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== Quantification of causal emergence ==

== Quantification of causal emergence ==

This section introduces studies that use causal measures to quantify emergence phenomena.  

This section introduces studies that use measures of causal effects to quantify emergence phenomena.  

|Dynamic independence <ref name=":6"/>||Granger causality||Requires specifying a coarse-graining method||Arbitrary dynamics||Dynamic independence: transfer entropy

|Dynamic independence <ref name=":6"/>||Granger causality||Requires specifying a coarse-graining method||Arbitrary dynamics||Dynamic independence: transfer entropy

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==Identification of Causal Emergence==

==Identification of Causal Emergence==