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从信道的角度，基于信道容量的概念，Erik Hoel
从信道的角度，基于信道容量的概念，Erik Hoel<ref name=":5">Hoel E P, Albantakis L, Tononi G. Quantifying causal emergence shows that macro can beat micro. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2013, 110(49): 19790-19795.</ref>提出了离散马尔科夫动力学的有效信息度量
Hoel E P, Albantakis L, Tononi G. Quantifying causal emergence shows that macro can beat micro[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2013, 110(49): 19790-19795.
提出了离散马尔科夫动力学的有效信息度量
<math>C=\max_{U_X}I(X;Y)=\max_{U_X} H(Y)-H(Y|X),</math>
<math>C=\max_{U_X}I(X;Y)=\max_{U_X} H(Y)-H(Y|X),</math>