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Moved page from wikipedia:en:Hierarchy theory (history)
此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。
'''Hierarchy theory''' is a means of studying [[ecological systems]] in which the relationship between all of the components is of great complexity. Hierarchy theory focuses on [[Level of organization|levels of organization]] and issues of [[Scale (analytical tool)|scale]], with a specific focus on the role of the observer in the definition of the system.<ref>{{cite web |last=Allen |first=Timothy F. H. |date=2001 |title=A summary of the principles of hierarchy theory |url=http://isss.org/hierarchy.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20011218001638/http://isss.org/hierarchy.htm |archivedate=2001-12-18 |accessdate=2016-03-19}}</ref> Complexity in this context does not refer to an intrinsic property of the system but to the possibility of representing the systems in a plurality of non-equivalent ways depending on the pre-analytical choices of the observer. Instead of analyzing the whole structure, hierarchy theory refers to the analysis of hierarchical levels, and the interactions between them.
Hierarchy theory is a means of studying ecological systems in which the relationship between all of the components is of great complexity. Hierarchy theory focuses on levels of organization and issues of scale, with a specific focus on the role of the observer in the definition of the system. Complexity in this context does not refer to an intrinsic property of the system but to the possibility of representing the systems in a plurality of non-equivalent ways depending on the pre-analytical choices of the observer. Instead of analyzing the whole structure, hierarchy theory refers to the analysis of hierarchical levels, and the interactions between them.
层次理论是研究生态系统的一种方法，其中各组成部分之间的关系是非常复杂的。层级理论侧重于组织的层次和规模问题，具体侧重于观察者在系统定义中的作用。在这种情况下，复杂性并不是指系统的内在属性，而是指根据观察者的预先分析选择，以多种不等价的方式表示系统的可能性。层次理论不是对整体结构的分析，而是对层次结构及其相互作用的分析。
==See also==
* [[Biological organisation]]
* [[Timothy F. H. Allen]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite thesis |type=Ph.D. thesis |last=Brooks |first=Daniel Stephen |date=August 2014 |title=The concept of levels of organization in the biological sciences |location=Bielefeld |publisher=[[Bielefeld University]] |oclc=942715109 |url=http://d-nb.info/1082033960/34 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last=Eronen |first=Markus I. |date=August 2014 |title=Levels of organization: a deflationary account |journal=[[Biology and Philosophy]] |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=39–58 |doi=10.1007/s10539-014-9461-z |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Potochnik |first1=Angela |last2=McGill |first2=Brian J. |date=January 2012 |title=The limitations of hierarchical organization |journal=[[Philosophy of Science (journal)|Philosophy of Science]] |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=120–140 |doi=10.1086/663237 |jstor=663237 |url=http://homepages.uc.edu/~potochaa/hierarchy.pdf |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ahl |first1=Valerie |last2=Allen |first2=Timothy F. H. |date=1996 |title=Hierarchy theory: a vision, vocabulary, and epistemology |location=New York |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=0231084803 |oclc=34149766 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=Timothy F. H. |last2=Hoekstra |first2=Thomas W. |date=2015 |origyear=1992 |title=Toward a unified ecology |edition=2nd |series=Complexity in ecological systems series |location=New York |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=9780231168885 |oclc=920475391 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=O'Neill |first1=Robert V. |last2=Deangelis |first2=Donald Lee |last3=Waide |first3=J. B. |last4=Allen |first4=Timothy F. H. |date=1986 |title=A hierarchical concept of ecosystems |series=Monographs in population biology |volume=23 |location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=069108436X |oclc=13526197 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOU9DwAAQBAJ |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=Timothy F. H |last2=Starr |first2=Thomas B. |date=2017 |origyear=1982 |title=Hierarchy: perspectives for ecological complexity |edition=2nd |location=Chicago |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0226489544 |oclc=967919711 |doi=10.7208/chicago/9780226489711.001.0001 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last=Guttman |first=Burton S. |date=February 1976 |title=Is 'levels of organization' a useful biological concept? |journal=[[BioScience]] |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=112–113 |doi=10.2307/1297326 |jstor=1297326 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Pattee |first=Howard Hunt |authorlink=Howard H. Pattee |date=1973 |title=Hierarchy theory: the challenge of complex systems |series=International library of systems theory and philosophy |location=New York |publisher=[[George Braziller]] |isbn=080760674X |oclc=638741 |ref=harv}}
[[Category:Hierarchy]]
Category:Hierarchy
类别: 层级
[[Category:Systems ecology]]
Category:Systems ecology
类别: 系统生态学
{{Sci-stub}}
<noinclude>
<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Hierarchy theory]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[层级理论/edithistory]]</small></noinclude>
[[Category:待整理页面]]
'''Hierarchy theory''' is a means of studying [[ecological systems]] in which the relationship between all of the components is of great complexity. Hierarchy theory focuses on [[Level of organization|levels of organization]] and issues of [[Scale (analytical tool)|scale]], with a specific focus on the role of the observer in the definition of the system.<ref>{{cite web |last=Allen |first=Timothy F. H. |date=2001 |title=A summary of the principles of hierarchy theory |url=http://isss.org/hierarchy.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20011218001638/http://isss.org/hierarchy.htm |archivedate=2001-12-18 |accessdate=2016-03-19}}</ref> Complexity in this context does not refer to an intrinsic property of the system but to the possibility of representing the systems in a plurality of non-equivalent ways depending on the pre-analytical choices of the observer. Instead of analyzing the whole structure, hierarchy theory refers to the analysis of hierarchical levels, and the interactions between them.
Hierarchy theory is a means of studying ecological systems in which the relationship between all of the components is of great complexity. Hierarchy theory focuses on levels of organization and issues of scale, with a specific focus on the role of the observer in the definition of the system. Complexity in this context does not refer to an intrinsic property of the system but to the possibility of representing the systems in a plurality of non-equivalent ways depending on the pre-analytical choices of the observer. Instead of analyzing the whole structure, hierarchy theory refers to the analysis of hierarchical levels, and the interactions between them.
层次理论是研究生态系统的一种方法，其中各组成部分之间的关系是非常复杂的。层级理论侧重于组织的层次和规模问题，具体侧重于观察者在系统定义中的作用。在这种情况下，复杂性并不是指系统的内在属性，而是指根据观察者的预先分析选择，以多种不等价的方式表示系统的可能性。层次理论不是对整体结构的分析，而是对层次结构及其相互作用的分析。
==See also==
* [[Biological organisation]]
* [[Timothy F. H. Allen]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite thesis |type=Ph.D. thesis |last=Brooks |first=Daniel Stephen |date=August 2014 |title=The concept of levels of organization in the biological sciences |location=Bielefeld |publisher=[[Bielefeld University]] |oclc=942715109 |url=http://d-nb.info/1082033960/34 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last=Eronen |first=Markus I. |date=August 2014 |title=Levels of organization: a deflationary account |journal=[[Biology and Philosophy]] |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=39–58 |doi=10.1007/s10539-014-9461-z |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Potochnik |first1=Angela |last2=McGill |first2=Brian J. |date=January 2012 |title=The limitations of hierarchical organization |journal=[[Philosophy of Science (journal)|Philosophy of Science]] |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=120–140 |doi=10.1086/663237 |jstor=663237 |url=http://homepages.uc.edu/~potochaa/hierarchy.pdf |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ahl |first1=Valerie |last2=Allen |first2=Timothy F. H. |date=1996 |title=Hierarchy theory: a vision, vocabulary, and epistemology |location=New York |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=0231084803 |oclc=34149766 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=Timothy F. H. |last2=Hoekstra |first2=Thomas W. |date=2015 |origyear=1992 |title=Toward a unified ecology |edition=2nd |series=Complexity in ecological systems series |location=New York |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=9780231168885 |oclc=920475391 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=O'Neill |first1=Robert V. |last2=Deangelis |first2=Donald Lee |last3=Waide |first3=J. B. |last4=Allen |first4=Timothy F. H. |date=1986 |title=A hierarchical concept of ecosystems |series=Monographs in population biology |volume=23 |location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=069108436X |oclc=13526197 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOU9DwAAQBAJ |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=Timothy F. H |last2=Starr |first2=Thomas B. |date=2017 |origyear=1982 |title=Hierarchy: perspectives for ecological complexity |edition=2nd |location=Chicago |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0226489544 |oclc=967919711 |doi=10.7208/chicago/9780226489711.001.0001 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last=Guttman |first=Burton S. |date=February 1976 |title=Is 'levels of organization' a useful biological concept? |journal=[[BioScience]] |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=112–113 |doi=10.2307/1297326 |jstor=1297326 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Pattee |first=Howard Hunt |authorlink=Howard H. Pattee |date=1973 |title=Hierarchy theory: the challenge of complex systems |series=International library of systems theory and philosophy |location=New York |publisher=[[George Braziller]] |isbn=080760674X |oclc=638741 |ref=harv}}
[[Category:Hierarchy]]
Category:Hierarchy
类别: 层级
[[Category:Systems ecology]]
Category:Systems ecology
类别: 系统生态学
{{Sci-stub}}
<noinclude>
<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Hierarchy theory]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[层级理论/edithistory]]</small></noinclude>
[[Category:待整理页面]]