the GCOS Reference Upper-Air Network (GRUAN)<ref name=":14">{{cite news |title= GCOS Reference Upper-Air Network |publisher=GCOS |year= 2013 |url=  http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/index.php?name=GRUAN|accessdate= 2013-11-05}}</ref>. The network is the prototype of a hybrid observing system, combining operational upper-air measurement sites with research sites and providing high-quality reference data for atmospheric profiles. GRUAN sites are undertaking high-quality atmospheric profile measurements that will help understand trends in upper-air ECVs, assist in investigating processes in the upper-troposphere and lower stratosphere, and provide data for calibrating satellite measurements and validating independent climate analyses and models. At GRUAN sites, the principles of quality, traceability and complete error characterization have been heeded, for at least part of the observing programme. The network is planned to grow over its initial size of 15 stations in coming years; introducing climate quality standards to a larger number of sites.

在实施全球气候观测系统方面特别成功的一个例子是启动了一个高空观测参考网络——全球气候观测系统参考高空网络。该网络是一个混合观测系统的原型，将业务上的高空测量站点与研究站点结合起来，为大气廓线提供高质量的参考数据。全球气候观测系统参考高空网络各站正在进行高质量的大气剖面测量，这将有助于了解高空气候变化趋势，协助调查对流层上层和平流层下层的过程，并为校准卫星测量和验证独立的气候分析和模型提供数据。在 GRUAN 站点，至少部分观测程序遵循了质量、可追溯性和完整的错误描述的原则。该网络计划在未来几年扩大其最初的15个站点的规模; 在更多的站点引入气候质量标准。

在实施全球气候观测系统方面特别成功的一个例子是启动了一个高空观测参考网络——全球气候观测系统参考高空网络<ref name=":14" />。该网络是一个混合观测系统的原型，将业务上的高空测量站点与研究站点结合起来，为大气廓线提供高质量的参考数据。全球气候观测系统参考高空网络各站正在进行高质量的大气剖面测量，这将有助于了解高空气候变化趋势，协助调查对流层上层和平流层下层的过程，并为校准卫星测量和验证独立的气候分析和模型提供数据。在 GRUAN 站点，至少部分观测程序遵循了质量、可追溯性和完整的错误描述的原则。该网络计划在未来几年扩大其最初的15个站点的规模; 在更多的站点引入气候质量标准。

==See also ==另请参阅====

==See also ==另请参阅====