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=有效信息量化联合效应与独立效应=

=有效信息量化联合效应与独立效应=

综合信息理论（Integrated Information Theory, IIT） 是一种用来评估系统中联合效应和独立效应的工具<ref>Giulio Tononi.  Consciousness as integrated information:  a provisional manifesto. The Biological Bulletin, 215(3): 216–242, 2008.</ref>。简单来说，联合效应指的是多个节点（或变量）共同作用产生的效果，而独立效应则是单个节点单独作用的效果。IIT帮助我们分析网络中这些效应是如何整合在一起的<ref>William Marshall, Hyunju Kim, Sara I Walker, Giulio Tononi, and Larissa Albantakis. How causal analysis can reveal autonomy  in  models  of  biological  systems. Philosophical  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  A:  Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 375(2109):20160358, 2017.</ref><ref name=":4">Larissa Albantakis, William Marshall, Erik Hoel, and Giulio Tononi.  What caused what?  a quantitative account of actual causation using dynamical causal networks. Entropy, , 21(5):459, 2019.</ref>。

[[综合信息理论]]（Integrated Information Theory, IIT） 是一种用来评估系统中联合效应和独立效应的工具<ref>Giulio Tononi.  Consciousness as integrated information:  a provisional manifesto. The Biological Bulletin, 215(3): 216–242, 2008.</ref>。简单来说，联合效应指的是多个节点（或变量）共同作用产生的效果，而独立效应则是单个节点单独作用的效果。IIT帮助我们分析网络中这些效应是如何整合在一起的<ref>William Marshall, Hyunju Kim, Sara I Walker, Giulio Tononi, and Larissa Albantakis. How causal analysis can reveal autonomy  in  models  of  biological  systems. Philosophical  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  A:  Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 375(2109):20160358, 2017.</ref><ref name=":4">Larissa Albantakis, William Marshall, Erik Hoel, and Giulio Tononi.  What caused what?  a quantitative account of actual causation using dynamical causal networks. Entropy, , 21(5):459, 2019.</ref>。

以前，研究人员通过计算[[有效信息]]的损失来衡量综合信息<ref>David Balduzzi and Giulio Tononi.  Integrated information in discrete dynamical systems: motivation and theoretical framework. PLoS Comput Biol, 4(6):e1000091, 2008.</ref>。EI是一种衡量因果关系的工具，它通过向网络输入随机噪声（最大熵扰动），然后测量输入层和输出层之间的互信息来量化因果强度。然而，目前还没有一个通用的标准来衡量综合信息<ref>Masafumi Oizumi, Larissa Albantakis, and Giulio Tononi. From the phenomenology to the mechanisms of consciousness: integrated information theory 3.0. PLoS Comput Biol, 10(5):e1003588, 2014.</ref>。不同的系统可能需要不同的方法来衡量<ref>Max Tegmark. Improved measures of integrated information. PLoS computational biology, 12(11):e1005123, 2016.</ref><ref>Pedro AM Mediano, Anil K Seth, and Adam B Barrett.  Measuring integrated information: Comparison of candidate measures in theory and simulation. Entropy, 21(1):17, 2019.</ref>。

以前，研究人员通过计算[[有效信息]]的损失来衡量综合信息<ref>David Balduzzi and Giulio Tononi.  Integrated information in discrete dynamical systems: motivation and theoretical framework. PLoS Comput Biol, 4(6):e1000091, 2008.</ref>。EI是一种衡量因果关系的工具，它通过向网络输入随机噪声（最大熵扰动），然后测量输入层和输出层之间的互信息来量化因果强度。然而，目前还没有一个通用的标准来衡量综合信息<ref>Masafumi Oizumi, Larissa Albantakis, and Giulio Tononi. From the phenomenology to the mechanisms of consciousness: integrated information theory 3.0. PLoS Comput Biol, 10(5):e1003588, 2014.</ref>。不同的系统可能需要不同的方法来衡量<ref>Max Tegmark. Improved measures of integrated information. PLoS computational biology, 12(11):e1005123, 2016.</ref><ref>Pedro AM Mediano, Anil K Seth, and Adam B Barrett.  Measuring integrated information: Comparison of candidate measures in theory and simulation. Entropy, 21(1):17, 2019.</ref>。