更改

在硬划分的情况下，<math>\Phi_{i, j} = \begin{cases} 1\text{, if}\ s_i \in s_j', \\ 0\text{, otherwise} \end{cases}</math><ref name=":12" />，即一个表示<math>i</math>属于<math>j</math>列的零一分组矩阵。如果是软划分的话，<math>\Phi</math>则不一定会是零一矩阵。

在硬划分的情况下，<math>\Phi_{i, j} = \begin{cases} 1\text{, if}\ s_i \in s_j', \\ 0\text{, otherwise} \end{cases}</math><ref name=":12" />，即一个表示<math>i</math>属于<math>j</math>列的零一分组矩阵。如果是软划分的话，<math>\Phi</math>则不一定会是零一矩阵。

在这个词条里，我们主要讨论硬划分<ref name=":0">Zhang, Anru, and Mengdi Wang. "Spectral state compression of markov processes." ''IEEE transactions on information theory'' 66.5 (2019): 3202-3231.</ref>。对软划分感兴趣的朋友可以自行参阅这两篇文论S. P. Singh, T. Jaakkola, and M. I. Jordan, “Reinforcement learning with soft state aggregation"<ref>Singh, Satinder, Tommi Jaakkola, and Michael Jordan. "Reinforcement learning with soft state aggregation." ''Advances in neural information processing systems'' 7 (1994).</ref>和<ref name=":11">Duan, Yaqi, Tracy Ke, and Mengdi Wang. "State aggregation learning from markov transition data." ''Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems'' 32 (2019).</ref>

在这个词条里，我们主要讨论硬划分<ref name=":4" />。对软划分感兴趣的朋友可以自行参阅这两篇文论S. P. Singh, T. Jaakkola, and M. I. Jordan, “Reinforcement learning with soft state aggregation"<ref>Singh, Satinder, Tommi Jaakkola, and Michael Jordan. "Reinforcement learning with soft state aggregation." ''Advances in neural information processing systems'' 7 (1994).</ref>和<ref name=":11">Duan, Yaqi, Tracy Ke, and Mengdi Wang. "State aggregation learning from markov transition data." ''Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems'' 32 (2019).</ref>

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==因果涌现：有效信息==

==因果涌现：有效信息==

[[因果涌现]]（causal emergence）是指动力系统中的一类特殊的[[涌现]]现象，即系统在宏观尺度会展现出更强的因果特性。特别的，对于一类[[马尔科夫动力系统]]来说，在对其状态空间进行适当的[[粗粒化]]以后，所形成的宏观动力学会展现出比微观更强的因果特性——即更大的[[有效信息]]，那么我们称该系统发生了因果涌现<ref name=":0">Hoel E P, Albantakis L, Tononi G. Quantifying causal emergence shows that macro can beat micro[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2013, 110(49): 19790-19795.</ref><ref name=":25">Hoel E P. When the map is better than the territory[J]. Entropy, 2017, 19(5): 188.</ref>。

[[因果涌现]]（causal emergence）是指动力系统中的一类特殊的[[涌现]]现象，即系统在宏观尺度会展现出更强的因果特性。特别的，对于一类[[马尔科夫动力系统]]来说，在对其状态空间进行适当的[[粗粒化]]以后，所形成的宏观动力学会展现出比微观更强的因果特性——即更大的[[有效信息]]，那么我们称该系统发生了因果涌现<ref name="ei">Hoel E P, Albantakis L, Tononi G. Quantifying causal emergence shows that macro can beat micro[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2013, 110(49): 19790-19795.</ref><ref name=":25">Hoel E P. When the map is better than the territory[J]. Entropy, 2017, 19(5): 188.</ref>。

===定义===

===定义===