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Moved page from wikipedia:en:Critical systems thinking (history)
此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，翻译字数共415，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。
{{More citations needed|date=November 2009}}
'''Critical systems thinking (CST)''' is a [[systems thinking]] multimethodology that seeks to combine methods and practices from various systems thinking schools, such as [[system dynamics]], [[soft systems methodology]], [[hard systems]], [[sociotechnical system]], and others, into a problem situation to better understand and design interventions to address the needs of stakeholders.<ref>[[Werner Ulrich]] (2003). [http://wulrich.com/cst_brief.html A Brief Introduction to "Critical Systems Thinking for Professionals & Citizens"]</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Jackson|first=Michael C.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1084643459|title=Critical systems thinking and the management of complexity : responsible leadership for a complex world|date=2019|isbn=978-1-119-11838-1|location=Hoboken, NJ|oclc=1084643459}}</ref>
Critical systems thinking (CST) is a systems thinking multimethodology that seeks to combine methods and practices from various systems thinking schools, such as system dynamics, soft systems methodology, hard systems, sociotechnical system, and others, into a problem situation to better understand and design interventions to address the needs of stakeholders.Werner Ulrich (2003). A Brief Introduction to "Critical Systems Thinking for Professionals & Citizens"
批判系统思维是一种系统思维多方法论，旨在将各种系统思维学派的方法和实践(如系统动力学、软体系统方法论、硬系统、社会-技术系统等)结合到一个问题情境中，从而更好地理解和设计干预措施，以满足利益相关者的需求。维尔纳 · 乌尔里希(2003)。“专业人员与公民的批判性系统思维”简介
The problem situations that critical systems thinking address are "characterized by large scale, [[complexity]], [[uncertainty]], impermanence, and [[wikt:imperfection|imperfection]]."<ref>Gabriele Bammer (2003). [http://www.mngt.waikato.ac.nz/ejrot/cmsconference/2003/abstracts/orsystems/Bammer.pdf "Embedding Critical Systems Thinking in the Academy"]. CMS conference paper.</ref><ref name=":0" /> Each systems thinking methodology has its own strengths and weaknesses, hence ''critical'' systems thinking as in critique, which can limit its effectiveness to these "wicked" problems when implemented alone.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Jackson|first=Michael C.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54776208|title=Systems thinking : creative holism for managers|date=2003|publisher=J. Wiley|isbn=0-470-87144-X|location=Chichester, West Sussex, England|oclc=54776208}}</ref> When a plurality of methods are combined, guided by theory, in various phases of the systems intervention, however, these complex problem situations may be more effectively understood and addressed.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lai|first=Linda Sau-ling|date=2000|title=An integration of systems science methods and object-oriented analysis for determining organizational information requirements|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1743(200003/04)17:2<205::aid-sres294>3.0.co;2-t|journal=Systems Research and Behavioral Science|volume=17|issue=2|pages=205–228|doi=10.1002/(sici)1099-1743(200003/04)17:2<205::aid-sres294>3.0.co;2-t|issn=1092-7026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45733692|title=Multimethodology : the theory and practice of combining management science methodologies|date=1997|publisher=Wiley|others=John Mingers, Anthony Gill|isbn=0-585-24196-1|location=Chichester|oclc=45733692}}</ref>
The problem situations that critical systems thinking address are "characterized by large scale, complexity, uncertainty, impermanence, and imperfection."Gabriele Bammer (2003). "Embedding Critical Systems Thinking in the Academy". CMS conference paper. Each systems thinking methodology has its own strengths and weaknesses, hence critical systems thinking as in critique, which can limit its effectiveness to these "wicked" problems when implemented alone. When a plurality of methods are combined, guided by theory, in various phases of the systems intervention, however, these complex problem situations may be more effectively understood and addressed.
批判性系统思维所处理的问题情境是“拥有属性的大规模、复杂性、不确定性、无常性和不完美性。“ Gabriele Bammer (2003)。“在学术界植入批判性系统思维”。CMS 会议文件。每种系统思维方法都有自己的优点和缺点，因此批判性系统思维和批判性系统思维一样，当单独实施时，它的有效性可以局限于这些“邪恶的”问题。然而，当在系统干预的不同阶段，以理论为指导，将多种方法结合起来时，这些复杂的问题情况可能会得到更有效的理解和处理。
== History ==
== History ==
= = 历史 = =
=== Systems Thinking History ===
{{Main|Systems theory#History}}
As [[Systems theory|system thinking]] history indicates, the foundational systems methodologies that are combined as a part of critical systems thinking developed during the mid-20th century.<ref name=":1" /> By the early 1980s, [[Michael C. Jackson]] and Paul Keys observed in their influential article, " A ‘system of systems methodologies’ is developed as the interrelationship between different methodologies is examined along with their relative efficacy in solving problems in various real‐world problem contexts."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jackson|first=M. C.|last2=Keys|first2=P.|date=1984|title=Towards a System of Systems Methodologies|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1057/jors.1984.101|journal=Journal of the Operational Research Society|language=en|volume=35|issue=6|pages=473–486|doi=10.1057/jors.1984.101|issn=0160-5682}}</ref>
As system thinking history indicates, the foundational systems methodologies that are combined as a part of critical systems thinking developed during the mid-20th century. By the early 1980s, Michael C. Jackson and Paul Keys observed in their influential article, " A ‘system of systems methodologies’ is developed as the interrelationship between different methodologies is examined along with their relative efficacy in solving problems in various real‐world problem contexts."
= = 系统思维史 = = = 正如系统思维史所表明的，基础系统方法论作为批判性系统思维的一部分在20世纪中期发展起来。在20世纪80年代早期，迈克尔 · C · 杰克逊和保罗 · 凯斯在他们颇具影响力的文章中指出，“随着不同方法之间的相互关系以及它们在解决各种现实世界问题情境中的相对有效性得到检验，‘系统方法论体系’得到了发展。”
== See also ==
* [[Boundary critique]]
* [[Critical theory]]
* [[Management cybernetics]]
* [[Soft systems methodology]]
* [[Systems theory]]
* Boundary critique
* Critical theory
* Management cybernetics
* Soft systems methodology
* Systems theory
= = 参见同样 = = =
* 边界批判
* 批判理论
* 管理控制论
* 软体系统方法论
* 系统理论
== Publications ==
* [[Robert L. Flood]] (1990). "Liberating Systems Theory: Toward Critical Systems Thinking", in: ''Human Relations'', Vol. 43, No. 1, 49–75.
* Philip Graham (1999). "Critical Systems Theory: A Political Economy of Language, Thought, and Technology", in: ''Communication Research'', Vol. 26, No. 4, 482–507.
* [[Kristo Ivanov]] (1991). [https://web.archive.org/web/20181022080143/http://www8.informatik.umu.se/~kivanov/CriSysThink.html Critical systems thinking and information technology]. - In [http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=5492117 ''J. of Applied Systems Analysis''], 18, 39–55. (ISSN 0308-9541).
* [[Michael C. Jackson]] (2019), ''Critical Systems Thinking and the Management of Complexity'', Wiley
* Deiniol Lloyd-Jones (2004). [http://www.polis.leeds.ac.uk/assets/files/research/working-papers/wp6djones.pdf "Technical Cosmopolitanism: Systems, Critical Theory and International Relations"], POLIS Working Paper No. 6.
* G. Midgley (2000). ''Systemic intervention: Philosophy, methodology, and practice''. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
* Stephen L. Payne (1992). "Critical systems thinking: A challenge or dilemma in its practice?", in: ''Systemic Practice and Action Research'', Vol. 5, Nr 3 June, 237–249.
* [[Andrew Feenberg]], Critical Theory of Technology (Oxford University Press, 1991), later republished as Transforming Technology (Oxford University Press, 2002), see below
* Robert L. Flood (1990). "Liberating Systems Theory: Toward Critical Systems Thinking", in: Human Relations, Vol. 43, No. 1, 49–75.
* Philip Graham (1999). "Critical Systems Theory: A Political Economy of Language, Thought, and Technology", in: Communication Research, Vol. 26, No. 4, 482–507.
* Kristo Ivanov (1991). Critical systems thinking and information technology. - In J. of Applied Systems Analysis, 18, 39–55. (ISSN 0308-9541).
* Michael C. Jackson (2019), Critical Systems Thinking and the Management of Complexity, Wiley
* Deiniol Lloyd-Jones (2004). "Technical Cosmopolitanism: Systems, Critical Theory and International Relations", POLIS Working Paper No. 6.
* G. Midgley (2000). Systemic intervention: Philosophy, methodology, and practice. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
* Stephen L. Payne (1992). "Critical systems thinking: A challenge or dilemma in its practice?", in: Systemic Practice and Action Research, Vol. 5, Nr 3 June, 237–249.
* Andrew Feenberg, Critical Theory of Technology (Oxford University Press, 1991), later republished as Transforming Technology (Oxford University Press, 2002), see below
= = 出版 = =
* 罗伯特 · L · 福勒(1990)。“解放系统理论: 走向批判系统思考”，收录于: 人类关系，卷。43号，不。1, 49–75.
* Philip Graham (1999).“批判系统理论: 语言、思想和技术的政治经济学”，收录于: 传播研究，卷。26号，不。4, 482–507.
* Kristo Ivanov (1991).关键系统思维与信息技术。应用系统分析，18,39-55。(ISSN 0308-9541).
* Michael C. Jackson (2019) ，批判性系统思考与复杂性管理，Wiley
* Deiniol Lloyd-Jones (2004)。“技术世界主义: 系统、批判理论与国际关系”，POLIS 工作文件第。6.
* G. Midgley (2000).系统干预: 哲学、方法论与实践。纽约: Kluwer 学术出版社/Plenum 出版社。
* Stephen L. Payne (1992).“批判性系统思维: 实践中的挑战还是困境？“ ，在: 系统实践和行动研究，卷。237-249年6月3日。
* 安德鲁 · 芬伯格，《技术批判理论》(牛津大学出版社，1991年) ，后来改为《转化技术》(牛津大学出版社，2002年) ，见下文
== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Systems theory]]
Category:Systems theory
分类: 系统理论
<noinclude>
<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Critical systems thinking]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[临界系统思维/edithistory]]</small></noinclude>
[[Category:待整理页面]]
{{More citations needed|date=November 2009}}
'''Critical systems thinking (CST)''' is a [[systems thinking]] multimethodology that seeks to combine methods and practices from various systems thinking schools, such as [[system dynamics]], [[soft systems methodology]], [[hard systems]], [[sociotechnical system]], and others, into a problem situation to better understand and design interventions to address the needs of stakeholders.<ref>[[Werner Ulrich]] (2003). [http://wulrich.com/cst_brief.html A Brief Introduction to "Critical Systems Thinking for Professionals & Citizens"]</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Jackson|first=Michael C.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1084643459|title=Critical systems thinking and the management of complexity : responsible leadership for a complex world|date=2019|isbn=978-1-119-11838-1|location=Hoboken, NJ|oclc=1084643459}}</ref>
Critical systems thinking (CST) is a systems thinking multimethodology that seeks to combine methods and practices from various systems thinking schools, such as system dynamics, soft systems methodology, hard systems, sociotechnical system, and others, into a problem situation to better understand and design interventions to address the needs of stakeholders.Werner Ulrich (2003). A Brief Introduction to "Critical Systems Thinking for Professionals & Citizens"
批判系统思维是一种系统思维多方法论，旨在将各种系统思维学派的方法和实践(如系统动力学、软体系统方法论、硬系统、社会-技术系统等)结合到一个问题情境中，从而更好地理解和设计干预措施，以满足利益相关者的需求。维尔纳 · 乌尔里希(2003)。“专业人员与公民的批判性系统思维”简介
The problem situations that critical systems thinking address are "characterized by large scale, [[complexity]], [[uncertainty]], impermanence, and [[wikt:imperfection|imperfection]]."<ref>Gabriele Bammer (2003). [http://www.mngt.waikato.ac.nz/ejrot/cmsconference/2003/abstracts/orsystems/Bammer.pdf "Embedding Critical Systems Thinking in the Academy"]. CMS conference paper.</ref><ref name=":0" /> Each systems thinking methodology has its own strengths and weaknesses, hence ''critical'' systems thinking as in critique, which can limit its effectiveness to these "wicked" problems when implemented alone.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Jackson|first=Michael C.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54776208|title=Systems thinking : creative holism for managers|date=2003|publisher=J. Wiley|isbn=0-470-87144-X|location=Chichester, West Sussex, England|oclc=54776208}}</ref> When a plurality of methods are combined, guided by theory, in various phases of the systems intervention, however, these complex problem situations may be more effectively understood and addressed.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lai|first=Linda Sau-ling|date=2000|title=An integration of systems science methods and object-oriented analysis for determining organizational information requirements|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1743(200003/04)17:2<205::aid-sres294>3.0.co;2-t|journal=Systems Research and Behavioral Science|volume=17|issue=2|pages=205–228|doi=10.1002/(sici)1099-1743(200003/04)17:2<205::aid-sres294>3.0.co;2-t|issn=1092-7026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45733692|title=Multimethodology : the theory and practice of combining management science methodologies|date=1997|publisher=Wiley|others=John Mingers, Anthony Gill|isbn=0-585-24196-1|location=Chichester|oclc=45733692}}</ref>
The problem situations that critical systems thinking address are "characterized by large scale, complexity, uncertainty, impermanence, and imperfection."Gabriele Bammer (2003). "Embedding Critical Systems Thinking in the Academy". CMS conference paper. Each systems thinking methodology has its own strengths and weaknesses, hence critical systems thinking as in critique, which can limit its effectiveness to these "wicked" problems when implemented alone. When a plurality of methods are combined, guided by theory, in various phases of the systems intervention, however, these complex problem situations may be more effectively understood and addressed.
批判性系统思维所处理的问题情境是“拥有属性的大规模、复杂性、不确定性、无常性和不完美性。“ Gabriele Bammer (2003)。“在学术界植入批判性系统思维”。CMS 会议文件。每种系统思维方法都有自己的优点和缺点，因此批判性系统思维和批判性系统思维一样，当单独实施时，它的有效性可以局限于这些“邪恶的”问题。然而，当在系统干预的不同阶段，以理论为指导，将多种方法结合起来时，这些复杂的问题情况可能会得到更有效的理解和处理。
== History ==
== History ==
= = 历史 = =
=== Systems Thinking History ===
{{Main|Systems theory#History}}
As [[Systems theory|system thinking]] history indicates, the foundational systems methodologies that are combined as a part of critical systems thinking developed during the mid-20th century.<ref name=":1" /> By the early 1980s, [[Michael C. Jackson]] and Paul Keys observed in their influential article, " A ‘system of systems methodologies’ is developed as the interrelationship between different methodologies is examined along with their relative efficacy in solving problems in various real‐world problem contexts."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jackson|first=M. C.|last2=Keys|first2=P.|date=1984|title=Towards a System of Systems Methodologies|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1057/jors.1984.101|journal=Journal of the Operational Research Society|language=en|volume=35|issue=6|pages=473–486|doi=10.1057/jors.1984.101|issn=0160-5682}}</ref>
As system thinking history indicates, the foundational systems methodologies that are combined as a part of critical systems thinking developed during the mid-20th century. By the early 1980s, Michael C. Jackson and Paul Keys observed in their influential article, " A ‘system of systems methodologies’ is developed as the interrelationship between different methodologies is examined along with their relative efficacy in solving problems in various real‐world problem contexts."
= = 系统思维史 = = = 正如系统思维史所表明的，基础系统方法论作为批判性系统思维的一部分在20世纪中期发展起来。在20世纪80年代早期，迈克尔 · C · 杰克逊和保罗 · 凯斯在他们颇具影响力的文章中指出，“随着不同方法之间的相互关系以及它们在解决各种现实世界问题情境中的相对有效性得到检验，‘系统方法论体系’得到了发展。”
== See also ==
* [[Boundary critique]]
* [[Critical theory]]
* [[Management cybernetics]]
* [[Soft systems methodology]]
* [[Systems theory]]
* Boundary critique
* Critical theory
* Management cybernetics
* Soft systems methodology
* Systems theory
= = 参见同样 = = =
* 边界批判
* 批判理论
* 管理控制论
* 软体系统方法论
* 系统理论
== Publications ==
* [[Robert L. Flood]] (1990). "Liberating Systems Theory: Toward Critical Systems Thinking", in: ''Human Relations'', Vol. 43, No. 1, 49–75.
* Philip Graham (1999). "Critical Systems Theory: A Political Economy of Language, Thought, and Technology", in: ''Communication Research'', Vol. 26, No. 4, 482–507.
* [[Kristo Ivanov]] (1991). [https://web.archive.org/web/20181022080143/http://www8.informatik.umu.se/~kivanov/CriSysThink.html Critical systems thinking and information technology]. - In [http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=5492117 ''J. of Applied Systems Analysis''], 18, 39–55. (ISSN 0308-9541).
* [[Michael C. Jackson]] (2019), ''Critical Systems Thinking and the Management of Complexity'', Wiley
* Deiniol Lloyd-Jones (2004). [http://www.polis.leeds.ac.uk/assets/files/research/working-papers/wp6djones.pdf "Technical Cosmopolitanism: Systems, Critical Theory and International Relations"], POLIS Working Paper No. 6.
* G. Midgley (2000). ''Systemic intervention: Philosophy, methodology, and practice''. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
* Stephen L. Payne (1992). "Critical systems thinking: A challenge or dilemma in its practice?", in: ''Systemic Practice and Action Research'', Vol. 5, Nr 3 June, 237–249.
* [[Andrew Feenberg]], Critical Theory of Technology (Oxford University Press, 1991), later republished as Transforming Technology (Oxford University Press, 2002), see below
* Robert L. Flood (1990). "Liberating Systems Theory: Toward Critical Systems Thinking", in: Human Relations, Vol. 43, No. 1, 49–75.
* Philip Graham (1999). "Critical Systems Theory: A Political Economy of Language, Thought, and Technology", in: Communication Research, Vol. 26, No. 4, 482–507.
* Kristo Ivanov (1991). Critical systems thinking and information technology. - In J. of Applied Systems Analysis, 18, 39–55. (ISSN 0308-9541).
* Michael C. Jackson (2019), Critical Systems Thinking and the Management of Complexity, Wiley
* Deiniol Lloyd-Jones (2004). "Technical Cosmopolitanism: Systems, Critical Theory and International Relations", POLIS Working Paper No. 6.
* G. Midgley (2000). Systemic intervention: Philosophy, methodology, and practice. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
* Stephen L. Payne (1992). "Critical systems thinking: A challenge or dilemma in its practice?", in: Systemic Practice and Action Research, Vol. 5, Nr 3 June, 237–249.
* Andrew Feenberg, Critical Theory of Technology (Oxford University Press, 1991), later republished as Transforming Technology (Oxford University Press, 2002), see below
= = 出版 = =
* 罗伯特 · L · 福勒(1990)。“解放系统理论: 走向批判系统思考”，收录于: 人类关系，卷。43号，不。1, 49–75.
* Philip Graham (1999).“批判系统理论: 语言、思想和技术的政治经济学”，收录于: 传播研究，卷。26号，不。4, 482–507.
* Kristo Ivanov (1991).关键系统思维与信息技术。应用系统分析，18,39-55。(ISSN 0308-9541).
* Michael C. Jackson (2019) ，批判性系统思考与复杂性管理，Wiley
* Deiniol Lloyd-Jones (2004)。“技术世界主义: 系统、批判理论与国际关系”，POLIS 工作文件第。6.
* G. Midgley (2000).系统干预: 哲学、方法论与实践。纽约: Kluwer 学术出版社/Plenum 出版社。
* Stephen L. Payne (1992).“批判性系统思维: 实践中的挑战还是困境？“ ，在: 系统实践和行动研究，卷。237-249年6月3日。
* 安德鲁 · 芬伯格，《技术批判理论》(牛津大学出版社，1991年) ，后来改为《转化技术》(牛津大学出版社，2002年) ，见下文
== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Systems theory]]
Category:Systems theory
分类: 系统理论
<noinclude>
<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Critical systems thinking]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[临界系统思维/edithistory]]</small></noinclude>
[[Category:待整理页面]]