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动脉供血的不良影响 DBS 植入术中可能出血的动脉造影。

动脉供血的不良影响 DBS 植入术中可能出血的动脉造影。

DBS carries the risks of major surgery, with a complication rate related to the experience of the surgical team. The major complications include hemorrhage (1–2%) and infection (3–5%).<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors = Doshi PK|title = Long-term surgical and hardware-related complications of deep brain stimulation|journal = Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery|volume = 89|issue = 2|pages = 89–95|date = April 2011|pmid = 21293168|doi = 10.1159/000323372|s2cid = 10553177}}</ref>

DBS carries the risks of major surgery, with a complication rate related to the experience of the surgical team. The major complications include hemorrhage (1–2%) and infection (3–5%).<ref name=":7">{{cite journal|vauthors = Doshi PK|title = Long-term surgical and hardware-related complications of deep brain stimulation|journal = Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery|volume = 89|issue = 2|pages = 89–95|date = April 2011|pmid = 21293168|doi = 10.1159/000323372|s2cid = 10553177}}</ref>

DBS carries the risks of major surgery, with a complication rate related to the experience of the surgical team. The major complications include hemorrhage (1–2%) and infection (3–5%).

DBS carries the risks of major surgery, with a complication rate related to the experience of the surgical team. The major complications include hemorrhage (1–2%) and infection (3–5%).

DBS 带有大手术的风险，并发症的发生率与手术团队的经验有关。主要并发症包括出血(1-2%)和感染(3-5%)。

DBS 带有大手术的风险，并发症的发生率与手术团队的经验有关。主要并发症包括出血(1-2%)和感染(3-5%)<ref name=":7" />。

The potential exists for [[Neuropsychiatry|neuropsychiatric]] side effects after DBS, including [[apathy]], [[hallucinations]], [[hypersexuality]], [[cognitive dysfunction]], [[Clinical depression|depression]], and [[euphoria]]. However, these effects may be temporary and related to (1) correct placement of electrodes, (2) open-loop VS closed loop stimulation , meaning a constant stimulation or an [[A.I.]] monitoring delivery system<ref>{{cite journal|authors = Scangos, K.W., Makhoul, G.S., Sugrue, L.P.|title = State-dependent responses to intracranial brain stimulation in a patient with depression|journal = Nat Med|year = 2021|volume = 27|issue = 2|pages = 229–231|doi = 10.1038/s41591-020-01175-8|pmid = 33462446|issn=1078-8956|pmc = 8284979}}</ref> and (3) calibration of the stimulator, so these side effects are potentially reversible.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors = Burn DJ, Tröster AI|title = Neuropsychiatric complications of medical and surgical therapies for Parkinson's disease|journal = Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology|volume = 17|issue = 3|pages = 172–80|date = September 2004|pmid = 15312281|doi = 10.1177/0891988704267466|doi-access = free}}</ref>

The potential exists for [[Neuropsychiatry|neuropsychiatric]] side effects after DBS, including [[apathy]], [[hallucinations]], [[hypersexuality]], [[cognitive dysfunction]], [[Clinical depression|depression]], and [[euphoria]]. However, these effects may be temporary and related to (1) correct placement of electrodes, (2) open-loop VS closed loop stimulation , meaning a constant stimulation or an [[A.I.]] monitoring delivery system<ref name=":8">{{cite journal|authors = Scangos, K.W., Makhoul, G.S., Sugrue, L.P.|title = State-dependent responses to intracranial brain stimulation in a patient with depression|journal = Nat Med|year = 2021|volume = 27|issue = 2|pages = 229–231|doi = 10.1038/s41591-020-01175-8|pmid = 33462446|issn=1078-8956|pmc = 8284979}}</ref> and (3) calibration of the stimulator, so these side effects are potentially reversible.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors = Burn DJ, Tröster AI|title = Neuropsychiatric complications of medical and surgical therapies for Parkinson's disease|journal = Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology|volume = 17|issue = 3|pages = 172–80|date = September 2004|pmid = 15312281|doi = 10.1177/0891988704267466|doi-access = free}}</ref>

The potential exists for neuropsychiatric side effects after DBS, including apathy, hallucinations, hypersexuality, cognitive dysfunction, depression, and euphoria. However, these effects may be temporary and related to (1) correct placement of electrodes, (2) open-loop VS closed loop stimulation , meaning a constant stimulation or an A.I. monitoring delivery system and (3) calibration of the stimulator, so these side effects are potentially reversible.

The potential exists for neuropsychiatric side effects after DBS, including apathy, hallucinations, hypersexuality, cognitive dysfunction, depression, and euphoria. However, these effects may be temporary and related to (1) correct placement of electrodes, (2) open-loop VS closed loop stimulation , meaning a constant stimulation or an A.I. monitoring delivery system and (3) calibration of the stimulator, so these side effects are potentially reversible.

DBS 有可能导致神经精神方面的副作用，包括冷漠、幻觉、性欲亢进、认知功能障碍、抑郁和欣快感。然而，这些影响可能是暂时的，并且与(1)正确放置电极，(2)开环 VS 闭环刺激有关，这意味着持续的刺激或人工智能。监测传输系统和(3)校准刺激器，所以这些副作用是潜在的可逆的。

DBS 有可能导致神经精神方面的副作用，包括冷漠、幻觉、性欲亢进、认知功能障碍、抑郁和欣快感。然而，这些影响可能是暂时的，并且与(1)正确放置电极，(2)开环 VS 闭环刺激有关，这意味着持续的刺激或人工智能。监测传输系统<ref name=":8" />和(3)校准刺激器，所以这些副作用是潜在的可逆的。

Because the brain can shift slightly during surgery, the electrodes can become displaced or dislodged from the specific location. This may cause more profound complications such as [[personality]] changes, but electrode misplacement is relatively easy to identify using [[CT scan]]. Also, complications of surgery may occur, such as bleeding within the brain. After surgery, swelling of the brain tissue, mild disorientation, and sleepiness are normal. After 2–4 weeks, a follow-up visit is used to remove [[Surgical suture|sutures]], turn on the neurostimulator, and program it.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

Because the brain can shift slightly during surgery, the electrodes can become displaced or dislodged from the specific location. This may cause more profound complications such as [[personality]] changes, but electrode misplacement is relatively easy to identify using [[CT scan]]. Also, complications of surgery may occur, such as bleeding within the brain. After surgery, swelling of the brain tissue, mild disorientation, and sleepiness are normal. After 2–4 weeks, a follow-up visit is used to remove [[Surgical suture|sutures]], turn on the neurostimulator, and program it.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

因为在手术过程中大脑可能会轻微移动，电极可能会从特定位置移位或移位。这可能会导致更深刻的并发症，如个性的改变，但电极错位是相对容易识别使用 CT 扫描。此外，手术并发症也可能发生，如脑出血。手术后，脑组织肿胀，轻度迷失方向和嗜睡是正常的。2-4周后，随访取出缝线，打开神经刺激器，并对其进行编程。

因为在手术过程中大脑可能会轻微移动，电极可能会从特定位置移位或移位。这可能会导致更深刻的并发症，如个性的改变，但电极错位是相对容易识别使用 CT 扫描。此外，手术并发症也可能发生，如脑出血。手术后，脑组织肿胀，轻度迷失方向和嗜睡是正常的。2-4周后，随访取出缝线，打开神经刺激器，并对其进行编程。

Impaired swimming skills surfaced as an unexpected risk of the procedure; several Parkinson's disease patients lost their ability to swim after receiving deep brain stimulation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medpagetoday.com/geriatrics/parkinsonsdisease/83610|title=Deep Brain Stimulation May Put Parkinson's Patients at Risk for Drowning|date=2019-11-27|website=www.medpagetoday.com|language=en|access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bangash|first1=Omar K.|last2=Thorburn|first2=Megan|last3=Garcia-Vega|first3=Jimena|last4=Walters|first4=Susan|last5=Stell|first5=Rick|last6=Starkstein|first6=Sergio E.|last7=Lind|first7=Christopher R. P.|date=May 2016|title=Drowning hazard with deep brain stimulation: case report|journal=Journal of Neurosurgery|volume=124|issue=5|pages=1513–16|doi=10.3171/2015.5.JNS15589|issn=1933-0693|pmid=26566200|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Impaired swimming skills surfaced as an unexpected risk of the procedure; several Parkinson's disease patients lost their ability to swim after receiving deep brain stimulation.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.medpagetoday.com/geriatrics/parkinsonsdisease/83610|title=Deep Brain Stimulation May Put Parkinson's Patients at Risk for Drowning|date=2019-11-27|website=www.medpagetoday.com|language=en|access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last1=Bangash|first1=Omar K.|last2=Thorburn|first2=Megan|last3=Garcia-Vega|first3=Jimena|last4=Walters|first4=Susan|last5=Stell|first5=Rick|last6=Starkstein|first6=Sergio E.|last7=Lind|first7=Christopher R. P.|date=May 2016|title=Drowning hazard with deep brain stimulation: case report|journal=Journal of Neurosurgery|volume=124|issue=5|pages=1513–16|doi=10.3171/2015.5.JNS15589|issn=1933-0693|pmid=26566200|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Impaired swimming skills surfaced as an unexpected risk of the procedure; several Parkinson's disease patients lost their ability to swim after receiving deep brain stimulation.

Impaired swimming skills surfaced as an unexpected risk of the procedure; several Parkinson's disease patients lost their ability to swim after receiving deep brain stimulation.

游泳能力受损表现为一个意想不到的风险程序; 几个帕金森病患者失去了他们的能力，在接受深度脑刺激后游泳。

游泳能力受损表现为一个意想不到的风险程序; 几个帕金森病患者失去了他们的能力，在接受深度脑刺激后游泳<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" />。

== Mechanisms ==

== Mechanisms ==

The exact mechanism of action of DBS is not known.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Mogilner A.Y. |author2=Benabid A.L. |author3=Rezai A.R. |chapter=Chronic Therapeutic Brain Stimulation: History, Current Clinical Indications, and Future Prospects |editor1=Markov, Marko |editor2=Paul J. Rosch |title=Bioelectromagnetic medicine |publisher=Marcel Dekker |location=New York |year=2004 |pages=133–51 |isbn=978-0-8247-4700-8}}</ref> A variety of hypotheses try to explain the mechanisms of DBS:<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors = McIntyre CC, Thakor NV|title = Uncovering the mechanisms of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease through functional imaging, neural recording, and neural modeling|journal = Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering|volume = 30|issue = 4–6|pages = 249–81|year = 2002|pmid = 12739751|doi = 10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.v30.i456.20}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors = Herrington TM, Cheng JJ, Eskandar EN|title = Mechanisms of deep brain stimulation|journal = Journal of Neurophysiology|volume = 115|issue = 1|pages = 19–38|date = January 2016|pmid = 26510756|pmc = 4760496|doi = 10.1152/jn.00281.2015}}</ref>

The exact mechanism of action of DBS is not known.<ref name=":11">{{cite book |author1=Mogilner A.Y. |author2=Benabid A.L. |author3=Rezai A.R. |chapter=Chronic Therapeutic Brain Stimulation: History, Current Clinical Indications, and Future Prospects |editor1=Markov, Marko |editor2=Paul J. Rosch |title=Bioelectromagnetic medicine |publisher=Marcel Dekker |location=New York |year=2004 |pages=133–51 |isbn=978-0-8247-4700-8}}</ref> A variety of hypotheses try to explain the mechanisms of DBS:<ref name=":12">{{cite journal|vauthors = McIntyre CC, Thakor NV|title = Uncovering the mechanisms of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease through functional imaging, neural recording, and neural modeling|journal = Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering|volume = 30|issue = 4–6|pages = 249–81|year = 2002|pmid = 12739751|doi = 10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.v30.i456.20}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{cite journal|vauthors = Herrington TM, Cheng JJ, Eskandar EN|title = Mechanisms of deep brain stimulation|journal = Journal of Neurophysiology|volume = 115|issue = 1|pages = 19–38|date = January 2016|pmid = 26510756|pmc = 4760496|doi = 10.1152/jn.00281.2015}}</ref>

The exact mechanism of action of DBS is not known. A variety of hypotheses try to explain the mechanisms of DBS:

The exact mechanism of action of DBS is not known. A variety of hypotheses try to explain the mechanisms of DBS:

DBS 的确切作用机制尚不清楚。各种各样的假说试图解释 DBS 的机制:

DBS 的确切作用机制尚不清楚<ref name=":11" /> 。各种各样的假说试图解释 DBS 的机制:<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" />

# Depolarization blockade: Electrical currents block the neuronal output at or near the electrode site.

# Depolarization blockade: Electrical currents block the neuronal output at or near the electrode site.

# Antidromic activation either activating/blockading distant neurons or blockading slow axons

# Antidromic activation either activating/blockading distant neurons or blockading slow axons

# 去极化阻滞: 电流阻断电极附近的神经元输出。# 突触抑制: 通过激活与刺激电极附近的神经元有突触连接的轴突终末来间接调节神经元的输出。# 神经元异常振荡活动的去同步化 # 逆向激活或激活/阻塞远处的神经元或阻塞缓慢的轴突

# 去极化阻滞: 电流阻断电极附近的神经元输出。

# 突触抑制: 通过激活与刺激电极附近的神经元有突触连接的轴突终末来间接调节神经元的输出。

# 神经元异常振荡活动的去同步化  

# 逆向激活或激活/阻塞远处的神经元或阻塞缓慢的轴突<ref name="garcia" />

DBS represents an advance on previous treatments which involved [[pallidotomy]] (i.e., surgical ablation of the [[globus pallidus]]) or [[thalamotomy]] (i.e., surgical ablation of the thalamus).<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors = Machado A, Rezai AR, Kopell BH, Gross RE, Sharan AD, Benabid AL|s2cid = 18194178|title = Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease: surgical technique and perioperative management|journal = Movement Disorders|volume = 21 Suppl 14|issue = Suppl 14|pages = S247–58|date = June 2006|pmid = 16810722|doi = 10.1002/mds.20959}}</ref> Instead, a thin lead with multiple electrodes is implanted in the globus pallidus, [[nucleus ventralis intermedius thalami]], or  [[subthalamic nucleus]], and electric pulses are used therapeutically. The lead from the implant is extended to the [[implanted pulse generator|neurostimulator]] under the skin in the chest area.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

DBS represents an advance on previous treatments which involved [[pallidotomy]] (i.e., surgical ablation of the [[globus pallidus]]) or [[thalamotomy]] (i.e., surgical ablation of the thalamus).<ref name=":14">{{cite journal|vauthors = Machado A, Rezai AR, Kopell BH, Gross RE, Sharan AD, Benabid AL|s2cid = 18194178|title = Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease: surgical technique and perioperative management|journal = Movement Disorders|volume = 21 Suppl 14|issue = Suppl 14|pages = S247–58|date = June 2006|pmid = 16810722|doi = 10.1002/mds.20959}}</ref> Instead, a thin lead with multiple electrodes is implanted in the globus pallidus, [[nucleus ventralis intermedius thalami]], or  [[subthalamic nucleus]], and electric pulses are used therapeutically. The lead from the implant is extended to the [[implanted pulse generator|neurostimulator]] under the skin in the chest area.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

DBS represents an advance on previous treatments which involved pallidotomy (i.e., surgical ablation of the globus pallidus) or thalamotomy (i.e., surgical ablation of the thalamus). Instead, a thin lead with multiple electrodes is implanted in the globus pallidus, nucleus ventralis intermedius thalami, or  subthalamic nucleus, and electric pulses are used therapeutically. The lead from the implant is extended to the neurostimulator under the skin in the chest area.

DBS represents an advance on previous treatments which involved pallidotomy (i.e., surgical ablation of the globus pallidus) or thalamotomy (i.e., surgical ablation of the thalamus). Instead, a thin lead with multiple electrodes is implanted in the globus pallidus, nucleus ventralis intermedius thalami, or  subthalamic nucleus, and electric pulses are used therapeutically. The lead from the implant is extended to the neurostimulator under the skin in the chest area.

DBS 代表了先前苍白球切开术(即手术切除苍白球)或丘脑切开术(即手术切除丘脑)治疗方法的进步。取而代之的是，在苍白球、中间丘脑腹侧核或丘脑下核内植入一个带有多个电极的薄导线，并用电脉冲进行治疗。植入物的导线延伸到胸部皮肤下的神经刺激器。

DBS 代表了先前苍白球切开术(即手术切除苍白球)或丘脑切开术(即手术切除丘脑)治疗方法的进步<ref name=":14" /> 。取而代之的是，在苍白球、中间丘脑腹侧核或丘脑下核内植入一个带有多个电极的薄导线，并用电脉冲进行治疗。植入物的导线延伸到胸部皮肤下的神经刺激器。

Its direct effect on the physiology of brain cells and [[neurotransmitters]] is currently debated, but by sending high-frequency electrical impulses into specific areas of the brain, it can mitigate symptoms<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors = Moro E, Lang AE|title = Criteria for deep-brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease: review and analysis|journal = Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics|volume = 6|issue = 11|pages = 1695–705|date = November 2006|pmid = 17144783|doi = 10.1586/14737175.6.11.1695|s2cid = 20857769}}</ref> and directly diminish the side effects induced by PD medications,<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors = Apetauerova D, Ryan RK, Ro SI, Arle J, Shils J, Papavassiliou E, Tarsy D|title = End of day dyskinesia in advanced Parkinson's disease can be eliminated by bilateral subthalamic nucleus or globus pallidus deep brain stimulation|journal = Movement Disorders|volume = 21|issue = 8|pages = 1277–79|date = August 2006|pmid = 16637040|doi = 10.1002/mds.20896|s2cid = 42122286}}</ref> allowing a decrease in medications, or making a medication regimen more tolerable.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Its direct effect on the physiology of brain cells and [[neurotransmitters]] is currently debated, but by sending high-frequency electrical impulses into specific areas of the brain, it can mitigate symptoms<ref name=":15">{{cite journal|vauthors = Moro E, Lang AE|title = Criteria for deep-brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease: review and analysis|journal = Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics|volume = 6|issue = 11|pages = 1695–705|date = November 2006|pmid = 17144783|doi = 10.1586/14737175.6.11.1695|s2cid = 20857769}}</ref> and directly diminish the side effects induced by PD medications,<ref name=":16">{{cite journal|vauthors = Apetauerova D, Ryan RK, Ro SI, Arle J, Shils J, Papavassiliou E, Tarsy D|title = End of day dyskinesia in advanced Parkinson's disease can be eliminated by bilateral subthalamic nucleus or globus pallidus deep brain stimulation|journal = Movement Disorders|volume = 21|issue = 8|pages = 1277–79|date = August 2006|pmid = 16637040|doi = 10.1002/mds.20896|s2cid = 42122286}}</ref> allowing a decrease in medications, or making a medication regimen more tolerable.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Its direct effect on the physiology of brain cells and neurotransmitters is currently debated, but by sending high-frequency electrical impulses into specific areas of the brain, it can mitigate symptoms and directly diminish the side effects induced by PD medications, allowing a decrease in medications, or making a medication regimen more tolerable.

Its direct effect on the physiology of brain cells and neurotransmitters is currently debated, but by sending high-frequency electrical impulses into specific areas of the brain, it can mitigate symptoms and directly diminish the side effects induced by PD medications, allowing a decrease in medications, or making a medication regimen more tolerable.

它对脑细胞和神经递质生理机能的直接影响目前还存在争议，但通过向大脑特定区域发送高频电脉冲，它可以缓解症状，直接减轻 PD 药物引起的副作用，减少药物治疗，或使药物治疗更能耐受。

它对脑细胞和神经递质生理机能的直接影响目前还存在争议，但通过向大脑特定区域发送高频电脉冲，它可以缓解症状<ref name=":15" />，直接减轻 PD 药物引起的副作用<ref name=":16" />，减少药物治疗，或使药物治疗更能耐受。

== Components and placement ==

== Components and placement ==