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萨迪·卡诺 Sadi Carnot，1796-1832 和鲁道夫·克劳修斯 Rudolf Clausius，1822-1888 在19世纪发现了热力学第二定律。它指出：总的熵，有时被理解为无序，在一个孤立的系统中总会随着时间而增加。这意味着，如果没有外部联系降低系统中其他部位的'''有序 Order ''' 例如，通过消耗电池的低熵能量来扩散高熵热 ，那么系统无法自发地增加'''有序。<ref>Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot|Carnot, S. (1824/1986). [http://www.worldcat.org/title/reflections-on-the-motive-power-of-fire-a-critical-edition-with-the-surviving-scientific-manuscripts-translated-and-edited-by-fox-robert/oclc/812944517&referer=brief_results ''Reflections on the motive power of fire''], Manchester University Press, Manchester UK, {{ISBN|0-7190-1741-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last= Clausius |first= R. |author1-link= |title= Ueber die bewegende Kraft der Wärme und die Gesetze, welche sich daraus für die Wärmelehre selbst ableiten Lassen |journal= Annalen der Physik |year= 1850|volume= 79 |issue= 4 |pages= 368–97, 500–24 |url= http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15164w/f518.image |doi= 10.1002/andp.18501550403 |bibcode = 1850AnP...155..500C |hdl= 2027/uc1.$b242250 |hdl-access= free }} Translated into English: {{cite journal|last= Clausius |first= R. |title= On the Moving Force of Heat, and the Laws regarding the Nature of Heat itself which are deducible therefrom|journal= London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science |date= July 1851 |volume= 2 |series= 4th |issue= VIII |pages= 1–21, 102–19 |url= https://archive.org/stream/londonedinburghd02lond#page/1/mode/1up|accessdate= 26 June 2012|doi= 10.1080/14786445108646819 }}</ref>

萨迪·卡诺 Sadi Carnot，1796-1832 和鲁道夫·克劳修斯 Rudolf Clausius，1822-1888 在19世纪发现了热力学第二定律。它指出：总的熵，有时被理解为无序，在一个孤立的系统中总会随着时间而增加。这意味着，如果没有外部联系降低系统中其他部位的'''有序 Order ''' 例如，通过消耗电池的低熵能量来扩散高熵热 ，那么系统无法自发地增加'''有序。<ref>Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot|Carnot, S. (1824/1986). [http://www.worldcat.org/title/reflections-on-the-motive-power-of-fire-a-critical-edition-with-the-surviving-scientific-manuscripts-translated-and-edited-by-fox-robert/oclc/812944517&referer=brief_results ''Reflections on the motive power of fire''], Manchester University Press, Manchester UK</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last= Clausius |first= R. |author1-link= |title= Ueber die bewegende Kraft der Wärme und die Gesetze, welche sich daraus für die Wärmelehre selbst ableiten Lassen |journal= Annalen der Physik |year= 1850|volume= 79 |issue= 4 |pages= 368–97, 500–24 |url= http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15164w/f518.image |doi= 10.1002/andp.18501550403 |bibcode = 1850AnP...155..500C |hdl= 2027/uc1.$b242250 |hdl-access= free }} Translated into English: {{cite journal|last= Clausius |first= R. |title= On the Moving Force of Heat, and the Laws regarding the Nature of Heat itself which are deducible therefrom|journal= London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science |date= July 1851 |volume= 2 |series= 4th |issue= VIII |pages= 1–21, 102–19 |url= https://archive.org/stream/londonedinburghd02lond#page/1/mode/1up|accessdate= 26 June 2012|doi= 10.1080/14786445108646819 }}</ref>