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共同演化 (查看源代码)

2023年1月1日 (日) 01:48的版本

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===无花果的生殖与无花果蜂===
 
===无花果的生殖与无花果蜂===
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[[File:Ficus plant.jpg|thumb|left|链接=Special:FilePath/Ficus_plant.jpg]]
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[[File:Ficus plant.jpg|thumb|left|链接=Special:FilePath/Ficus_plant.jpg|一颗[[Common fig|无花果树]] 露出它许多细小的结种成熟[[gynoecia|雌蕊群]]。它们被无花果蜂''[[Blastophaga psenes]]''授粉，在 栽培的无花果树中也有无性 品种。<ref name="Suleman" />]]
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{{Main|Reproductive coevolution in Ficus}}一颗[[Common fig|无花果树]] 露出它许多细小的结种成熟[[gynoecia|雌蕊群]]。它们被无花果蜂''[[Blastophaga psenes]]''授粉，在 栽培的无花果树中也有无性 品种。<ref name="Suleman" />''[[Ficus|榕]]''属植物由800种藤本植物、灌木和乔木构成，其中包括栽培的无花果、由它们可以保持雌花和花粉在其中的果实状萼的[[syconium|榕果]]所定义；每一种榕树都有自己的[[fig wasp|榕小蜂]]（在大多数情况下）为榕树授粉，由此一种贯穿于这个属中紧密的相互依赖关系已然形成并持续存在。<ref name="Suleman">{{cite journal |last1=Suleman |first1=Nazia |last2=Sait |first2=Steve |last3=Compton |first3=Stephen G. |title=Female figs as traps: Their impact on the dynamics of an experimental fig tree-pollinator-parasitoid community |journal=Acta Oecologica |volume=62 |year=2015 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1016/j.actao.2014.11.001 |bibcode=2015AcO....62....1S|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/85568/7/Female%20plants%20as%20traps%20paper%20%283%29.pdf }}</ref>
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{{Main|Reproductive coevolution in Ficus}}''[[Ficus|榕]]''属植物由800种藤本植物、灌木和乔木构成，其中包括栽培的无花果、由它们可以保持雌花和花粉在其中的果实状萼的[[syconium|榕果]]所定义；每一种榕树都有自己的[[fig wasp|榕小蜂]]（在大多数情况下）为榕树授粉，由此一种贯穿于这个属中紧密的相互依赖关系已然形成并持续存在。<ref name="Suleman">{{cite journal |last1=Suleman |first1=Nazia |last2=Sait |first2=Steve |last3=Compton |first3=Stephen G. |title=Female figs as traps: Their impact on the dynamics of an experimental fig tree-pollinator-parasitoid community |journal=Acta Oecologica |volume=62 |year=2015 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1016/j.actao.2014.11.001 |bibcode=2015AcO....62....1S|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/85568/7/Female%20plants%20as%20traps%20paper%20%283%29.pdf }}</ref>
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[[File:Ant - Pseudomyrmex species, on Bull Thorn Acacia (Acacia cornigera) with Beltian bodies, Caves Branch Jungle Lodge, Belmopan, Belize - 8505045055.jpg|thumb|right|''拟家蚁''和为其供给蛋白质的贝尔特体在牛角金合欢（''[[Vachellia cornigera]]''）上<ref name="Hölldobler-532"/>|链接=Special:FilePath/Ant_-_Pseudomyrmex_species,_on_Bull_Thorn_Acacia_(Acacia_cornigera)_with_Beltian_bodies,_Caves_Branch_Jungle_Lodge,_Belmopan,_Belize_-_8505045055.jpg]]
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[[File:Ant - Pseudomyrmex species, on Bull Thorn Acacia (Acacia cornigera) with Beltian bodies, Caves Branch Jungle Lodge, Belmopan, Belize - 8505045055.jpg|thumb|right|链接=Special:FilePath/Ant_-_Pseudomyrmex_species,_on_Bull_Thorn_Acacia_(Acacia_cornigera)_with_Beltian_bodies,_Caves_Branch_Jungle_Lodge,_Belmopan,_Belize_-_8505045055.jpg]]
    
=== 相思树蚁与牛角相思树 ===  
 
=== 相思树蚁与牛角相思树 ===  
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{{efn|The acacia ant protects at least 5 species of "Acacia", now all renamed to ''Vachellia'': ''[[Vachellia chiapensis|V. chiapensis]]'', ''[[Vachellia collinsii|V. collinsii]]'', ''[[Vachellia cornigera|V. cornigera]]'', ''[[Vachellia hindsii|V. hindsii]]'', and ''[[Vachellia sphaerocephala|V. sphaerocephala]]''.}}
 
{{efn|The acacia ant protects at least 5 species of "Acacia", now all renamed to ''Vachellia'': ''[[Vachellia chiapensis|V. chiapensis]]'', ''[[Vachellia collinsii|V. collinsii]]'', ''[[Vachellia cornigera|V. cornigera]]'', ''[[Vachellia hindsii|V. hindsii]]'', and ''[[Vachellia sphaerocephala|V. sphaerocephala]]''.}}
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[[acacia ant|相思树蚁]]（''Pseudomyrmex ferruginea''）是一种能保护至少5种“金合欢树”（''[[Vachellia]]''）免受食用牛角相思树的昆虫和其他植物争夺阳光的专性植物蚂蚁，而这种树则为这种蚂蚁及其幼虫提供营养和庇护<ref name="Hölldobler-532">{{cite book |last1=Hölldobler |first1=Bert |last2=Wilson |first2=Edward O. |title=The ants |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1990 |url=https://archive.org/details/ants0000hlld |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-674-04075-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ants0000hlld/page/532 532]–533}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=National Geographic|title=Acacia Ant Video|url=http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/animals/bugs-animals/ants-and-termites/ant_acaciatree.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107085438/http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/animals/bugs-animals/ants-and-termites/ant_acaciatree.html|archive-date=2007-11-07}}</ref>；这种互利共生并不是自然而然的：其他蚂蚁种类遵循不同的[[evolutionary strategy|进化策略]]，利用树木而不作回报；这些欺诈性的蚂蚁通过破坏树木的生殖器官对寄主施加重大伤害，不过它们对寄主健康的净影响并不一定是负面的，因此难以预测。<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.1006872107 |vauthors=Palmer TM, Doak DF, Stanton ML, Bronstein JL, Kiers ET, Young TP, Goheen JR, Pringle RM |year=2010 |title=Synergy of multiple partners, including freeloaders, increases host fitness in a multispecies mutualism |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=107 |issue=40 |pages=17234–9 |pmid=20855614 |pmc=2951420 |bibcode=2010PNAS..10717234P|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Kinship and incompatibility between colonies of the acacia ant ''Pseudomyrex ferruginea'' |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |first=Alex |last=Mintzer |author2=Vinson, S.B. |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=75–78 |doi=10.1007/bf00299432 |jstor=4599807 |year=1985|s2cid=9538185 }}</ref>
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[[acacia ant|相思树蚁]]（''Pseudomyrmex ferruginea''）是一种能保护至少5种“金合欢树”（''[[Vachellia]]''）免受食用牛角相思树的昆虫和其他植物争夺阳光的专性植物蚂蚁，而这种树则为这种蚂蚁及其幼虫提供营养和庇护<ref name="Hölldobler-532">{{cite book |last1=Hölldobler |first1=Bert |last2=Wilson |first2=Edward O. |title=The ants |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1990 |url=https://archive.org/details/ants0000hlld |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-674-04075-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ants0000hlld/page/532 532]–533}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=National Geographic|title=Acacia Ant Video|url=http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/animals/bugs-animals/ants-and-termites/ant_acaciatree.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107085438/http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/animals/bugs-animals/ants-and-termites/ant_acaciatree.html|archive-date=2007-11-07}}</ref>；这种互利共生并不是自然而然的：其他蚂蚁种类遵循不同的[[evolutionary strategy|进化策略]]，利用树木而不作回报；这些欺诈性的蚂蚁通过破坏树木的生殖器官对寄主施加重大伤害，不过它们对寄主健康的净影响并不一定是负面的，因此难以预测。<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.1006872107 |vauthors=Palmer TM, Doak DF, Stanton ML, Bronstein JL, Kiers ET, Young TP, Goheen JR, Pringle RM |year=2010 |title=Synergy of multiple partners, including freeloaders, increases host fitness in a multispecies mutualism |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=107 |issue=40 |pages=17234–9 |pmid=20855614 |pmc=2951420 |bibcode=2010PNAS..10717234P|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Kinship and incompatibility between colonies of the acacia ant ''Pseudomyrex ferruginea'' |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |first=Alex |last=Mintzer |author2=Vinson, S.B. |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=75–78 |doi=10.1007/bf00299432 |jstor=4599807 |year=1985|s2cid=9538185 }}</ref>''拟家蚁''和为其供给蛋白质的贝尔特体在牛角金合欢（''[[Vachellia cornigera]]''）上<ref name="Hölldobler-532" />
    
==宿主和寄生虫==
 
==宿主和寄生虫==
Danny
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