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数学生物学家斯图尔特·考夫曼 Stuart Kauffman 和其他结构主义者认为,自组织可能与自然选择在进化生物学的三个领域中共同发挥作用,即'''种群动力学  Population dynamics''','''分子进化 Molecular evolution '''和'''形态发生 Morphogenesis'''。但是,这种假设没有考虑能量在驱动细胞中生化反应中的重要作用。任何细胞中的反应系统都是'''自催化 Self-catalyzing'''的,但不是简单的自组织,因为它们是依赖于持续能量输入的热力学开放系统。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fox |first1=Ronald F. |title=Review of Stuart Kauffman, The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution |journal=Biophys. J. |date=December 1993 |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=2698–99 |pmc=1226010 |doi=10.1016/s0006-3495(93)81321-3 |bibcode=1993BpJ....65.2698F}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Goodwin, Brian |authorlink=|title=Beyond the Darwinian Paradigm: Understanding Biological Forms |work=Evolution: The First Four Billion Years |editor1=Ruse, Michael |editor1link=Michael Ruse |editor2=Travis, Joseph |publisher=Harvard University Press |date=2009}}</ref> 自组织不是自然选择的替代方法,但是它限制了进化可以做什么,并提供了诸如膜的自组装之类的机制,以便进化利用这种机制。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Brian R. |last2=Lam |first2=Sheung Kwam |title=Self-organization, Natural Selection, and Evolution: Cellular Hardware and Genetic Software |journal=BioScience |date=2010|volume=60 |issue=11 |pages=879–85 |doi=10.1525/bio.2010.60.11.4 |url=http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/60/11/879.full}}</ref>
 
数学生物学家斯图尔特·考夫曼 Stuart Kauffman 和其他结构主义者认为,自组织可能与自然选择在进化生物学的三个领域中共同发挥作用,即'''种群动力学  Population dynamics''','''分子进化 Molecular evolution '''和'''形态发生 Morphogenesis'''。但是,这种假设没有考虑能量在驱动细胞中生化反应中的重要作用。任何细胞中的反应系统都是'''自催化 Self-catalyzing'''的,但不是简单的自组织,因为它们是依赖于持续能量输入的热力学开放系统。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fox |first1=Ronald F. |title=Review of Stuart Kauffman, The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution |journal=Biophys. J. |date=December 1993 |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=2698–99 |pmc=1226010 |doi=10.1016/s0006-3495(93)81321-3 |bibcode=1993BpJ....65.2698F}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Goodwin, Brian |authorlink=|title=Beyond the Darwinian Paradigm: Understanding Biological Forms |work=Evolution: The First Four Billion Years |editor1=Ruse, Michael |editor1link=Michael Ruse |editor2=Travis, Joseph |publisher=Harvard University Press |date=2009}}</ref> 自组织不是自然选择的替代方法,但是它限制了进化可以做什么,并提供了诸如膜的自组装之类的机制,以便进化利用这种机制。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Brian R. |last2=Lam |first2=Sheung Kwam |title=Self-organization, Natural Selection, and Evolution: Cellular Hardware and Genetic Software |journal=BioScience |date=2010|volume=60 |issue=11 |pages=879–85 |doi=10.1525/bio.2010.60.11.4 |url=http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/60/11/879.full}}</ref>
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===计算机科学===
 
===计算机科学===
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在经济学中,市场经济有时被认为是自组织的 Self-organizing。保罗·克鲁格曼 Paul Krugman 在他的著作《自组织经济 》(The Self Organizing Economy) 中阐述了市场自组织在商业周期中的作用。弗里德里希·哈耶克 Friedrich Hayek 创造了术语'''“ 耦合秩序 catallaxy” ''',以描述一种'''“自愿合作的自组织系统 Self-organizing system of voluntary co-operation”''',这与自由市场经济中的自发秩序有关。新古典经济学家认为,加强中央计划通常会使自组织的经济体系效率降低。从另一个角度来看,经济学家认为市场失灵如此明显以至于自组织产生了不良结果,因此国家应指导生产和定价。大多数经济学家都采取中间立场,并建议将市场经济和'''计划经济 Command economy '''的特征混合在一起 有时称为'''混合经济 Mixed economy '''。当应用在经济学领域时,自组织的概念很容易变成一种意识形态上的渗透。<ref name="Biel2009">{{Cite journal| author=Biel, R. |author2=Mu-Jeong Kho |url=http://rechercheregulation.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/rr_working_serieid_2009-1.pdf |title=The Issue of Energy within a Dialectical Approach to the Regulationist Problematique |journal=Recherches & Régulation Working Papers, RR Série ID 2009-1 |pages=1–21 |publisher=Association Recherche & Régulation |date=November 2009 |accessdate=2013-11-09}}</ref><ref>Alan Marshall (New Zealand author)|Marshall, A.(2002) ''The Unity of Nature'', Chapter 5. Imperial College Press. </ref>
 
在经济学中,市场经济有时被认为是自组织的 Self-organizing。保罗·克鲁格曼 Paul Krugman 在他的著作《自组织经济 》(The Self Organizing Economy) 中阐述了市场自组织在商业周期中的作用。弗里德里希·哈耶克 Friedrich Hayek 创造了术语'''“ 耦合秩序 catallaxy” ''',以描述一种'''“自愿合作的自组织系统 Self-organizing system of voluntary co-operation”''',这与自由市场经济中的自发秩序有关。新古典经济学家认为,加强中央计划通常会使自组织的经济体系效率降低。从另一个角度来看,经济学家认为市场失灵如此明显以至于自组织产生了不良结果,因此国家应指导生产和定价。大多数经济学家都采取中间立场,并建议将市场经济和'''计划经济 Command economy '''的特征混合在一起 有时称为'''混合经济 Mixed economy '''。当应用在经济学领域时,自组织的概念很容易变成一种意识形态上的渗透。<ref name="Biel2009">{{Cite journal| author=Biel, R. |author2=Mu-Jeong Kho |url=http://rechercheregulation.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/rr_working_serieid_2009-1.pdf |title=The Issue of Energy within a Dialectical Approach to the Regulationist Problematique |journal=Recherches & Régulation Working Papers, RR Série ID 2009-1 |pages=1–21 |publisher=Association Recherche & Régulation |date=November 2009 |accessdate=2013-11-09}}</ref><ref>Alan Marshall (New Zealand author)|Marshall, A.(2002) ''The Unity of Nature'', Chapter 5. Imperial College Press. </ref>
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===学习领域===
 
===学习领域===
 
使他人“学习如何学习”<ref>Rogers.C. (1969). ''Freedom to Learn''. Merrill</ref> 通常是指教导他们如何服从于被教导。'''自组织学习 Self-organised learning, SOL '''<ref>Thomas L.F. & Augstein E.S. (1985) ''Self-Organised Learning: Foundations of a conversational science for psychology''. Routledge (1st Ed.)</ref><ref>Thomas L.F. & Augstein E.S. (1994) ''Self-Organised Learning: Foundations of a conversational science for psychology''. Routledge (2nd Ed.)</ref><ref>Thomas L.F. & Augstein E.S. (2013) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xWVcDQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcoverSelf-Organised Learning: Foundations of a conversational science for psychology]''. Routledge (Psy. Revivals)</ref> 否认“专家最了解”或存在“最佳方法”,<ref>Harri-Augstein E. S. and Thomas L. F. (1991) ''Learning Conversations: The S-O-L way to personal and organizational growth''. Routledge (1st Ed.)</ref><ref>Harri-Augstein E. S. and Thomas L. F. (2013) ''Learning Conversations: The S-O-L way to personal and organizational growth''. Routledge (2nd Ed.)</ref><ref>Harri-Augstein E. S. and Thomas L. F. (2013)''Learning Conversations: The S-O-L way to personal and organizational growth''. BookBaby (eBook)</ref> 反而坚持认为“个体层面显著的、相关的和可行意义的建构”,<ref>Illich. I. (1971) ''A Celebration of Awareness''. Penguin Books.</ref> 应由学习者进行体验性尝试。<ref>Harri-Augstein E. S. (2000) ''The University of Learning in transformation''</ref> 这可能是协作完成的,而且个人收获更大。<ref>Schumacher, E. F. (1997) ''This I Believe and Other Essays (Resurgence Book)''. </ref><ref>Revans R. W. (1982) ''The Origins and Growth of Action Learning'' Chartwell-Bratt, Bromley</ref> 它被视为一生的过程,并不受限于特定的学习环境 家庭,学校,大学 ,也不受限于父母或教授等权威机构的控制。<ref>Thomas L.F. and Harri-Augstein S. (1993) "On Becoming a Learning Organisation" in ''Report of a 7 year Action Research Project with the Royal Mail Business''. CSHL Monograph</ref> 它需要通过学习者的亲身经历去尝试、并且不断去修正。<ref>Rogers C.R. (1971) ''On Becoming a Person''. Constable, London</ref> 它也不必受限于意识或语言。<ref>Prigogyne I. & Sengers I. (1985) ''Order out of Chaos'' Flamingo Paperbacks. London</ref>弗里特霍夫·卡普拉 Fritjof Capra 声称,这自组织学习,在心理学和教育中鲜为人知。<ref>Capra F (1989) ''Uncommon Wisdom'' Flamingo Paperbacks. London</ref> 它可能与控制论有关,<ref name=p1973>Pask, G. (1973). ''Conversation, Cognition and Learning. A Cybernetic Theory and Methodology''. Elsevier</ref><ref>Bohm D. (1994) ''Thought as a System''. Routledge.</ref>因为它涉及'''负反馈控制回路 Negative feedback control loop''',或者与系统理论有关。它可以作为学习谈话或对话在学习者之间或一个人进行。<ref>Maslow, A. H. (1964). ''Religions, values, and peak-experiences'', Columbus: Ohio State University Press.</ref><ref>''Conversational Science'' Thomas L.F. and Harri-Augstein E.S. (1985)</ref>
 
使他人“学习如何学习”<ref>Rogers.C. (1969). ''Freedom to Learn''. Merrill</ref> 通常是指教导他们如何服从于被教导。'''自组织学习 Self-organised learning, SOL '''<ref>Thomas L.F. & Augstein E.S. (1985) ''Self-Organised Learning: Foundations of a conversational science for psychology''. Routledge (1st Ed.)</ref><ref>Thomas L.F. & Augstein E.S. (1994) ''Self-Organised Learning: Foundations of a conversational science for psychology''. Routledge (2nd Ed.)</ref><ref>Thomas L.F. & Augstein E.S. (2013) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xWVcDQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcoverSelf-Organised Learning: Foundations of a conversational science for psychology]''. Routledge (Psy. Revivals)</ref> 否认“专家最了解”或存在“最佳方法”,<ref>Harri-Augstein E. S. and Thomas L. F. (1991) ''Learning Conversations: The S-O-L way to personal and organizational growth''. Routledge (1st Ed.)</ref><ref>Harri-Augstein E. S. and Thomas L. F. (2013) ''Learning Conversations: The S-O-L way to personal and organizational growth''. Routledge (2nd Ed.)</ref><ref>Harri-Augstein E. S. and Thomas L. F. (2013)''Learning Conversations: The S-O-L way to personal and organizational growth''. BookBaby (eBook)</ref> 反而坚持认为“个体层面显著的、相关的和可行意义的建构”,<ref>Illich. I. (1971) ''A Celebration of Awareness''. Penguin Books.</ref> 应由学习者进行体验性尝试。<ref>Harri-Augstein E. S. (2000) ''The University of Learning in transformation''</ref> 这可能是协作完成的,而且个人收获更大。<ref>Schumacher, E. F. (1997) ''This I Believe and Other Essays (Resurgence Book)''. </ref><ref>Revans R. W. (1982) ''The Origins and Growth of Action Learning'' Chartwell-Bratt, Bromley</ref> 它被视为一生的过程,并不受限于特定的学习环境 家庭,学校,大学 ,也不受限于父母或教授等权威机构的控制。<ref>Thomas L.F. and Harri-Augstein S. (1993) "On Becoming a Learning Organisation" in ''Report of a 7 year Action Research Project with the Royal Mail Business''. CSHL Monograph</ref> 它需要通过学习者的亲身经历去尝试、并且不断去修正。<ref>Rogers C.R. (1971) ''On Becoming a Person''. Constable, London</ref> 它也不必受限于意识或语言。<ref>Prigogyne I. & Sengers I. (1985) ''Order out of Chaos'' Flamingo Paperbacks. London</ref>弗里特霍夫·卡普拉 Fritjof Capra 声称,这自组织学习,在心理学和教育中鲜为人知。<ref>Capra F (1989) ''Uncommon Wisdom'' Flamingo Paperbacks. London</ref> 它可能与控制论有关,<ref name=p1973>Pask, G. (1973). ''Conversation, Cognition and Learning. A Cybernetic Theory and Methodology''. Elsevier</ref><ref>Bohm D. (1994) ''Thought as a System''. Routledge.</ref>因为它涉及'''负反馈控制回路 Negative feedback control loop''',或者与系统理论有关。它可以作为学习谈话或对话在学习者之间或一个人进行。<ref>Maslow, A. H. (1964). ''Religions, values, and peak-experiences'', Columbus: Ohio State University Press.</ref><ref>''Conversational Science'' Thomas L.F. and Harri-Augstein E.S. (1985)</ref>
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