| − | 还原论可以应用于任何现象,包括对象、问题、解释、理论和意义<ref name=Ney /><ref name=Polkinghorne>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Reductionism |author=John Polkinghorne |url=http://www.disf.org/en/Voci/104.asp |encyclopedia=Interdisciplinary Encyclopedia of Religion and Science|date=2002 |publisher=Advanced School for Interdisciplinary Research; Pontifical University of the Holy Cross}}</ref><ref name=":2">For reductionism referred to [[explanation]]s, [[theory|theories]], and meanings, see [[Willard Van Orman Quine]]'s ''[[Two Dogmas of Empiricism]]''. Quine objected to the [[positivism|positivistic]], reductionist "belief that each meaningful statement is equivalent to some logical construct upon terms which refer to immediate experience" as an intractable problem.</ref>。 | + | 还原论可以应用于任何现象,包括对象、问题、解释、理论和意义<ref name=Polkinghorne>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Reductionism |author=John Polkinghorne |url=http://www.disf.org/en/Voci/104.asp |encyclopedia=Interdisciplinary Encyclopedia of Religion and Science|date=2002 |publisher=Advanced School for Interdisciplinary Research; Pontifical University of the Holy Cross}}</ref><ref name=":2">For reductionism referred to [[explanation]]s, [[theory|theories]], and meanings, see [[Willard Van Orman Quine]]'s ''[[Two Dogmas of Empiricism]]''. Quine objected to the [[positivism|positivistic]], reductionist "belief that each meaningful statement is equivalent to some logical construct upon terms which refer to immediate experience" as an intractable problem.</ref>。 |
| − | 在一种非常简化的,有时是有争议的形式中,还原论被认为暗示一个系统只是它的部分的总和<ref name="Polkinghorne" /><ref name="GodfreySmith" />。然而,与之有着细微差别的观点是,一个系统完全由它的部分组成,但该系统将具有任何部分都没有的特征(这在本质上是涌现论的基础)<ref name="Jones" />。“机械论则侧重于解释整体更高层次的特征是如何从部分中产生的。”<ref name="GodfreySmith" /> | + | 在一种非常简化的,有时是有争议的形式中,还原论被认为暗示一个系统只是它的部分的总和<ref name="Polkinghorne" />。然而,与之有着细微差别的观点是,一个系统完全由它的部分组成,但该系统将具有任何部分都没有的特征(这在本质上是涌现论的基础)。“机械论则侧重于解释整体更高层次的特征是如何从部分中产生的。” |