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第43行： − + + − [[用户:思无涯咿呀咿呀|思无涯咿呀咿呀]]（[[用户讨论:思无涯咿呀咿呀|讨论]]）概率理论Probabilistic theory，之所以没有翻译成概率论是因为概率论作为一个单独的学科是翻译成statistics，而这里特指的是网络科学里面的概率理论部分[[用户:思无涯咿呀咿呀|思无涯咿呀咿呀]]（[[用户讨论:思无涯咿呀咿呀|讨论]]） 第69行：
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第76行： − 1996年，美国军方第一次对网络中心战感兴趣，将其作为一个基于巴拉巴西网络科学的作战概念。 2003年12月1日，美国陆军研究和实验室管理主任 John a. Parmentola 向陆军科学和技术委员会提议，巴拉巴西网络科学成为陆军的一个新的研究领域。 是美国国家学院国家研究委员会下属的工程和物理科学司，是讨论对陆军重要的科学和技术问题的召集机构，并且监督美国国家学院进行的与陆军相关的独立研究。 进行了一项研究，以找出是否确定和资助一个新的研究领域的基础研究，巴拉巴西网络科学，可以帮助缩小什么是实现网络中心的作战和目前的基础知识的原始状态之间的差距。+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
→背景和历史
Probabilistic theory in network science developed as an offshoot of graph theory with Paul Erdős and Alfréd Rényi's eight famous papers on random graphs. For social networks the exponential random graph model or p* is a notational framework used to represent the probability space of a tie occurring in a social network. An alternate approach to network probability structures is the network probability matrix, which models the probability of edges occurring in a network, based on the historic presence or absence of the edge in a sample of networks.
Probabilistic theory in network science developed as an offshoot of graph theory with Paul Erdős and Alfréd Rényi's eight famous papers on random graphs. For social networks the exponential random graph model or p* is a notational framework used to represent the probability space of a tie occurring in a social network. An alternate approach to network probability structures is the network probability matrix, which models the probability of edges occurring in a network, based on the historic presence or absence of the edge in a sample of networks.
20世纪90年代，在Paul Erdős和Alfréd Rényi发表了8篇关于随机图的著名论文之后，网络科学中的概率理论 Probabilistic theory 作为图论的一个分支发展起来了。 对于[[社交网络]]social network来说，指数随机图模型或p* (是一个记号框架），用来表示在一个社交网络中连边在概率空间发生的概率。 网络概率结构的另一种替代表示方法是网络概率矩阵，它根据网络样本中边的历史信息来计算这条边在网络中出现的概率。
20世纪90年代，在Paul Erdős和Alfréd Rényi发表了8篇关于随机图的著名论文之后，网络科学中的概率论 Probabilistic theory 作为图论的一个分支发展起来了。 对于[[社交网络]]social network来说，指数随机图模型或p* (是一个记号框架），用来表示在一个社交网络中连边在概率空间发生的概率。 网络概率结构的另一种替代表示方法是网络概率矩阵，它根据网络样本中边的历史信息来计算这条边在网络中出现的概率。
===Department of Defense initiatives===
===Department of Defense initiatives===
=== 国防部倡议 ===
The U.S. military first became interested in [[network-centric warfare]] as an operational concept based on network science in 1996. John A. Parmentola, the U.S. Army Director for Research and Laboratory Management, proposed to the Army’s Board on Science and Technology (BAST) on December 1, 2003 that Network Science become a new Army research area. The BAST, the Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences for the National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academies, serves as a convening authority for the discussion of science and technology issues of importance to the Army and oversees independent Army-related studies conducted by the National Academies. The BAST conducted a study to find out whether identifying and funding a new field of investigation in basic research, Network Science, could help close the gap between what is needed to realize Network-Centric Operations and the current primitive state of fundamental knowledge of networks.
The U.S. military first became interested in [[network-centric warfare]] as an operational concept based on network science in 1996. John A. Parmentola, the U.S. Army Director for Research and Laboratory Management, proposed to the Army’s Board on Science and Technology (BAST) on December 1, 2003 that Network Science become a new Army research area. The BAST, the Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences for the National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academies, serves as a convening authority for the discussion of science and technology issues of importance to the Army and oversees independent Army-related studies conducted by the National Academies. The BAST conducted a study to find out whether identifying and funding a new field of investigation in basic research, Network Science, could help close the gap between what is needed to realize Network-Centric Operations and the current primitive state of fundamental knowledge of networks.
The U.S. military first became interested in network-centric warfare as an operational concept based on network science in 1996. John A. Parmentola, the U.S. Army Director for Research and Laboratory Management, proposed to the Army’s Board on Science and Technology (BAST) on December 1, 2003 that Network Science become a new Army research area. The BAST, the Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences for the National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academies, serves as a convening authority for the discussion of science and technology issues of importance to the Army and oversees independent Army-related studies conducted by the National Academies. The BAST conducted a study to find out whether identifying and funding a new field of investigation in basic research, Network Science, could help close the gap between what is needed to realize Network-Centric Operations and the current primitive state of fundamental knowledge of networks.
The U.S. military first became interested in network-centric warfare as an operational concept based on network science in 1996. John A. Parmentola, the U.S. Army Director for Research and Laboratory Management, proposed to the Army’s Board on Science and Technology (BAST) on December 1, 2003 that Network Science become a new Army research area. The BAST, the Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences for the National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academies, serves as a convening authority for the discussion of science and technology issues of importance to the Army and oversees independent Army-related studies conducted by the National Academies. The BAST conducted a study to find out whether identifying and funding a new field of investigation in basic research, Network Science, could help close the gap between what is needed to realize Network-Centric Operations and the current primitive state of fundamental knowledge of networks.
1996年，美国军方第一次对网络中心战感兴趣，将其作为一个基于网络科学的军事概念。 2003年12月1日，美国陆军研究和实验室管理主任 John A. Parmentola 向陆军科学和技术委员会提议，网络科学成为陆军的一个新的研究领域。科学和技术委员会是美国国家学院国家研究委员会工程和物理科学司的下属部门，主要讨论对陆军重要的科学和技术问题，并且监督美国国家学院进行的与陆军相关的独立研究。
科学和技术委员会进行了一项研究，他们想通过确定和资助一个新的研究领域的基础研究：网络科学，希望可以帮助找到网络中心战所必须的知识，从而缩小实现网络中心战与当前网络科学理论基础的差距。
As a result, the BAST issued the NRC study in 2005 titled Network Science (referenced above) that defined a new field of basic research in Network Science for the Army. Based on the findings and recommendations of that study and the subsequent 2007 NRC report titled Strategy for an Army Center for Network Science, Technology, and Experimentation, Army basic research resources were redirected to initiate a new basic research program in Network Science. To build a new theoretical foundation for complex networks, some of the key Network Science research efforts now ongoing in Army laboratories address:
As a result, the BAST issued the NRC study in 2005 titled Network Science (referenced above) that defined a new field of basic research in Network Science for the Army. Based on the findings and recommendations of that study and the subsequent 2007 NRC report titled Strategy for an Army Center for Network Science, Technology, and Experimentation, Army basic research resources were redirected to initiate a new basic research program in Network Science. To build a new theoretical foundation for complex networks, some of the key Network Science research efforts now ongoing in Army laboratories address:
因此，科学和技术委员在2005年发布了NRC的研究报告，题为《网络科学定义了美国陆军网络科学基础研究新领域》。 基于这项研究的发现和建议，以及随后2007年 NRC 题为基于网络科学、技术和实战的战略研究报告，陆军基础研究资源被重新投入在网络科学的一个新的基础研究项目。为了建立复杂网络的全新的理论基础，美国陆军实验室正在进行的一些关键的网络科学研究工作致力于:
* Mathematical models of network behavior to predict performance with network size, complexity, and environment
* Mathematical models of network behavior to predict performance with network size, complexity, and environment
* Optimized human performance required for network-enabled warfare
* Optimized human performance required for network-enabled warfare
* Networking within ecosystems and at the molecular level in cells.
* Networking within ecosystems and at the molecular level in cells.
* 网络行为的数学模型，以预测网络规模、复杂度和环境的表现
* 网络化战争network-enabled warfare所需的最佳人类表现
* 生态系统中基于细胞分子层面的网络建模
As initiated in 2004 by Frederick I. Moxley with support he solicited from David S. Alberts, the Department of Defense helped to establish the first Network Science Center in conjunction with the U.S. Army at the United States Military Academy (USMA). Under the tutelage of Dr. Moxley and the faculty of the USMA, the first interdisciplinary undergraduate courses in Network Science were taught to cadets at West Point. In order to better instill the tenets of network science among its cadre of future leaders, the USMA has also instituted a five-course undergraduate minor in Network Science.
As initiated in 2004 by Frederick I. Moxley with support he solicited from David S. Alberts, the Department of Defense helped to establish the first Network Science Center in conjunction with the U.S. Army at the United States Military Academy (USMA). Under the tutelage of Dr. Moxley and the faculty of the USMA, the first interdisciplinary undergraduate courses in Network Science were taught to cadets at West Point. In order to better instill the tenets of network science among its cadre of future leaders, the USMA has also instituted a five-course undergraduate minor in Network Science.
正如2004年 David S. Alberts支持Frederick I. Moxley那样，国防部帮助美国陆军一起在美国军事学院(USMA)建立了第一个网络科学中心。 在Moxley博士和美国军事学院(USMA)研究员的指导下，西点军校开设了首个网络科学本科生课程。为了更好地向其未来领导干部灌输网络科学的信条，美国军事学院还在网络科学下设置了一个5节课本科生辅修课程。
In 2006, the U.S. Army and the United Kingdom (UK) formed the Network and Information Science [[International Technology Alliance]], a collaborative partnership among the Army Research Laboratory, UK Ministry of Defense and a consortium of industries and universities in the U.S. and UK. The goal of the alliance is to perform basic research in support of Network- Centric Operations across the needs of both nations.
In 2006, the U.S. Army and the United Kingdom (UK) formed the Network and Information Science [[International Technology Alliance]], a collaborative partnership among the Army Research Laboratory, UK Ministry of Defense and a consortium of industries and universities in the U.S. and UK. The goal of the alliance is to perform basic research in support of Network- Centric Operations across the needs of both nations.
2006年，美国陆军和英国成立了网络和信息科学国际技术联盟，这是美国陆军研究实验室、英国国防部以及美国和英国的工业和大学联盟之间的合作伙伴关系。 该联盟的目标是进行基础研究，以支持两国需要的网络中心作战。
In 2009, the U.S. Army formed the [[Network Science CTA]], a collaborative research alliance among the [[Army Research Laboratory]], [[CERDEC]], and a consortium of about 30 industrial R&D labs and universities in the U.S. The goal of the alliance is to develop a deep understanding of the underlying commonalities among intertwined social/cognitive, information, and communications networks, and as a result improve our ability to analyze, predict, design, and influence complex systems interweaving many kinds of networks.
In 2009, the U.S. Army formed the [[Network Science CTA]], a collaborative research alliance among the [[Army Research Laboratory]], [[CERDEC]], and a consortium of about 30 industrial R&D labs and universities in the U.S. The goal of the alliance is to develop a deep understanding of the underlying commonalities among intertwined social/cognitive, information, and communications networks, and as a result improve our ability to analyze, predict, design, and influence complex systems interweaving many kinds of networks.
Subsequently, as a result of these efforts, the U.S. Department of Defense has sponsored numerous research projects that support Network Science.
Subsequently, as a result of these efforts, the U.S. Department of Defense has sponsored numerous research projects that support Network Science.
2009年，美国陆军成立了网络科学 CTA，这是一个由陆军研究实验室、 CERDEC 和美国大约30个工业研发实验室和大学组成的联盟之间的合作研究联盟。 这个联盟的目标是深入理解交织在一起的社会 / 认知、信息和通信网络之间的潜在共性，从而提高我们分析、预测、设计和影响交织在多种网络中的复杂系统的能力。
随后，作为这些努力的结果，美国国防部赞助了许多支持网络科学的研究项目。
== Network properties ==
== Network properties ==