更改

这同样适用于[[herbivore|草食动物]]、植食动物，以及它们吃的植物；1964年，[[Paul R. Ehrlich|保罗·R·欧里希]]和[[Peter H. Raven|彼得·R·瑞文]]提出了[[escape and radiate coevolution|逃逸和辐射的共同演化]]理论来描述植物和蝴蝶的进化多样性；<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ehrlich |first1=Paul R. |author1-link=Paul R. Ehrlich |last2=Raven |first2=Peter H. |author2-link= Peter H. Raven |year=1964 |title=Butterflies and Plants: A Study in Coevolution |journal=Evolution |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=586–608 |doi=10.2307/2406212 |jstor=2406212}}</ref>在[[Rocky Mountains|落基山脉]]，[[red squirrel|红松鼠]]和[[crossbill|斑鸠]]（食种子的鸟）争夺[[lodgepole pine|海滩松]]的种子；松鼠通过啃咬松果鳞片来获取松子，而斑鸠则通过它们不寻常的交叉下颚来获取松子；在有松鼠的地方，海滩松的球果更重、种子更少、鳞片更薄，这使得松鼠更加难以获取种子；相反，如果有斑鸠而没有松鼠，球果的结构会较轻，但有较厚的鳞片，从而就导致交喙更难获取种子；海滩上的锥形细胞与这两种食草动物进行着一场进化中的军备竞赛，在接下来的两个段落中也是这样。<ref name="Berkeley">{{cite web |title=Coevolution |url=https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_33 |publisher=University of California Berkeley |access-date=17 January 2017}} and the two following pages of the web article.</ref>

这同样适用于[[herbivore|草食动物]]、植食动物，以及它们吃的植物；1964年，[[Paul R. Ehrlich|保罗·R·欧里希]]和[[Peter H. Raven|彼得·R·瑞文]]提出了[[escape and radiate coevolution|逃逸和辐射的共同演化]]理论来描述植物和蝴蝶的进化多样性；<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ehrlich |first1=Paul R. |author1-link=Paul R. Ehrlich |last2=Raven |first2=Peter H. |author2-link= Peter H. Raven |year=1964 |title=Butterflies and Plants: A Study in Coevolution |journal=Evolution |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=586–608 |doi=10.2307/2406212 |jstor=2406212}}</ref>在[[Rocky Mountains|落基山脉]]，[[red squirrel|红松鼠]]和[[crossbill|斑鸠]]（食种子的鸟）争夺[[lodgepole pine|海滩松]]的种子；松鼠通过啃咬松果鳞片来获取松子，而斑鸠则通过它们不寻常的交叉下颚来获取松子；在有松鼠的地方，海滩松的球果更重、种子更少、鳞片更薄，这使得松鼠更加难以获取种子；相反，如果有斑鸠而没有松鼠，球果的结构会较轻，但有较厚的鳞片，从而就导致交喙更难获取种子；海滩上的锥形细胞与这两种食草动物进行着一场进化中的军备竞赛，在接下来的两个段落中也是这样。<ref name="Berkeley">{{cite web |title=Coevolution |url=https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_33 |publisher=University of California Berkeley |access-date=17 January 2017}} and the two following pages of the web article.</ref>

[[文件:Drosophila.melanogaster.couple.2.jpg|链接=link=Special:FilePath/Drosophila.melanogaster.couple.2.jpg|替代=|缩略图|170x170像素|[https://wiki.swarma.org/index.php/%E6%80%A7%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81 性冲突]已经在''[https://wiki.swarma.org/index.php/Drosophila_melanogaster 黑腹果蝇]''（shown mating, male on right）的案例当中被研究]]

[[文件:Drosophila.melanogaster.couple.2.jpg|链接=link=Special:FilePath/Drosophila.melanogaster.couple.2.jpg|替代=|缩略图|170x170像素|[[性冲突]]已经在''[[Drosophila melanogaster|黑腹果蝇]]''（展示了黑腹果蝇的交配，雄性果蝇在右侧）的案例当中被研究]]

==竞争行为==

==竞争行为==

{{Main|Intraspecific competition|Interspecific competition}}

{{Main|Intraspecific competition|Interspecific competition}}

无论是具有如[[sexual conflict|性冲突]]<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1098/rstb.2005.1785 |title=Sexual conflict over mating and fertilization: An overview |year=2006 |last1=Parker |first1=G. A. |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=361 |issue=1466 |pages=235–59 |pmid=16612884 |pmc=1569603}}</ref>和[[sexual selection|性选择]]<ref name="UCL">{{cite web|title=Biol 2007 - Coevolution|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucbhdjm/courses/b242/Coevol/Coevol.html|publisher=[[University College, London]]|access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref>等特征的[[intraspecific competition|种内竞争]]，还是具有如食肉动物之间的[[interspecific competition|种间竞争]]，都可能推动共同演化。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Connell |first1=Joseph H. |s2cid=5576868 |title=Diversity and the Coevolution of Competitors, or the Ghost of Competition Past |journal=Oikos |date=October 1980 |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=131–138 |doi=10.2307/3544421 |jstor=3544421}}</ref>[[性冲突]]已经在''[[Drosophila melanogaster|黑腹果蝇]]''（shown mating, male on right）的案例当中被研究

无论是具有如[[sexual conflict|性对抗]]<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1098/rstb.2005.1785 |title=Sexual conflict over mating and fertilization: An overview |year=2006 |last1=Parker |first1=G. A. |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=361 |issue=1466 |pages=235–59 |pmid=16612884 |pmc=1569603}}</ref>和[[sexual selection|性选择]]<ref name="UCL">{{cite web|title=Biol 2007 - Coevolution|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucbhdjm/courses/b242/Coevol/Coevol.html|publisher=[[University College, London]]|access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref>等特征的[[intraspecific competition|种内竞争]]，还是具有如食肉动物之间的[[interspecific competition|种间竞争]]，都可能推动共同演化。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Connell |first1=Joseph H. |s2cid=5576868 |title=Diversity and the Coevolution of Competitors, or the Ghost of Competition Past |journal=Oikos |date=October 1980 |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=131–138 |doi=10.2307/3544421 |jstor=3544421}}</ref>  

 

种内竞争会导致[[wikipedia:Sexual_antagonistic_coevolution|性对抗的共同演化]]，这是一种类似于[[wikipedia:Evolutionary_arms_race|军备竞赛]]的进化关系；在这种关系中，两性的进化适应性被抵消以获得最大的繁殖成效；例如，一些[[wikipedia:Insect|昆虫]]使用[[wikipedia:Traumatic_insemination|创伤性的授精过程来繁殖]]，这对雌性的健康是不利的；在交配过程中，雄性试图通过尽可能多地为雌性授精来最大化自身交配的适配性，但雌性[[wikipedia:Abdomen|腹部]]的被刺穿次数越多，她生存的可能就越小，从而降低了她的适配性。<ref name="Juenger" /> 

== 多物种 ==

== 多物种 ==