计划行为理论

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The theory of planned behavior.

thumb|The theory of planned behavior.

计划行为理论。

The theory of planned behavior (TPB) is a psychological theory that links beliefs to behavior. The theory maintains that three core components, namely, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, together shape an individual's behavioral intentions. In turn, a tenet of TPB is that behavioral intention is the most proximal determinant of human social behavior.

The theory of planned behavior (TPB) is a psychological theory that links beliefs to behavior. The theory maintains that three core components, namely, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, together shape an individual's behavioral intentions. In turn, a tenet of TPB is that behavioral intention is the most proximal determinant of human social behavior.

计划行为理论(TPB)是一种将信念与行为联系起来的心理学理论。该理论认为，态度、主观规范和感知行为控制这三个核心要素共同塑造了个体的行为意图。反过来，TPB 的一个原则是，行为意图是人类社会行为的最接近的决定因素。

The theory was elaborated by Icek Ajzen for the purpose of improving the predictive power of the theory of reasoned action (TRA). Ajzen's idea was to include perceived behavioral control in TPB. Perceived behavior control was not a component of TRA. TPB has been applied to studies of the relations among beliefs, attitudes, behavioral intentions, and behaviors in various human domains. These domains include, but are not limited to, advertising, public relations, advertising campaigns, healthcare, sport management, and sustainability.

The theory was elaborated by Icek Ajzen for the purpose of improving the predictive power of the theory of reasoned action (TRA). Ajzen's idea was to include perceived behavioral control in TPB. Perceived behavior control was not a component of TRA. TPB has been applied to studies of the relations among beliefs, attitudes, behavioral intentions, and behaviors in various human domains. These domains include, but are not limited to, advertising, public relations, advertising campaigns, healthcare, sport management, and sustainability.

理性行为理论是由艾泽克 · 阿吉岑提出的，旨在提高理性行为理论的预测能力。Ajzen 的想法是将感知行为控制纳入 TPB。感知行为控制不是 TRA 的组成部分。TPB 已被应用于研究人类不同领域的信念、态度、行为意图和行为之间的关系。这些领域包括但不限于广告、公共关系、广告活动、医疗保健、体育管理和可持续性。

= 历史 =

Extension from the theory of reasoned action

Icek Ajzen (1985) proposed TPB in his chapter "From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior." TPB developed out of TRA, a theory first proposed in 1980 by Martin Fishbein and Ajzen. TRA was in turn grounded in various theories bearing on attitude and attitude change, including learning theories, expectancy-value theories, attribution theory, and consistency theories (e.g., Heider's balance theory, Osgood and Tannenbaum's congruity theory, and Festinger's dissonance theory). According TRA, if an individual evaluates a suggested behavior as positive (attitude), and if he or she believes significant others want the person to perform the behavior (subjective norm), the intention (motivation) to perform the behavior will be greater and the individual will be more likely to perform the behavior. Attitudes and subjective norms are highly correlated with behavioral intention; behavioral intention is correlated with actual behavior.

Icek Ajzen (1985) proposed TPB in his chapter "From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior."Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. Ina J. Kuhl & J. Beckmann (Eds.), Action control: From cognition to behavior. Berlin, Heidelber, New York: Springer-Verlag. (pp. 11-39). TPB developed out of TRA, a theory first proposed in 1980 by Martin Fishbein and Ajzen. TRA was in turn grounded in various theories bearing on attitude and attitude change, including learning theories, expectancy-value theories, attribution theory, and consistency theories (e.g., Heider's balance theory, Osgood and Tannenbaum's congruity theory, and Festinger's dissonance theory).Fishbein, M. & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. According TRA, if an individual evaluates a suggested behavior as positive (attitude), and if he or she believes significant others want the person to perform the behavior (subjective norm), the intention (motivation) to perform the behavior will be greater and the individual will be more likely to perform the behavior. Attitudes and subjective norms are highly correlated with behavioral intention; behavioral intention is correlated with actual behavior.

= = 从理性行为理论的延伸 = = = Icek Ajzen (1985)在他的章节“从意图到行动: 计划行为理论”中提出了 TPB。“ Ajzen，我。(1985).从意图到行动: 计划行为理论。伊娜 · J · 库尔和 J · 贝克曼。) ，行动控制: 从认知到行为。柏林，Heidelber，纽约: 斯普林格出版社。(pp.11-39).TPB 是在 TRA 理论的基础上发展起来的，TRA 理论是由 Martin Fishbein 和 Ajzen 于1980年首次提出的。TRA 依次基于各种关于态度和态度变化的理论，包括学习理论、期望值理论、归因理论理论和一致性理论(例如，海德的平衡理论、奥斯古德和坦南鲍姆的一致性理论以及费斯廷格的不和谐理论)。M & Ajzen 公司的 Fishbein，I。(1975).信念、态度、意图与行为: 理论与研究导论。马萨诸塞州雷丁: 艾迪生-韦斯利。根据 TRA，如果一个人评价一个建议的行为是积极的(态度) ，如果他或她相信重要的其他人希望这个人执行这个行为(主观规范) ，执行这个行为的意图(动机)将会更大，这个人将会更有可能执行这个行为。态度和主观规范与行为意向高度相关，行为意向与实际行为高度相关。

Research, however, shows that behavioral intention does not always lead to actual behavior. Because behavioral intention cannot be the exclusive determinant of behavior where an individual's control over the behavior is incomplete, Ajzen introduced TPB by adding to TRA the component "perceived behavioral control." In this way he extended TRA to better predict actual behavior.

Research, however, shows that behavioral intention does not always lead to actual behavior. Because behavioral intention cannot be the exclusive determinant of behavior where an individual's control over the behavior is incomplete, Ajzen introduced TPB by adding to TRA the component "perceived behavioral control." In this way he extended TRA to better predict actual behavior.

然而，研究表明，行为意图并不总是导致实际行为。由于在个体对行为的控制不完全的情况下，行为意图不能成为行为的唯一决定因素，Ajzen 通过在 TRA 中添加“感知行为控制”组件引入了 TPB通过这种方式，他扩展了 TRA，以更好地预测实际行为。

Perceived behavioral control refers to the degree to which a person believes that he or she can perform a given behavior. Perceived behavioral control involves the perception of the individual's own ability to perform the behavior. In other words, perceived behavioral control is behavior- or goal-specific. That perception varies by environmental circumstances and the behavior involved. The theory of planned behavior suggests that people are much more likely to intend to enact certain behaviors when they feel that they can enact them successfully.

Perceived behavioral control refers to the degree to which a person believes that he or she can perform a given behavior. Perceived behavioral control involves the perception of the individual's own ability to perform the behavior. In other words, perceived behavioral control is behavior- or goal-specific. That perception varies by environmental circumstances and the behavior involved. The theory of planned behavior suggests that people are much more likely to intend to enact certain behaviors when they feel that they can enact them successfully.

知觉行为控制是指一个人相信他或她能够执行给定行为的程度。感知行为控制包括对个体自身行为能力的感知。换句话说，感知的行为控制是行为或目标特定的。这种认知因环境条件和相关行为的不同而不同。计划行为理论表明，当人们觉得自己能够成功地实施某些行为时，他们更有可能打算实施这些行为。

The theory has thus improved upon TRA.

The theory has thus improved upon TRA.

这一理论因此得到了 TRA 的改进。

Extension of self-efficacy

Along with attitudes and subjective norms (which make up TRA), TPB adds the concept of perceived behavioral control, which grew out of self-efficacy theory (SET). The construct of self-efficacy was proposed by Bandura in 1977, in connection to social cognitive theory. Self-efficacy refers to a person's expectation or confidence that he or she can master a behavior or accomplish a goal; an individual has different levels of self-efficacy depending upon the behavior or goal in question. Bandura distinguished two distinct types of goal-related expectations: self-efficacy and outcome expectancy. He defined self-efficacy as the conviction that one can successfully execute the behavior required to produce the outcome in question. Outcome expectancy refers to a person's estimation that a given behavior will lead to certain outcomes. Bandura advanced the view that self-efficacy is the most important precondition for behavioral change, since it is key to the initiation of coping behavior.

Along with attitudes and subjective norms (which make up TRA), TPB adds the concept of perceived behavioral control, which grew out of self-efficacy theory (SET). The construct of self-efficacy was proposed by Bandura in 1977, in connection to social cognitive theory. Self-efficacy refers to a person's expectation or confidence that he or she can master a behavior or accomplish a goal; an individual has different levels of self-efficacy depending upon the behavior or goal in question. Bandura distinguished two distinct types of goal-related expectations: self-efficacy and outcome expectancy.Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. He defined self-efficacy as the conviction that one can successfully execute the behavior required to produce the outcome in question. Outcome expectancy refers to a person's estimation that a given behavior will lead to certain outcomes. Bandura advanced the view that self-efficacy is the most important precondition for behavioral change, since it is key to the initiation of coping behavior.

随着态度和主观规范(组成 TRA)的出现，TPB 增加了感知行为控制的概念，这一概念源于自我效能理论(SET)。班杜拉于1977年结合社会认知理论提出了自我效能感的概念。自我效能感是指一个人对自己能够掌握一种行为或完成一个目标的期望或信心; 一个人根据所涉及的行为或目标具有不同程度的自我效能感。班杜拉区分了两种不同类型的目标相关期望: 自我效能和结果预期。(1994).自我效能。约翰威立公司。他将自我效能定义为一个人能够成功地执行产生问题结果所需要的行为的信念。结果预期是指一个人对给定行为将导致某种结果的估计。班杜拉提出自我效能感是行为改变的最重要前提，因为自我效能感是启动应对行为的关键。

Previous investigations have shown that a person's behavior is strongly influenced by the individual's confidence in his or her ability to perform that behavior. As self-efficacy contributes to explanations of various relationships among beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and behavior, TPB has been widely applied in health-related fields such as helping preadolescents to engage in more physical activity, thereby improving their mental health, and getting adults to exercise more.

Previous investigations have shown that a person's behavior is strongly influenced by the individual's confidence in his or her ability to perform that behavior. As self-efficacy contributes to explanations of various relationships among beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and behavior, TPB has been widely applied in health-related fields such as helping preadolescents to engage in more physical activity, thereby improving their mental health, and getting adults to exercise more.

先前的调查表明，一个人的行为受到个人对其行为能力的信心的强烈影响。由于自我效能感有助于解释信念、态度、意图和行为之间的各种关系，TPB 已被广泛应用于与健康相关的领域，例如帮助青少年前期参加更多的体育活动，从而改善他们的心理健康，并使成年人更多地锻炼。

= 关键概念 =

Normative beliefs and subjective norms

• Normative belief: an individual's perception of social normative pressures, or the beliefs of relevant others bearing on what behaviors should or should not be performed.
• Subjective norm: an individual's perception about the particular behavior, which is influenced by the judgment of significant others (e.g., parents, spouse, friends, teachers).

• Normative belief: an individual's perception of social normative pressures, or the beliefs of relevant others bearing on what behaviors should or should not be performed.
• Subjective norm: an individual's perception about the particular behavior, which is influenced by the judgment of significant others (e.g., parents, spouse, friends, teachers).

• 规范信念: 个人对社会规范压力的感知，或相关他人的信念，这些信念关系到什么行为应该或不应该被执行。
• 主观规范: 个人对特定行为的看法，受重要他人(如父母、配偶、朋友、老师)的判断影响。

Control beliefs and perceived behavioral control

• Control beliefs: an individual's beliefs about the presence of factors that may facilitate or hinder performance of the behavior.
• Perceived behavioral control: an individual's perceived ease or difficulty of performing the particular behavior. The concept of perceived behavioral control is conceptually related to self-efficacy. It is assumed that perceived behavioral control is determined by the total set of accessible control beliefs.

• Control beliefs: an individual's beliefs about the presence of factors that may facilitate or hinder performance of the behavior.
• Perceived behavioral control: an individual's perceived ease or difficulty of performing the particular behavior. The concept of perceived behavioral control is conceptually related to self-efficacy. It is assumed that perceived behavioral control is determined by the total set of accessible control beliefs.

控制信念: 个体对于可能促进或阻碍行为表现的因素存在的信念。感知行为控制: 个体在执行特定行为时感知到的轻松或困难。知觉行为控制的概念与自我效能感有概念上的联系。假设感知的行为控制是由总的可达控制信念集决定的。

Behavioral intention and behavior

• Behavioral intention: an individual's readiness to perform a given behavior. It is assumed to be an immediate antecedent of behavior. It is based on attitude toward the behavior, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control, with each predictor weighted for its importance in relation to the behavior and population of interest.
• Behavior: an individual's observable response in a given situation with respect to a given target. Ajzen advanced the view that a behavior is a function of compatible intentions and perceptions of behavioral control. Perceived behavioral control is expected to moderate the effect of intention on behavior, such that a favorable intention produces the behavior only when perceived behavioral control is strong.

• Behavioral intention: an individual's readiness to perform a given behavior. It is assumed to be an immediate antecedent of behavior. It is based on attitude toward the behavior, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control, with each predictor weighted for its importance in relation to the behavior and population of interest.
• Behavior: an individual's observable response in a given situation with respect to a given target. Ajzen advanced the view that a behavior is a function of compatible intentions and perceptions of behavioral control. Perceived behavioral control is expected to moderate the effect of intention on behavior, such that a favorable intention produces the behavior only when perceived behavioral control is strong.

= 行为意图和行为 = =

• 行为意图: 一个人准备执行给定的行为。它被认为是行为的直接先决条件。它是基于对行为的态度，主观规范和感知的行为控制，每个预测因子的重要性加权相关的行为和感兴趣的人群。行为: 个体在特定情况下对特定目标的可观察到的反应。Ajzen 提出了行为是兼容意图和行为控制感知的函数的观点。认知行为控制预期会调节意图对行为的影响，因此只有当认知行为控制强烈时，良好意图才会产生行为。

= 概念/操作比较 =

Perceived behavioral control vs. self-efficacy

Ajzen (1991) wrote that the role of perceived behavioral control in the theory of planned behavior derived from Bandura's concept of self-efficacy. More recently, Fishbein and Cappella advanced the view that self-efficacy is equivalent to perceived behavioral control in Ajzen's integrative model. Perceived behavioral control can be assessed with the help of items from a self-efficacy scale.

Ajzen (1991) wrote that the role of perceived behavioral control in the theory of planned behavior derived from Bandura's concept of self-efficacy. More recently, Fishbein and CappellaFishbein, M., & Cappella, J. N. (2006). The role of theory in developing effective health communications. Journal of Communication, 56(s1), S1-S17. advanced the view that self-efficacy is equivalent to perceived behavioral control in Ajzen's integrative model. Perceived behavioral control can be assessed with the help of items from a self-efficacy scale.

= = = = 知觉行为控制与自我效能 = = = = Ajzen (1991)写道，知觉行为控制在计划行为理论中的作用源于班杜拉的自我效能概念。最近，Fishbein 和 CappellaFishbein，M。 ，& Cappella，J. N. (2006)。理论在发展有效卫生传播中的作用。传播学杂志，56(中一) ，中一至中十七。在 Ajzen 的整合模式中，提出了自我效能等同于感知行为控制的观点。感知行为控制可以通过自我效能量表中的项目来评估。

In previous studies, the construction of measures of perceived behavioral control has had to be tailored to each particular health-related behavior. For example, for smoking, an item could read "I don't think I am addicted because I can really just not smoke and not crave for it" or "It would be really easy for me to quit."

In previous studies, the construction of measures of perceived behavioral control has had to be tailored to each particular health-related behavior. For example, for smoking, an item could read "I don't think I am addicted because I can really just not smoke and not crave for it" or "It would be really easy for me to quit."

在以前的研究中，感知行为控制措施的构建必须针对每个特定的健康相关行为进行调整。例如，对于吸烟，一个条目可以写“我不认为我上瘾，因为我可以真的只是不吸烟，不渴望它”或“这将是真的很容易为我戒烟。”

The concept of self-efficacy is rooted in Bandura's social cognitive theory. It refers to the conviction that one can successfully execute the behavior required to attain a desired goal. The concept of self-efficacy is used as perceived behavioral control, which means the perception of the ease or difficulty of the particular behavior. It is linked to control beliefs, which refer to beliefs about the presence of factors that may facilitate or impede performance of the behavior.

The concept of self-efficacy is rooted in Bandura's social cognitive theory.Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control (see article). New York: Freeman. It refers to the conviction that one can successfully execute the behavior required to attain a desired goal. The concept of self-efficacy is used as perceived behavioral control, which means the perception of the ease or difficulty of the particular behavior. It is linked to control beliefs, which refer to beliefs about the presence of factors that may facilitate or impede performance of the behavior.

自我效能感的概念植根于班杜拉的社会认知理论。(1997).自我效能: 控制的运用(见文章)。Freeman.它是指一个人能够成功地执行达到预期目标所需要的行为的信念。自我效能感是指对特定行为的难易程度的感知。它与控制信念有关，控制信念指的是对可能促进或阻碍行为表现的因素存在的信念。

Perceived behavioral control is usually measured with self-report instruments comprising items that begin with the stem, "I am sure I can ... (e.g., exercise, quit smoking, etc.)." Such instruments attempt to measure the individual's confidence that he or she can execute a given behavior.

Perceived behavioral control is usually measured with self-report instruments comprising items that begin with the stem, "I am sure I can ... (e.g., exercise, quit smoking, etc.)." Such instruments attempt to measure the individual's confidence that he or she can execute a given behavior.

感知行为控制通常用自我报告工具来衡量，这些工具包括从茎开始的项目，“我确信我可以..。(例如运动、戒烟等)。」这样的工具试图测量个人的信心，他或她可以执行给定的行为。

Attitude toward behavior vs. outcome expectancy

The theory of planned behavior specifies the nature of the relationship between beliefs and attitudes. According to the theory, an individual's evaluation of, or attitude toward, a behavior is determined by his or her accessible beliefs about the behavior. The term belief in this theory refers to the subjective probability that the behavior will produce a certain outcome. Specifically, the evaluation of each outcome contributes to the attitude commensurately with the person's subjective probability that the behavior produces the outcome in question. A belief is accessible if available from long-term memory.

The theory of planned behavior specifies the nature of the relationship between beliefs and attitudes. According to the theory, an individual's evaluation of, or attitude toward, a behavior is determined by his or her accessible beliefs about the behavior. The term belief in this theory refers to the subjective probability that the behavior will produce a certain outcome. Specifically, the evaluation of each outcome contributes to the attitude commensurately with the person's subjective probability that the behavior produces the outcome in question. A belief is accessible if available from long-term memory.

对待行为的态度和对待结果的期望。计划行为理论详细说明了信念和态度之间关系的性质。根据这个理论，一个人对一个行为的评价或态度是由他或她对这个行为的可接受的信念决定的。这一理论中的“信念”一词是指行为产生某种结果的主观概率。具体来说，对每个结果的评价有助于与人的主观概率相称的态度，即行为产生有关的结果。一个信念是可以通过长期记忆获得的。

The concept of outcome expectancy originated in the expectancy-value model. Outcome expectancy can be a belief, attitude, opinion, or expectation. According to the theory of planned behavior, an individual's positive evaluation of his or her performance of a particular behavior is similar to the concept to perceived benefits. A positive evaluation refers to a belief regarding the effectiveness of the proposed behavior in reducing the vulnerability to negative outcomes. By contrast, a negative self-evaluation refers to a belief regarding adverse consequences that can result from the enactment of the behavior.

The concept of outcome expectancy originated in the expectancy-value model. Outcome expectancy can be a belief, attitude, opinion, or expectation. According to the theory of planned behavior, an individual's positive evaluation of his or her performance of a particular behavior is similar to the concept to perceived benefits. A positive evaluation refers to a belief regarding the effectiveness of the proposed behavior in reducing the vulnerability to negative outcomes. By contrast, a negative self-evaluation refers to a belief regarding adverse consequences that can result from the enactment of the behavior.

结果预期的概念起源于预期价值模型。预期结果可以是一种信念、态度、观点或期望。根据计划行为理论，个体对其特定行为表现的积极评价与感知利益的概念相似。一个积极的评价是指一个信念，关于有效的建议行为在减少对负面结果的脆弱性。相比之下，消极的自我评价指的是一种关于行为可能导致的不良后果的信念。

Social influence

The concept of social influence has been assessed in both the theory of reasoned action and theory of planned behavior. Individuals' elaborative thoughts on subjective norms are perceptions of whether they are expected by their friends, their family, and society in general to perform a particular behavior. Social influence is measured by evaluating the attitudes of social groups. For example, in the case of smoking:

1. Subjective norms the individual attaches to the peer group include thoughts such as, "Most of my friends smoke" or "I feel ashamed of smoking in front of a group of friends who don't smoke";
2. Subjective norms the individual attaches to the family include thoughts such as, "All of my family smokes, and it seems natural to start smoking" or "My parents were really mad at me when I started smoking"; and
3. Subjective norms the individual attaches to society or the general culture include thoughts such as, "Everyone is against smoking" or "We just assume everyone is a nonsmoker."

The concept of social influence has been assessed in both the theory of reasoned action and theory of planned behavior. Individuals' elaborative thoughts on subjective norms are perceptions of whether they are expected by their friends, their family, and society in general to perform a particular behavior. Social influence is measured by evaluating the attitudes of social groups. For example, in the case of smoking:

1. Subjective norms the individual attaches to the peer group include thoughts such as, "Most of my friends smoke" or "I feel ashamed of smoking in front of a group of friends who don't smoke";
2. Subjective norms the individual attaches to the family include thoughts such as, "All of my family smokes, and it seems natural to start smoking" or "My parents were really mad at me when I started smoking"; and
3. Subjective norms the individual attaches to society or the general culture include thoughts such as, "Everyone is against smoking" or "We just assume everyone is a nonsmoker."

社会影响力社会影响力的概念已经在理性行为理论和计划行为理论中得到了评估。个人对主观规范的精心思考是他们对自己是否被朋友、家人和整个社会期望去做某一特定行为的感知。社会影响力是通过评估社会群体的态度来衡量的。例如，在吸烟的情况下: # 个人对同龄人群的主观规范包括这样的想法，“我的大多数朋友吸烟”或“我觉得在一群不吸烟的朋友面前吸烟很惭愧”; # 个人对家庭的主观规范包括这样的想法，“我所有的家人都吸烟，开始吸烟似乎很自然”或“当我开始吸烟时，我的父母对我非常生气”; # 个人对社会或一般文化的主观规范包括这样的想法，“每个人都反对吸烟”或“我们只是假设每个人都不吸烟”

While most models are conceptualized within individual cognitive space, the theory of planned behavior considers social influence in terms of social norms and normative beliefs. Given that an individual's behavior (e.g., health-related decision-making such as diet, condom use, quitting smoking, and drinking, etc.) might very well be located in and dependent on social networks and organizations (e.g., peer group, family, school, and workplace), social influence has been a welcomed addition to the theory.

While most models are conceptualized within individual cognitive space, the theory of planned behavior considers social influence in terms of social norms and normative beliefs. Given that an individual's behavior (e.g., health-related decision-making such as diet, condom use, quitting smoking, and drinking, etc.) might very well be located in and dependent on social networks and organizations (e.g., peer group, family, school, and workplace), social influence has been a welcomed addition to the theory.

虽然大多数模型都是在个体认知空间中概念化的，但计划行为理论从社会规范和规范信念的角度考虑社会影响。考虑到个人的行为(例如，与健康相关的决策，如饮食、避孕套的使用、戒烟和饮酒等)社会影响力可能很好地位于并依赖于社会网络和组织(例如，同龄人群体、家庭、学校和工作场所) ，社会影响力已经成为理论的一个受欢迎的补充。

Model

Human behavior is guided by three kinds of considerations: behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, and control beliefs. In their respective aggregates, behavioral beliefs produce a favorable or unfavorable attitude toward the behavior, normative beliefs result in a subjective norm, and control beliefs pertain to perceived behavioral control.

Human behavior is guided by three kinds of considerations: behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, and control beliefs. In their respective aggregates, behavioral beliefs produce a favorable or unfavorable attitude toward the behavior, normative beliefs result in a subjective norm, and control beliefs pertain to perceived behavioral control.

人类的行为受到三种考虑因素的指导: 行为信念、规范信念和控制信念。行为信念在各自的集合中对行为产生一种有利或不利的态度，规范信念产生一种主观规范，控制信念属于感知的行为控制。

In combination, the attitude toward the behavior, the subjective norm, and the perceived behavioral control lead to the formation of a behavioral intention. In particular, perceived behavioral control is presumed not only to affect actual behavior directly, but also to affect it indirectly through behavioral intention.

In combination, the attitude toward the behavior, the subjective norm, and the perceived behavioral control lead to the formation of a behavioral intention. In particular, perceived behavioral control is presumed not only to affect actual behavior directly, but also to affect it indirectly through behavioral intention.

结合对行为的态度、主观规范和感知的行为控制，导致行为意图的形成。特别是，感知行为控制被认为不仅直接影响实际行为，而且通过行为意图间接影响实际行为。

As a general rule, when (a) the individual has a favorable attitude toward a behavior, (b) the attitude is aligned with the relevant norms, and (c) the individual perceives that s/he has a high level of behavioral control, a strong intention to perform the behavior in question is expected. Finally, given a sufficient degree of actual control over the behavior, the individual is expected to carry out his or her intentions when the opportunity arises.

As a general rule, when (a) the individual has a favorable attitude toward a behavior, (b) the attitude is aligned with the relevant norms, and (c) the individual perceives that s/he has a high level of behavioral control, a strong intention to perform the behavior in question is expected. Finally, given a sufficient degree of actual control over the behavior, the individual is expected to carry out his or her intentions when the opportunity arises.

作为一般规则，当(a)个体对一种行为有一种积极的态度，(b)态度与相关规范一致，和(c)个体感觉到他/她有一个高水平的行为控制，一个强烈的意图来执行问题的行为是预期的。最后，如果对行为有足够程度的实际控制，那么当机会出现时，人们期望个人能够实现他或她的意图。

Formula

In a simple form, behavioral intention for the theory of planned behavior can be expressed as the following mathematical function:

[math]\displaystyle{ BI = w_A A + w_{SN} SN + w_{PBC} PBC }[/math]

The three factors being proportional to their underlying beliefs:

[math]\displaystyle{ \begin{align} A &\propto \sum_{i=1}^n b_i e_i \\ SN &\propto \sum_{i=1}^n n_i m_i \\ PBC &\propto \sum_{i=1}^n c_i p_i \end{align} }[/math]

In a simple form, behavioral intention for the theory of planned behavior can be expressed as the following mathematical function:

BI = w_A A + w_{SN} SN + w_{PBC} PBC

The three factors being proportional to their underlying beliefs:

\begin{align}

A &\propto \sum_{i=1}^n b_i e_i \\ SN &\propto \sum_{i=1}^n n_i m_i \\ PBC &\propto \sum_{i=1}^n c_i p_i \end{align}

= = 公式 = = 简单来说，计划行为理论的行为意图可以表示为以下的数学函数: : BI = w _ A + w _ { SN } SN + w _ { PBC } PBC 三个因素与它们的基本信念成正比: 开始{  1} A & Proproto sum _ { i = 1} ^ n b _ i e _ i SN & Proto sum _ { i = 1} ^ n i m _ i PBC & Proto sum _ { i = 1} ^ n c _ i p _ i 结束{匹配}

BI: Behavioral intention BI: Behavioral intention { | class = “ wikitable”|-| BI: 行为意图 A: Attitude toward behavior A: Attitude toward behavior 对行为的态度 b: the strength of each belief concerning an outcome or attribute b: the strength of each belief concerning an outcome or attribute 关于结果或属性的每种信念的力量 e: the evaluation of the outcome or attribute e: the evaluation of the outcome or attribute 对结果或属性的评价 SN: Subjective norm SN: Subjective norm 主观规范 n: the strength of each normative belief of each referent n: the strength of each normative belief of each referent 每个参照物的每个规范性信念的力量 m: the motivation to comply with the referent m: the motivation to comply with the referent 服从指称的动机 PBC: Perceived Behavioral Control PBC: Perceived Behavioral Control PBC: 感知行为控制 c: the strength of each control belief c: the strength of each control belief 每个控制信念的力量 p: the perceived power of the control factor p: the perceived power of the control factor 控制因素的感知力 w : empirically derived weight/coefficient w : empirically derived weight/coefficient

W: 经验派生的权重/系数

To the extent that it is an accurate reflection of actual behavioral control, perceived behavioral control can, together with intention, be used to predict behavior.

To the extent that it is an accurate reflection of actual behavioral control, perceived behavioral control can, together with intention, be used to predict behavior.

在某种程度上，它是实际行为控制的准确反映，感知行为控制可以与意图一起被用来预测行为。

[math]\displaystyle{ B = w_{BI}BI + w_{PBC}PBC }[/math]

B = w_{BI}BI + w_{PBC}PBC

B = w _ { BI } BI + w _ { PBC } PBC

B: Behavior B: Behavior { | class = “ wikitable”|-| B: 行为 BI: Behavioral intention BI: Behavioral intention 行为意图 PBC: Perceived Behavioral Control PBC: Perceived Behavioral Control PBC: 感知行为控制 c: the strength of each control belief c: the strength of each control belief 每个控制信念的力量 p: the perceived power of the control factor p: the perceived power of the control factor 控制因素的感知力 w : empirically derived weight/coefficient w : empirically derived weight/coefficient

W: 经验派生的权重/系数

Applications of the theory

The theory of planned behavior has been applied to a number research areas including health-related behaviors, environmental psychology, and voting behavior.

The theory of planned behavior has been applied to a number research areas including health-related behaviors, environmental psychology, and voting behavior.

计划行为理论已经被应用于许多研究领域，包括健康相关行为、环境心理学和投票行为。

= 健康相关行为 =

Several studies found that, compared to TRA, TPB better predicts health-related behavioral intention. TPB has improved the predictability of intention with regard to several health-related behaviors, including condom use, choice of leisure activities, exercise, and diet. In this research, attitudes and intentions tend to be mediated by goals and needs. For example, an individual may be guided by the goal of losing 5 kg of weight in 60 days; a positive attitude and intention towards dieting would be important. However, if a need is taken into account, such as a need for a partner in an individual's effort to lose weight and the person is unable to find such a partner, the individual is not likely to lose weight.

Several studies found that, compared to TRA, TPB better predicts health-related behavioral intention.Ajzen, I. (1989). Attitude structure and behavior. Attitude structure and function, 241-274. TPB has improved the predictability of intention with regard to several health-related behaviors, including condom use, choice of leisure activities,Ajzen, I., & Driver, B. L. (1992). Application of the theory of planned behavior to leisure choice. Journal of leisure research. exercise, and diet. In this research, attitudes and intentions tend to be mediated by goals and needs. For example, an individual may be guided by the goal of losing 5 kg of weight in 60 days; a positive attitude and intention towards dieting would be important. However, if a need is taken into account, such as a need for a partner in an individual's effort to lose weight and the person is unable to find such a partner, the individual is not likely to lose weight.

一些研究发现，与 TRA 相比，TPB 能更好地预测与健康相关的行为意图。(1989).态度结构和行为。姿态结构和功能，241-274。TPB 已经提高了一些健康相关行为的意图的可预测性，包括安全套的使用，休闲活动的选择，Ajzen，i。计划行为理论在休闲选择中的应用。休闲研究杂志。锻炼，节食。在这项研究中，态度和意图往往受到目标和需求的影响。例如，一个人可能会以在60天内减掉5公斤体重的目标为指导; 对节食持积极的态度和意愿是很重要的。然而，如果考虑到一个需要，例如需要一个伴侣在个人的努力下减肥，而这个人无法找到这样一个伴侣，那么这个人就不太可能减肥。

TPB can also be applied to the area of nutrition-related interventions. In a study by Sweitzer et al., TPB-related behavioral constructs guided the development of intervention strategies. TPB was applied in such a way as to encourage parents to include more fruit, vegetables and whole grains in the lunches they packed for their preschool children. Knowledge/behavioral control, self-efficacy/perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, and intentions were assessed. The researchers observed in the TPB-oriented intervention a significant increase in vegetables and whole grains in the lunches parents prepared for their children.

TPB can also be applied to the area of nutrition-related interventions. In a study by Sweitzer et al., TPB-related behavioral constructs guided the development of intervention strategies. TPB was applied in such a way as to encourage parents to include more fruit, vegetables and whole grains in the lunches they packed for their preschool children. Knowledge/behavioral control, self-efficacy/perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, and intentions were assessed. The researchers observed in the TPB-oriented intervention a significant increase in vegetables and whole grains in the lunches parents prepared for their children.

TPB 也可以应用于与营养有关的干预领域。在 Sweitzer 等人的一项研究中，TPB 相关的行为结构指导了干预策略的发展。城市规划委员会鼓励家长在为学龄前儿童准备的午餐中包括更多的水果、蔬菜和全谷类食品。评估知识/行为控制、自我效能感/知觉行为控制、主观规范和意图。研究人员观察到，在以 TPB 为导向的干预中，父母为孩子准备的午餐中蔬菜和全谷物的含量显著增加。

TPB has guided research aimed at preventing weight regain in individuals who had recently experienced a significant weight loss. McConnon et al. (2012) found that perceived need to control weight predicts the behavior needed for weight maintenance. TPB can also help in assessing the behavioral intentions of practitioners who promote specific health behaviors. Chase et al. (2003) studied dietitians' intentions to promote the consumption of whole grain foods. The study team found that the strongest indicator of dietitians' intentions to promote the consumption of whole grain foods was their normative beliefs about diet. However, some dietitians' knowledge was problematic, with only 60% of dietitians being able to correctly identify a whole grain product from a food label.

TPB has guided research aimed at preventing weight regain in individuals who had recently experienced a significant weight loss. McConnon et al. (2012) found that perceived need to control weight predicts the behavior needed for weight maintenance. TPB can also help in assessing the behavioral intentions of practitioners who promote specific health behaviors. Chase et al. (2003)Chase, K., Reicks, M., & Jones, J. (2003). Applying the theory of planned behavior to promotion of whole-grain foods by dietitians. J Am Diet Assoc. 103:1639-1642. studied dietitians' intentions to promote the consumption of whole grain foods. The study team found that the strongest indicator of dietitians' intentions to promote the consumption of whole grain foods was their normative beliefs about diet. However, some dietitians' knowledge was problematic, with only 60% of dietitians being able to correctly identify a whole grain product from a food label.

TPB 指导了旨在防止最近经历了重大体重减轻的个体体重反弹的研究。McConnon et al.(2012)发现控制体重的感知需求预示着维持体重所需的行为。TPB 还可以帮助评估促进特定健康行为的从业者的行为意图。Chase 等人。(2003) Chase，K. ，Reicks，M. ，& Jones，J.(2003).计划行为理论在营养师推广全麦食品中的应用。美国饮食协会。103:1639-1642研究营养学家促进全麦食品消费的意图。研究小组发现，营养学家促进全麦食品消费意图的最有力的指标是他们对饮食的规范信念。然而，一些营养师的知识是有问题的，只有60% 的营养师能够正确识别从食品标签的全谷物产品。

More recent research based on TPB examined college students' intentions to smoke e-cigarettes. Studies found that attitudes toward smoking and social norms significantly predicted college students' behavior, as TPB suggests. Positive attitudes toward smoking and normalizing the behavior were, in part, helped by advertisements on the Internet. With this knowledge, a smoking prevention campaign was started, specifically targeting college students collectively, not just as individuals.

More recent research based on TPB examined college students' intentions to smoke e-cigarettes. Studies found that attitudes toward smoking and social norms significantly predicted college students' behavior, as TPB suggests. Positive attitudes toward smoking and normalizing the behavior were, in part, helped by advertisements on the Internet. With this knowledge, a smoking prevention campaign was started, specifically targeting college students collectively, not just as individuals.

最近基于 TPB 的研究调查了大学生吸电子烟的意图。研究发现，对吸烟的态度和社会规范显着预测大学生的行为，正如 TPB 建议的那样。对吸烟持积极态度并使吸烟行为正常化，这在一定程度上得益于互联网上的广告。有了这些知识，一个预防吸烟的运动开始了，特别是针对大学生的集体，而不仅仅是个人。

The theory of planned behavior model has thus been helpful in understanding health-related behaviors and developing interventions aimed a modifying those behaviors.

The theory of planned behavior model has thus been helpful in understanding health-related behaviors and developing interventions aimed a modifying those behaviors.

因此，计划行为模型理论有助于理解与健康相关的行为，并发展旨在改变这些行为的干预措施。

= 环境心理学 =

Another application of TPB has been in the field of environmental psychology. Generally speaking, actions that are environmentally friendly carry a positive normative belief. That is to say, behaviors that are consistent with environmental sustainability are widely promoted as positive behaviors. However, although there may be a behavioral intention to practice such behaviors, constraints can impede a sense of perceived behavioral control. An example of such a constraint is the belief that one's behavior will not have an impact. There are external constraints as well. For example, if an individual intends to behave in an environmentally responsible way but recycling infrastructure is absent in the individual's community, perceived behavioral control is likely to be low. The application of TPB in these situations helps explain contradictions such as individuals having positive attitudes toward sustainability but engaging in behavior that is antithetical to the idea of sustainability.

Another application of TPB has been in the field of environmental psychology. Generally speaking, actions that are environmentally friendly carry a positive normative belief. That is to say, behaviors that are consistent with environmental sustainability are widely promoted as positive behaviors. However, although there may be a behavioral intention to practice such behaviors, constraints can impede a sense of perceived behavioral control. An example of such a constraint is the belief that one's behavior will not have an impact.Koger, S. & Winter, D. N. N. (2010). The Psychology of Environmental Problems. New York: Psychology Press. There are external constraints as well. For example, if an individual intends to behave in an environmentally responsible way but recycling infrastructure is absent in the individual's community, perceived behavioral control is likely to be low. The application of TPB in these situations helps explain contradictions such as individuals having positive attitudes toward sustainability but engaging in behavior that is antithetical to the idea of sustainability.

TPB 的另一个应用是在环境心理学领域。一般来说，环境友善的行为带有积极的规范信念。也就是说，符合环境可持续性的行为被广泛推广为积极的行为。然而，虽然可能有一个行为意图来实践这些行为，约束可以阻碍感知的行为控制意识。这种约束的一个例子是相信自己的行为不会产生影响。科格，S & Winter，D.N. (2010)。环境问题心理学。纽约: 心理学出版社。还有一些外部约束。例如，如果一个人打算以一种生态智慧的方式行事，但是他所在的社区缺乏循环基础设施，那么感知到的行为控制可能会很低。在这些情况下，TPB 的应用有助于解释一些矛盾，例如个人对可持续性持积极态度，但从事与可持续性观念相反的行为。

Other research has found that attitudes toward climate change, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms are associated with the intention to adopt a pro-environmental behavior. This knowledge can be applied to policy-making aimed at increasing environmentally friendly behavior.

Other research has found that attitudes toward climate change, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms are associated with the intention to adopt a pro-environmental behavior. This knowledge can be applied to policy-making aimed at increasing environmentally friendly behavior.

其他研究发现，对气候变化的态度、感知的行为控制和主观规范与采取亲环境行为的意图有关。这些知识可以应用于旨在增加环境友善行为的政策制定。

= 投票行为 =

TPB has guided political scientists' research on voter turnout and behavior. TPB has also been applied to help us understand legislator behavior.

TPB has guided political scientists' research on voter turnout and behavior. TPB has also been applied to help us understand legislator behavior.

TPB 指导政治学家对选民投票率和选民行为的研究。城市规划法也被用来帮助我们理解立法者的行为。

Important steps in applying TPB to help change behavior

应用 TPB 帮助改变行为的重要步骤

With TPB as a theoretical framework, certain steps can be followed in efforts to increase the chances of behavior change. The team implementing an intervention should specify the action, target, context, and time. For example, a goal might be to "consume at least one serving of whole grains during breakfast each day in the forthcoming month." In this example, "consuming" is the action, "one serving of whole grains" is the target, "during breakfast each day" is the context, and "in the forthcoming month" is the time. Once a goal is specified, an elicitation phase can be used to identify salient factors that bear on achieving the goal. The pertinent beliefs regarding a specific behavior may differ in different populations. Conducting open-ended elicitation interviews can be useful in applying TPB. Elicitation interviews help to identify relevant behavioral outcomes, referents, cultural factors, facilitating factors, and barriers to change in the focal behavior and target population. The following are sample questions that may be used during an elicitation interview:

With TPB as a theoretical framework, certain steps can be followed in efforts to increase the chances of behavior change. The team implementing an intervention should specify the action, target, context, and time. For example, a goal might be to "consume at least one serving of whole grains during breakfast each day in the forthcoming month." In this example, "consuming" is the action, "one serving of whole grains" is the target, "during breakfast each day" is the context, and "in the forthcoming month" is the time. Once a goal is specified, an elicitation phase can be used to identify salient factors that bear on achieving the goal. The pertinent beliefs regarding a specific behavior may differ in different populations. Conducting open-ended elicitation interviews can be useful in applying TPB. Elicitation interviews help to identify relevant behavioral outcomes, referents, cultural factors, facilitating factors, and barriers to change in the focal behavior and target population.Glanz K, Rimer BK, & Viswanath K; Health Behavior: Theory, Research, and Practice, 5th Edition, Jossey-Bass, 2015. The following are sample questions that may be used during an elicitation interview:

以 TPB 作为理论框架，可以采取一定的步骤来努力增加行为改变的机会。实施干预的团队应该指定行动、目标、上下文和时间。例如，一个目标可能是“在接下来的一个月里，每天早餐至少吃一份全谷类食品。”在这个例子中，“消费”是动作，“一份全谷物”是目标，“每天早餐期间”是上下文，“在接下来的一个月中”是时间。一旦指定了目标，就可以使用启发阶段来确定影响目标实现的显著因素。关于特定行为的相关信念在不同的人群中可能会有所不同。在申请城市规划委员会时，进行开放式邀请面谈是有用的。启发式访谈有助于识别相关的行为结果、参照物、文化因素、促进因素以及阻碍焦点行为和目标人群改变的障碍。健康行为: 理论，研究和实践，第5版，乔西-巴斯，2015。以下是在面试中可能使用的问题样本:

• What do you like/ dislike about behavior X?
• What are some disadvantages of doing behavior X?
• Who would be against your doing behavior X?
• Who can you think of that would do behavior X?
• What things make it hard for you to do behavior X?
• If you want to do behavior X, how certain are you that you can?

• What do you like/ dislike about behavior X?
• What are some disadvantages of doing behavior X?
• Who would be against your doing behavior X?
• Who can you think of that would do behavior X?
• What things make it hard for you to do behavior X?
• If you want to do behavior X, how certain are you that you can?

你喜欢或不喜欢 X 行为的哪一点？行为 X 有什么缺点

• ？谁会反对你的所作所为
• ？你能想到谁会做出这种行为
• ？有什么事情让你难以做到 X 行为
• ？如果你想做 X 行为，你有多确定你能做到
• ？

= 对理论的评价 =

Strengths

TPB covers people's volitional behavior that cannot be explained by TRA. An individual's behavioral intention cannot be the exclusive determinant of behavior where an individual's control over the behavior is incomplete. By adding "perceived behavioral control," TPB can explain the relationship between behavioral intention and actual behavior.

TPB covers people's volitional behavior that cannot be explained by TRA. An individual's behavioral intention cannot be the exclusive determinant of behavior where an individual's control over the behavior is incomplete. By adding "perceived behavioral control," TPB can explain the relationship between behavioral intention and actual behavior.

= = 强项 = = = TPB 涵盖了 TRA 无法解释的人们的意志行为。当个体对行为的控制不完全时，个体的行为意图不能成为行为的唯一决定因素。通过添加“感知行为控制”，TPB 可以解释行为意图和实际行为之间的关系。

Several studies found that, compared to TRA, TPB better predicts health-related behavioral intentions. TPB has improved the predictability of intention in various health-related areas, including condom use, leisure, exercise, diet, etc. In addition, TPB (and TRA) have helped to explain the individual's social behavior by including social norms as an important contributing explanatory factor.

Several studies found that, compared to TRA, TPB better predicts health-related behavioral intentions. TPB has improved the predictability of intention in various health-related areas, including condom use, leisure, exercise, diet, etc. In addition, TPB (and TRA) have helped to explain the individual's social behavior by including social norms as an important contributing explanatory factor.

一些研究发现，与 TRA 相比，TPB 能更好地预测与健康相关的行为意图。TPB 提高了各种健康相关领域意图的可预测性，包括安全套的使用、休闲、运动、饮食等。此外，TPB (和 TRA)通过将社会规范作为一个重要的解释因素来帮助解释个体的社会行为。

Limitations

More recently, some scholars criticize the theory because it ignores the individual's needs prior to engaging in a certain action, needs that would affect behavior regardless of expressed attitudes.模板:Fact For example, a person might have a positive attitude regarding consuming beefsteak and yet not order a beefsteak because she is not hungry. Or, a person might have a negative attitude towards drinking and little intention to drink and yet engage in drinking because he is seeking group membership.

More recently, some scholars criticize the theory because it ignores the individual's needs prior to engaging in a certain action, needs that would affect behavior regardless of expressed attitudes. For example, a person might have a positive attitude regarding consuming beefsteak and yet not order a beefsteak because she is not hungry. Or, a person might have a negative attitude towards drinking and little intention to drink and yet engage in drinking because he is seeking group membership.

局限性最近，一些学者批评这个理论，因为它忽略了个体在参与某种行为之前的需求，这种需求会影响行为，而不管表达的态度如何。例如，一个人可能对吃牛排持积极态度，但是却因为不饿而不点牛排。或者，一个人可能对喝酒有消极的态度，几乎没有喝酒的意图，但却因为他在寻求集体成员资格而喝酒。

Another limitation is that TPB does not integrate into the theory the role the individual's emotions play in the development of intentions and during decision-making play. In addition, most of the research on TPB is correlational. More evidence from randomized experiments would be helpful.

Another limitation is that TPB does not integrate into the theory the role the individual's emotions play in the development of intentions and during decision-making play. In addition, most of the research on TPB is correlational. More evidence from randomized experiments would be helpful.

另一个限制是，TPB 没有将个体的情绪在意图发展和决策过程中所起的作用纳入理论。此外，大多数关于 TPB 的研究都是相关的。更多的随机实验证据将会有所帮助。

Some experimental studies challenge the assumption that intentions and behavior are consequences of attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control. To illustrate, Sussman et al. (2019) prompted participants to form the intention to support a specific environmental organization, for example, to sign a petition. After this intention was formed, attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control shifted. Participants became more likely to report positive attitudes towards this organization and were more inclined to assume that members of their social group share comparable attitudes. These findings imply that the associations among the three key elements--attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control--and intentions may be bi-directional.

Some experimental studies challenge the assumption that intentions and behavior are consequences of attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control. To illustrate, Sussman et al. (2019) prompted participants to form the intention to support a specific environmental organization, for example, to sign a petition. After this intention was formed, attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control shifted. Participants became more likely to report positive attitudes towards this organization and were more inclined to assume that members of their social group share comparable attitudes. These findings imply that the associations among the three key elements--attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control--and intentions may be bi-directional.

一些实验研究挑战了意图和行为是态度、社会规范和感知行为控制的结果的假设。为了说明这一点，Sussman 等人。(2019)促使参与者形成支持特定环境组织的意向，例如，签署请愿书。在这种意图形成之后，态度、社会规范和感知的行为控制发生了转变。参与者更有可能报告对该组织的积极态度，并更倾向于认为他们的社会群体成员具有类似的态度。这些发现意味着三个关键因素——态度、社会规范和感知的行为控制——和意图之间的联系可能是双向的。

See also

• Behavioral change
• Theory of Reasoned Action

• Behavioral change
• Theory of Reasoned Action

= 参见: =

• 行为改变
• 理性行动理论

References

• Armitage, C.J.; Conner, M. (2001). "Efficacy of the theory of planned behavior: a meta-analytic review". British Journal of Social Psychology. 40 (4): 471–499. doi:10.1348/014466601164939. PMID 11795063.
• Ajzen, I. & Fishbein, M. (2005). The influence of attitudes on behaviour. In Albarracin, D.; Johnson, B.T.; Zanna M.P. (Eds.), The handbook of attitudes, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

• Ajzen, I. & Fishbein, M. (2005). The influence of attitudes on behaviour. In Albarracin, D.; Johnson, B.T.; Zanna M.P. (Eds.), The handbook of attitudes, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

• Ajzen, I.& Fishbein，M (2005).态度对行为的影响。在 Albarracin。; 赞娜国会议员。(编辑。) ，态度手册，劳伦斯 Erlbaum 联合公司。

External links

• Information about the theory on Icek Ajzen's homepage

• Information about the theory on Icek Ajzen's homepage

= 外部链接 =

• Icek Ajzen 主页上关于理论的信息

Category:Psychological theories

分类: 心理学理论

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