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In 2013, [[Erik hoel|Erik Hoel]], an American theoretical neurobiologist, introduced causality into the measurement of emergence. He proposed the concept of causal emergence and used [[effective information]] (EI for short) to quantify the extent of causality in system dynamics <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />. '''Causal emergence occurs when a system has a stronger causal effect on a macroscopic scale compared to its microscopic scale.''' Causal emergence effectively captures the differences and connections between the macroscopic and microscopic states of a system. At the same time, it combines the two core concepts - causality in [[artificial intelligence]] and [[emergence]] in [[complex systems]]. Causal emergence also provides scholars with a quantitative perspective to answer a series of philosophical questions. For example, the top-down causation in life systems or social systems are often analyzed using the causal emergence framework. The top-down causation here refers to [[downward causation]], which involves macroscopic-to-microscopic causal effects. For example, consider the phenomenon of a gecko breaking its tail, which illustrates how a macroscopic system influences its microscopic components. When encountering danger, the gecko directly breaks off its tail regardless of its condition. Here, the whole is the cause and the tail is the effect. Then there is a [[causal force]] from the whole pointing to the part.

In 2013, [[Erik hoel|Erik Hoel]], an American theoretical neurobiologist, introduced causality into the measurement of emergence. He proposed the concept of causal emergence and used [[effective information]] (EI for short) to quantify the degree of causality in system dynamics <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />. '''Causal emergence occurs when a system has a stronger causal effect on a macroscopic scale compared to its microscopic scale.''' Causal emergence effectively captures the differences and connections between the macroscopic and microscopic states of a system. At the same time, it combines the two core concepts - causality in [[artificial intelligence]] and [[emergence]] in [[complex systems]]. Causal emergence also provides scholars with a quantitative perspective to answer a series of philosophical questions. For example, the top-down causation in life systems or social systems are often analyzed using the causal emergence framework. The top-down causation here refers to [[downward causation]], which involves macroscopic-to-microscopic causal effects. For example, consider the phenomenon of a gecko breaking its tail, which illustrates how a macroscopic system influences its microscopic components. When encountering danger, the gecko directly breaks off its tail regardless of its condition. Here, the whole is the cause and the tail is the effect. Then there is a [[causal force]] from the whole pointing to the part.

=== Early work on quantifying emergence ===

=== Early work on quantifying emergence ===