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* [[Nominal emergence]] refers to attributes and patterns that can exist at the macroscopic level but not at the microscopic level. For example, the shape of a circle formed by pixels is an instance of nominal emergence <ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" />.
* [[Nominal emergence]] refers to attributes and patterns that can exist at the macroscopic level but not at the microscopic level. For example, the shape of a circle formed by pixels is an instance of nominal emergence <ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" />.
* [[Weak emergence]] refers to macroscopic attributes or processes that arise from complex interactions between individual components. It can also be understood as a characteristic that could, in principle, be simulated by a computer. Due to [[computational irreducibility]], even though weak emergence traits can be simulated, they cannot easily be reduced to microscopic-level attributes. In the case of weak emergence, the causes of pattern formation may stem from both microscopic and macroscopic levels <ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" />. Therefore, the causal relationship underlying emergence may coexist with microscopic causal relationships.
* [[Weak emergence]] refers to macroscopic attributes or processes that arise from complex interactions between individual components. It can also be understood as a characteristic that could, in principle, be simulated by a computer. Due to [[the principle of computational irreducibility]], even though weak emergence traits can be simulated, they cannot easily be reduced to microscopic-level attributes. In the case of weak emergence, the causes of pattern formation may stem from both microscopic and macroscopic levels <ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" />. Therefore, the causal relationship underlying emergence may coexist with microscopic causal relationships.
* [[Strong emergence]] remains highly controversial. It refers to macroscopic-level attributes that cannot, in principle, be reduced to microscopic-level attributes, including the interactions between individuals. Additionally, Jochen Fromm further interprets strong emergence as the [[causal effect]] of [[downward causation]] <ref>Fromm, J. Types and forms of emergence. arXiv 2005, arXiv:nlin/0506028</ref>. [[Downward causation]] refers to the [[causal force]] exerted from the macroscopic level to the microscopic level. However, the concept of [[downward causation]] itself is subject to significant debate <ref>Bedau, M.A.; Humphreys, P. Emergence: Contemporary Readings in Philosophy and Science; MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2008. </ref><ref>Yurchenko, S.B. Can there be a synergistic core emerging in the brain hierarchy to control neural activity by downward causation? TechRxiv 2023. [CrossRef] </ref>.
* [[Strong emergence]] remains highly controversial. It refers to macroscopic-level attributes that cannot, in principle, be reduced to microscopic-level attributes, including the interactions between individuals. Additionally, Jochen Fromm further interprets strong emergence as the [[causal effect]] of [[downward causation]] <ref>Fromm, J. Types and forms of emergence. arXiv 2005, arXiv:nlin/0506028</ref>. [[Downward causation]] refers to the [[causal force]] exerted from the macroscopic level to the microscopic level. However, the concept of [[downward causation]] itself is subject to significant debate <ref>Bedau, M.A.; Humphreys, P. Emergence: Contemporary Readings in Philosophy and Science; MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2008. </ref><ref>Yurchenko, S.B. Can there be a synergistic core emerging in the brain hierarchy to control neural activity by downward causation? TechRxiv 2023. [CrossRef] </ref>.