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==历史发展==
 
==历史发展==
During the late 1920s, Harry Nyquist and Ralph Hartley developed a handful of fundamental ideas related to the transmission of information, particularly in the context of the telegraph as a communications system. At the time, these concepts were powerful breakthroughs individually, but they were not part of a comprehensive theory. In the 1940s, Claude Shannon developed the concept of channel capacity, based in part on the ideas of Nyquist and Hartley, and then formulated a complete theory of information and its transmission.
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在1920年代后期,'''哈里·奈奎斯特'''(Harry Nyquist)和'''拉尔夫·哈特利'''(Ralph Hartley)提出了信息传输的基本思想,特别是在电报作为通信系统的背景下。当时,这些概念的提出都是非常大的突破,但这些都不是没有综合统一起来的理论。1940年代,[[克劳德·香农]](Claude Shannon)基于奈奎斯特(Nyquist)和哈特利(Hartley)的思想提出了信道容量的概念,然后制定了完整的信息及其传播的理论。
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在1920年代后期,'''哈里·奈奎斯特'''(Harry Nyquist)和'''拉尔夫·哈特利'''(Ralph Hartley)在当时以电报作为主要通信方式的背景下,提出了信息传输的基本思想。在当时的条件下,其理论具有极大的突破性,但是却没有统一为一个系统的理论概念。1940年代,[[克劳德·香农]](Claude Shannon)基于奈奎斯特(Nyquist)和哈特利(Hartley)的思想提出了[[信道容量]]的概念,然后制定了完整的信息及其传播的理论。
    
===奈奎斯特速率 Nyquist rate===
 
===奈奎斯特速率 Nyquist rate===
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In 1927, Nyquist determined that the number of independent pulses that could be put through a telegraph channel per unit time is limited to twice the bandwidth of the channel. In symbolic notation,
      
1927年,奈奎斯特发现单位时间可通过电报信道发送的独立脉冲数最大只能为该信道带宽的两倍。公式表示如下:
 
1927年,奈奎斯特发现单位时间可通过电报信道发送的独立脉冲数最大只能为该信道带宽的两倍。公式表示如下:
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f_{p} < 2B
 
f_{p} < 2B
 
</math>
 
</math>
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where {\displaystyle f_{p}} f_{p} is the pulse frequency (in pulses per second) and {\displaystyle B} B is the bandwidth (in hertz). The quantity {\displaystyle 2B} 2B later came to be called the Nyquist rate, and transmitting at the limiting pulse rate of {\displaystyle 2B} 2B pulses per second as signalling at the Nyquist rate. Nyquist published his results in 1928 as part of his paper "Certain topics in Telegraph Transmission Theory".
      
其中<math>f_{p}</math>为脉冲频率(单位为脉冲/s),<math>B</math>为带宽(单位为赫兹)。公式中,2B后来被称为奈奎斯特速率,表示传输的极限速率为2B脉冲每秒。奈奎斯特在1928年发表该研究成果在论文《Certain topics in Telegraph Transmission Theory》中。
 
其中<math>f_{p}</math>为脉冲频率(单位为脉冲/s),<math>B</math>为带宽(单位为赫兹)。公式中,2B后来被称为奈奎斯特速率,表示传输的极限速率为2B脉冲每秒。奈奎斯特在1928年发表该研究成果在论文《Certain topics in Telegraph Transmission Theory》中。
    
===哈特利定律 Hartley's law===
 
===哈特利定律 Hartley's law===
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During 1928, Hartley formulated a way to quantify information and its line rate (also known as data signalling rate R bits per second).[1] This method, later known as Hartley's law, became an important precursor for Shannon's more sophisticated notion of channel capacity.
      
1928年,哈特利提出了一种量化信息及其线速(也被称之为数据信令速率,R比特每秒)的方法。这种方法后来被称之为哈特利定律,为香农提出更加复杂的信道容量的概念奠定了基础。
 
1928年,哈特利提出了一种量化信息及其线速(也被称之为数据信令速率,R比特每秒)的方法。这种方法后来被称之为哈特利定律,为香农提出更加复杂的信道容量的概念奠定了基础。
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Hartley argued that the maximum number of distinguishable pulse levels that can be transmitted and received reliably over a communications channel is limited by the dynamic range of the signal amplitude and the precision with which the receiver can distinguish amplitude levels. Specifically, if the amplitude of the transmitted signal is restricted to the range of [−A ... +A] volts, and the precision of the receiver is ±ΔV volts, then the maximum number of distinct pulses M is given by
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哈特利认为,在保证可靠性的条件下,信道中能够传输和接收的可分辨的最大脉冲会受到两个因素的影响和限制,一个为信号振幅的动态范围,另一个为接收机能够分辨的振幅电平的精度。具体来说,如果发射信号的振幅大小范围为[-A,+A]伏,接收机的精度为±ΔV伏,那么不同的脉冲的最大值<math>M</math>满足以下公式:
 
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哈特利认为,在保证可靠性的条件下,信道中能够传输和接收的可分辨的最大脉冲会受到两个因素的影响和限制,一个为信号振幅的动态范围,另一个为接收机能够分辨的振幅电平的精度。具体来说,如果发射信号的振幅大小范围为[-a,+a]伏,接收机的精度为±ΔV伏,那么不同的脉冲的最大数m满足以下公式:
      
<math>
 
<math>
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By taking information per pulse in bit/pulse to be the base-2-logarithm of the number of distinct messages M that could be sent, Hartley[2] constructed a measure of the line rate R as:
 
By taking information per pulse in bit/pulse to be the base-2-logarithm of the number of distinct messages M that could be sent, Hartley[2] constructed a measure of the line rate R as:
 
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通过将每个脉冲中的每位脉冲中的信息作为可以发送的不同消息M的数量的2的对数,Hartley [2]构造了一种测量线速R的方法:??
 
然后可以根据一下公式计算出先速率R的值:
 
然后可以根据一下公式计算出先速率R的值:
  
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