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此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。The '''Medea hypothesis''' is a term coined by [[paleontologist]] [[Peter Ward (paleontologist)|Peter Ward]]<ref>Peter Ward (2009), ''The Medea Hypothesis: Is Life on Earth Ultimately Self-Destructive?'', {{ISBN|0-691-13075-2}}</ref> for the anti-[[Gaia hypothesis|Gaian hypothesis]] that [[multicellular life]], understood as a [[superorganism]], is suicidal. In this view, microbial-triggered [[Extinction event|mass extinctions]] are attempts to return the Earth to the microbial-dominated state it has been for most of its history.<ref>[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20227131.400-gaias-evil-twin-is-life-its-own-worst-enemy.html Gaia's evil twin: Is life its own worst enemy?] The New Scientist. Volume 202, Issue 2713, 17 June 2009, pages 28–31 (Cover story)</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bennett|first=Drake|authorlink= |title=Dark green: A scientist argues that the natural world isn't benevolent and sustaining: it's bent on self-destruction|newspaper=Boston.com|publisher=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=2009-01-11|url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2009/01/11/dark_green/|format= |accessdate=2010-02-26}}</ref><ref name="Review">{{Cite web|last=Grey|first=William|authorlink= |title=Gaia theory – Reflections on life on earth|work=Australian Review of Public Affairs|publisher=[[University of Sydney]]|date=February 2010|url=http://www.australianreview.net/digest/2010/02/grey.html|accessdate=2010-02-26}}</ref> The metaphor refers to the mythological [[Medea]] (representing the Earth), who kills her own children (multicellular life).
The Medea hypothesis is a term coined by paleontologist Peter Ward for the anti-Gaian hypothesis that multicellular life, understood as a superorganism, is suicidal. In this view, microbial-triggered mass extinctions are attempts to return the Earth to the microbial-dominated state it has been for most of its history. The metaphor refers to the mythological Medea (representing the Earth), who kills her own children (multicellular life).
美狄亚假说是古生物学家彼得 · 沃德为反盖亚假说创造的一个术语，该假说认为多细胞生命，被理解为超有机体，具有自杀倾向。按照这种观点，微生物引发的大规模物种灭绝是试图使地球恢复到历史上大部分时间以微生物为主的状态。这个比喻指的是神话中的美狄亚(代表地球) ，她杀死了自己的孩子(多细胞生命)。
Past "suicide attempts" include:
Past "suicide attempts" include:
以往的「自杀企图」包括:
*[[Methane poisoning]], 3.5 billion years ago
*The [[Great Oxygenation Event|oxygen catastrophe]], 2.45 billion years ago
*[[Snowball Earth]], twice, [[Huronian glaciation|2.4–2.1 billion years ago]] and 790–630 million years ago
*At least five putative [[hydrogen sulfide]]-induced mass extinctions, such as the [[Permian–Triassic extinction event|Great Dying]], {{Ma|252.28}}
The list does not include the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]], since this was, at least partially, externally induced by a [[meteor impact]].
The list does not include the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, since this was, at least partially, externally induced by a meteor impact.
这份名单不包括白垩纪-古近纪大灭绝事件，因为这至少部分是由流星撞击引起的。
Peter Ward also believes that the current [[man-made climate change]] and mass extinction event may be considered to be the most recent Medean event. As these events are anthropogenic, he postulates that Medean events are not necessarily caused by microbes, but by intelligent life as well. He believes that the final mass extinction of complex life, roughly about 500 million years in the future, will also be considered a Medean event. Plant life that still exists by then will be forced to adapt to a warming and expanding Sun, causing them to remove even more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (which in turn will have already be due to the increasing heat from the Sun gradually speeding up the weathering process that removes them from the atmosphere), and ultimately accelerating the complete extinction of complex life by making carbon dioxide levels drop down to just 10 ppm, below which plants can no longer survive. However, Ward simultaneously argues that intelligent life such as humans may not necessarily just trigger future Medean events, but may eventually prevent them from occurring.
Peter Ward also believes that the current man-made climate change and mass extinction event may be considered to be the most recent Medean event. As these events are anthropogenic, he postulates that Medean events are not necessarily caused by microbes, but by intelligent life as well. He believes that the final mass extinction of complex life, roughly about 500 million years in the future, will also be considered a Medean event. Plant life that still exists by then will be forced to adapt to a warming and expanding Sun, causing them to remove even more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (which in turn will have already be due to the increasing heat from the Sun gradually speeding up the weathering process that removes them from the atmosphere), and ultimately accelerating the complete extinction of complex life by making carbon dioxide levels drop down to just 10 ppm, below which plants can no longer survive. However, Ward simultaneously argues that intelligent life such as humans may not necessarily just trigger future Medean events, but may eventually prevent them from occurring.
彼得沃德还认为，目前人为的气候变化和大规模物种灭绝事件可能被认为是最近的米迪亚事件。由于这些事件是人为的，他假定 Medean 事件不一定是由微生物引起的，而是由智慧生命引起的。他认为，复杂生命的最终大规模灭绝，大约在未来5亿年左右，也将被视为米迪恩事件。到那时仍然存在的植物将被迫适应日益变暖和膨胀的太阳，从而使它们从大气中吸收更多的二氧化碳(反过来，这也已经是由于太阳不断增加的热量逐渐加快了风化过程，使它们从大气中消失) ，并最终通过使二氧化碳浓度降低到只有10ppm 来加速复杂生命的完全灭绝，低于这个浓度，植物将无法存活。然而，沃德同时认为，像人类这样的智慧生命可能不一定只是触发未来的米迪恩事件，但可能最终阻止它们的发生。
==See also==
==See also==
参见
*[[Fermi paradox]]
*[[Future of Earth#Climate impact]]
==References==
==References==
参考资料
{{reflist}}
==External links==
==External links==
外部链接
*[http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/peter_ward_on_mass_extinctions.html Peter Ward's lecture]
*[http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/Bright-Green/2010/0212/The-Medea-Hypothesis-A-response-to-the-Gaia-hypothesis/%28page%29/1 The Medea Hypothesis: A response to the Gaia hypothesis] Review of Ward's book, February 12, 2010 .
*[http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2010/01/13/paleontologist-peter-wards-medea-hypothesis-life-is-out-to-get-you/ Paleontologist Peter Ward’s “Medea hypothesis”: Life is out to get you] Scientific American review, January 13, 2010
*[http://www.astrobiologysociety.org/book-reviews-mainmenu-39/297-the-medea-hypothesis.html The Medea Hypothesis] Review by the [[Astrobiology Society of Britain]].
*[http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=408337§ioncode=26 The Medea Hypothesis: Is Life on Earth Ultimately Self-Destructive? Outlook for the world is still grim] Review in the [[Times Educational Supplement]]
{{ExtEvent nav}}
[[Category:Events that forced the climate]]
Category:Events that forced the climate
类别: 强迫气候变化的事件
[[Category:Cybernetics]]
Category:Cybernetics
类别: 控制论
[[Category:Earth sciences]]
Category:Earth sciences
类别: 地球科学
[[Category:Ecological theories]]
Category:Ecological theories
范畴: 生态学理论
[[Category:Evolutionary biology]]
Category:Evolutionary biology
分类: 进化生物学
[[Category:Extinction events]]
Category:Extinction events
分类: 灭绝事件
[[Category:Climate history]]
Category:Climate history
分类: 气候史
[[Category:Hypotheses]]
Category:Hypotheses
类别: 假设
[[Category:Superorganisms]]
Category:Superorganisms
类别: 超级有机体
[[Category:Planetary science]]
Category:Planetary science
类别: 行星科学
[[Category:Biological hypotheses]]
Category:Biological hypotheses
类别: 生物学假说
[[Category:Meteorological hypotheses]]
Category:Meteorological hypotheses
类别: 气象假说
<noinclude>
<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Medea hypothesis]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[美狄亚假说/edithistory]]</small></noinclude>
[[Category:待整理页面]]
The Medea hypothesis is a term coined by paleontologist Peter Ward for the anti-Gaian hypothesis that multicellular life, understood as a superorganism, is suicidal. In this view, microbial-triggered mass extinctions are attempts to return the Earth to the microbial-dominated state it has been for most of its history. The metaphor refers to the mythological Medea (representing the Earth), who kills her own children (multicellular life).
美狄亚假说是古生物学家彼得 · 沃德为反盖亚假说创造的一个术语，该假说认为多细胞生命，被理解为超有机体，具有自杀倾向。按照这种观点，微生物引发的大规模物种灭绝是试图使地球恢复到历史上大部分时间以微生物为主的状态。这个比喻指的是神话中的美狄亚(代表地球) ，她杀死了自己的孩子(多细胞生命)。
Past "suicide attempts" include:
Past "suicide attempts" include:
以往的「自杀企图」包括:
*[[Methane poisoning]], 3.5 billion years ago
*The [[Great Oxygenation Event|oxygen catastrophe]], 2.45 billion years ago
*[[Snowball Earth]], twice, [[Huronian glaciation|2.4–2.1 billion years ago]] and 790–630 million years ago
*At least five putative [[hydrogen sulfide]]-induced mass extinctions, such as the [[Permian–Triassic extinction event|Great Dying]], {{Ma|252.28}}
The list does not include the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]], since this was, at least partially, externally induced by a [[meteor impact]].
The list does not include the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, since this was, at least partially, externally induced by a meteor impact.
这份名单不包括白垩纪-古近纪大灭绝事件，因为这至少部分是由流星撞击引起的。
Peter Ward also believes that the current [[man-made climate change]] and mass extinction event may be considered to be the most recent Medean event. As these events are anthropogenic, he postulates that Medean events are not necessarily caused by microbes, but by intelligent life as well. He believes that the final mass extinction of complex life, roughly about 500 million years in the future, will also be considered a Medean event. Plant life that still exists by then will be forced to adapt to a warming and expanding Sun, causing them to remove even more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (which in turn will have already be due to the increasing heat from the Sun gradually speeding up the weathering process that removes them from the atmosphere), and ultimately accelerating the complete extinction of complex life by making carbon dioxide levels drop down to just 10 ppm, below which plants can no longer survive. However, Ward simultaneously argues that intelligent life such as humans may not necessarily just trigger future Medean events, but may eventually prevent them from occurring.
Peter Ward also believes that the current man-made climate change and mass extinction event may be considered to be the most recent Medean event. As these events are anthropogenic, he postulates that Medean events are not necessarily caused by microbes, but by intelligent life as well. He believes that the final mass extinction of complex life, roughly about 500 million years in the future, will also be considered a Medean event. Plant life that still exists by then will be forced to adapt to a warming and expanding Sun, causing them to remove even more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (which in turn will have already be due to the increasing heat from the Sun gradually speeding up the weathering process that removes them from the atmosphere), and ultimately accelerating the complete extinction of complex life by making carbon dioxide levels drop down to just 10 ppm, below which plants can no longer survive. However, Ward simultaneously argues that intelligent life such as humans may not necessarily just trigger future Medean events, but may eventually prevent them from occurring.
彼得沃德还认为，目前人为的气候变化和大规模物种灭绝事件可能被认为是最近的米迪亚事件。由于这些事件是人为的，他假定 Medean 事件不一定是由微生物引起的，而是由智慧生命引起的。他认为，复杂生命的最终大规模灭绝，大约在未来5亿年左右，也将被视为米迪恩事件。到那时仍然存在的植物将被迫适应日益变暖和膨胀的太阳，从而使它们从大气中吸收更多的二氧化碳(反过来，这也已经是由于太阳不断增加的热量逐渐加快了风化过程，使它们从大气中消失) ，并最终通过使二氧化碳浓度降低到只有10ppm 来加速复杂生命的完全灭绝，低于这个浓度，植物将无法存活。然而，沃德同时认为，像人类这样的智慧生命可能不一定只是触发未来的米迪恩事件，但可能最终阻止它们的发生。
==See also==
==See also==
参见
*[[Fermi paradox]]
*[[Future of Earth#Climate impact]]
==References==
==References==
参考资料
{{reflist}}
==External links==
==External links==
外部链接
*[http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/peter_ward_on_mass_extinctions.html Peter Ward's lecture]
*[http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/Bright-Green/2010/0212/The-Medea-Hypothesis-A-response-to-the-Gaia-hypothesis/%28page%29/1 The Medea Hypothesis: A response to the Gaia hypothesis] Review of Ward's book, February 12, 2010 .
*[http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2010/01/13/paleontologist-peter-wards-medea-hypothesis-life-is-out-to-get-you/ Paleontologist Peter Ward’s “Medea hypothesis”: Life is out to get you] Scientific American review, January 13, 2010
*[http://www.astrobiologysociety.org/book-reviews-mainmenu-39/297-the-medea-hypothesis.html The Medea Hypothesis] Review by the [[Astrobiology Society of Britain]].
*[http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=408337§ioncode=26 The Medea Hypothesis: Is Life on Earth Ultimately Self-Destructive? Outlook for the world is still grim] Review in the [[Times Educational Supplement]]
{{ExtEvent nav}}
[[Category:Events that forced the climate]]
Category:Events that forced the climate
类别: 强迫气候变化的事件
[[Category:Cybernetics]]
Category:Cybernetics
类别: 控制论
[[Category:Earth sciences]]
Category:Earth sciences
类别: 地球科学
[[Category:Ecological theories]]
Category:Ecological theories
范畴: 生态学理论
[[Category:Evolutionary biology]]
Category:Evolutionary biology
分类: 进化生物学
[[Category:Extinction events]]
Category:Extinction events
分类: 灭绝事件
[[Category:Climate history]]
Category:Climate history
分类: 气候史
[[Category:Hypotheses]]
Category:Hypotheses
类别: 假设
[[Category:Superorganisms]]
Category:Superorganisms
类别: 超级有机体
[[Category:Planetary science]]
Category:Planetary science
类别: 行星科学
[[Category:Biological hypotheses]]
Category:Biological hypotheses
类别: 生物学假说
[[Category:Meteorological hypotheses]]
Category:Meteorological hypotheses
类别: 气象假说
<noinclude>
<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Medea hypothesis]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[美狄亚假说/edithistory]]</small></noinclude>
[[Category:待整理页面]]