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=== Parkinson's disease ===

=== Parkinson's disease ===

DBS is used to manage some of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease that cannot be adequately controlled with medications.<ref name=NINDS/><ref name="USDHHS">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/DeviceApprovalsandClearances/Recently-ApprovedDevices/ucm083894.htm FDA approves implanted brain stimulator to control tremors.] Retrieved February 10, 2015.</ref> PD is treated by applying high-frequency (> 100 Hz) stimulation to three target structures namely to entrolateral thalamus, internal pallidum, and subthalamic nucleus (STN) to mimic the clinical effects of lesioning.<ref>Koller, W. and Melamed, E., 2007. Parkinson's disease and related disorders. 1st ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier.</ref> It is recommended for people who have PD with motor fluctuations and tremor inadequately controlled by medication, or to those who are intolerant to medication, as long as they do not have severe [[wikt:neuropsychiatric|neuropsychiatric]] problems.<ref name="pmid20937936">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bronstein JM, Tagliati M, Alterman RL, Lozano AM, Volkmann J, Stefani A, Horak FB, Okun MS, Foote KD, Krack P, Pahwa R, Henderson JM, Hariz MI, Bakay RA, Rezai A, Marks WJ, Moro E, Vitek JL, Weaver FM, Gross RE, DeLong MR |title=Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease: an expert consensus and review of key issues |journal=Archives of Neurology |volume=68 |issue=2 |page=165 |date=February 2011 |pmid=20937936 |pmc=4523130 |doi=10.1001/archneurol.2010.260 |display-authors=1}}</ref> Four areas of the brain have been treated with neural stimulators in PD. These are the [[globus pallidus internus]], [[thalamus]], [[subthalamic nucleus]] and the [[pedunculopontine nucleus]]. However, most DBS surgeries in routine practice target either the globus pallidus internus, or the Subthalamic nucleus.

DBS is used to manage some of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease that cannot be adequately controlled with medications.<ref name=NINDS/><ref name="USDHHS">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/DeviceApprovalsandClearances/Recently-ApprovedDevices/ucm083894.htm FDA approves implanted brain stimulator to control tremors.] Retrieved February 10, 2015.</ref> PD is treated by applying high-frequency (> 100 Hz) stimulation to three target structures namely to entrolateral thalamus, internal pallidum, and subthalamic nucleus (STN) to mimic the clinical effects of lesioning.<ref name=":4">Koller, W. and Melamed, E., 2007. Parkinson's disease and related disorders. 1st ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier.</ref> It is recommended for people who have PD with motor fluctuations and tremor inadequately controlled by medication, or to those who are intolerant to medication, as long as they do not have severe [[wikt:neuropsychiatric|neuropsychiatric]] problems.<ref name="pmid20937936">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bronstein JM, Tagliati M, Alterman RL, Lozano AM, Volkmann J, Stefani A, Horak FB, Okun MS, Foote KD, Krack P, Pahwa R, Henderson JM, Hariz MI, Bakay RA, Rezai A, Marks WJ, Moro E, Vitek JL, Weaver FM, Gross RE, DeLong MR |title=Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease: an expert consensus and review of key issues |journal=Archives of Neurology |volume=68 |issue=2 |page=165 |date=February 2011 |pmid=20937936 |pmc=4523130 |doi=10.1001/archneurol.2010.260 |display-authors=1}}</ref> Four areas of the brain have been treated with neural stimulators in PD. These are the [[globus pallidus internus]], [[thalamus]], [[subthalamic nucleus]] and the [[pedunculopontine nucleus]]. However, most DBS surgeries in routine practice target either the globus pallidus internus, or the Subthalamic nucleus.

* DBS of the globus pallidus internus reduces uncontrollable shaking movements called [[dyskinesia]]s. This enables a patient to take adequate quantities of medications (especially levodopa), thus leading to better control of symptoms.

* DBS of the globus pallidus internus reduces uncontrollable shaking movements called [[dyskinesia]]s. This enables a patient to take adequate quantities of medications (especially levodopa), thus leading to better control of symptoms.

* DBS of the subthalamic nucleus directly reduces symptoms of Parkinson's. This enables a decrease in the dose of anti-parkinsonian medications.

* DBS of the subthalamic nucleus directly reduces symptoms of Parkinson's. This enables a decrease in the dose of anti-parkinsonian medications.

* DBS of the PPN may help with freezing of gait, while DBS of the thalamus may help with tremor. These targets are not routinely utilized.

* DBS of the PPN may help with freezing of gait, while DBS of the thalamus may help with tremor. These targets are not routinely utilized.

DBS用于治疗帕金森病的一些无法用药完全控制的症状.<ref name="NINDS" /><ref name="USDHHS" /> 。卫生及公众服务部。美国食品药品管理局批准植入大脑刺激器控制震颤。10,2015.应用高频(> 100hz)刺激丘脑内侧、苍白球和丘脑下核三个靶结构来模拟损伤的临床效果。和 Melamed，e，2007。帕金森病及相关疾病。第一版。爱丁堡: Elsevier。这是建议的人谁有帕金森病的运动波动和震颤不充分控制的药物，或对药物不耐受，只要他们没有严重的神经精神问题。大脑的四个区域已经用神经刺激器治疗帕金森病。这些是内苍白球、丘脑、丘脑下核和脚桥核。然而，大多数常规 DBS 手术的目标要么是内侧苍白球，要么是丘脑下核。

DBS用于治疗帕金森病的一些无法用药完全控制的症状.<ref name="NINDS" /><ref name="USDHHS" /> 。通过对丘脑内外侧、内苍白球和丘脑下核(STN)三个靶结构应用高频(> 100 Hz)刺激治疗PD，以模拟病变的临床效果<ref name=":4" /> 。和 Melamed，e，2007。帕金森病及相关疾病。第一版。爱丁堡: Elsevier。这是建议的人谁有帕金森病的运动波动和震颤不充分控制的药物，或对药物不耐受，只要他们没有严重的神经精神问题。大脑的四个区域已经用神经刺激器治疗帕金森病。这些是内苍白球、丘脑、丘脑下核和脚桥核。然而，大多数常规 DBS 手术的目标要么是内侧苍白球，要么是丘脑下核。

* 苍白球内侧的深部脑震荡减少称为运动障碍的无法控制的颤抖运动。这使病人能够服用足够数量的药物(尤其是左旋多巴) ，从而更好地控制症状。

* 苍白球内侧的深部脑震荡减少称为运动障碍的无法控制的颤抖运动。这使病人能够服用足够数量的药物(尤其是左旋多巴) ，从而更好地控制症状。

* 丘脑下核的 DBS 可以直接减轻帕金森症的症状。这使得减少剂量的抗帕金森病药物。

* 丘脑下核的 DBS 可以直接减轻帕金森症的症状。这使得减少剂量的抗帕金森病药物。