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Moonscar：Moved page from wikipedia:en:Anthroposphere (history)

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{{Short description|Part of the environment that is affected by humans}}
The '''anthroposphere''' (sometimes also referred as '''technosphere''') is that part of the environment that is made or modified by humans for use in human activities and [[:Category:Human habitats|human habitat]]s. It is one of the [[Earth's spheres]].<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Kuhn| first1 = A.| last2 = Heckelei | first2 = T. | title = Anthroposphere| journal = Impacts of Global Change on the Hydrological Cycle in West and Northwest Africa| pages = 282–341| date = 4 June 2010| editor-last1 = Speth|editor-first1 = Peter|editor-last2 = Christoph|editor-first2 = Michael |editor-last3 = Diekkrüger|editor-first3 = Bernd| doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-12957-5_8| isbn = 978-3-642-12956-8}}</ref> The term was first used by nineteenth-century Austrian geologist [[Eduard Suess]]. The contemporary concept of the technosphere was first proposed as a concept by American geologist and engineer [[Peter Haff]], of [[Duke University]].<ref name="UNESCO March 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Zalasiewicz |first1=Jan |title=The unbearable burden of the technosphere |journal=UNESCO |date=27 March 2018 |url=https://en.unesco.org/courier/2018-2/unbearable-burden-technosphere |access-date=22 May 2019|language=en}}</ref> It has been estimated that as of 2016 the total weight of the anthroposphere - that is, human generated structures and systems - was 30 trillion tons.<ref name="phys.org 2016">{{cite web |title=Earth's 'technosphere' now weighs 30 trillion tons, research finds |url=https://phys.org/news/2016-11-earth-technosphere-trillion-tons.html |website=phys.org |publisher=University of Leicester |access-date=22 May 2019 |language=en-us |date=30 November 2016}}</ref>

The anthroposphere (sometimes also referred as technosphere) is that part of the environment that is made or modified by humans for use in human activities and human habitats. It is one of the Earth's spheres. The term was first used by nineteenth-century Austrian geologist Eduard Suess. The contemporary concept of the technosphere was first proposed as a concept by American geologist and engineer Peter Haff, of Duke University. It has been estimated that as of 2016 the total weight of the anthroposphere - that is, human generated structures and systems - was 30 trillion tons.

人类圈(有时也称为技术圈)是人类为人类活动和人类栖息地而制造或改造的环境的一部分。它是地球的一个球体。这个术语最早是由十九世纪的奥地利地质学家爱德华 · 苏斯使用的。当代技术领域的概念最初是由杜克大学的美国地质学家和工程师彼得 · 哈夫提出的。据估计，截至2016年，人类圈的总重量——即人类创造的结构和系统——为30万亿吨。

The anthroposphere can be viewed as a human-generated equivalent to the [[biosphere]]. While the biosphere is the total [[biomass]] of the Earth and its interaction with its systems, the anthroposphere is the total mass of human-generated systems and materials, including the human population, and its interaction with the Earth's systems. However, while the biosphere is able to efficiently produce and recycle materials through processes like photosynthesis and decomposition, the anthroposphere is highly inefficient at sustaining itself.<ref name="UNESCO March 2018" /> As human technology becomes more evolved, such as that required to launch objects into orbit or to cause [[deforestation]], the impact of human activities on the environment potentially increases. The anthroposphere is the youngest of all the Earth's spheres, yet has made an enormous impact on the Earth and its systems in a very short time.<ref name="phys.org 2016" />

The anthroposphere can be viewed as a human-generated equivalent to the biosphere. While the biosphere is the total biomass of the Earth and its interaction with its systems, the anthroposphere is the total mass of human-generated systems and materials, including the human population, and its interaction with the Earth's systems. However, while the biosphere is able to efficiently produce and recycle materials through processes like photosynthesis and decomposition, the anthroposphere is highly inefficient at sustaining itself. As human technology becomes more evolved, such as that required to launch objects into orbit or to cause deforestation, the impact of human activities on the environment potentially increases. The anthroposphere is the youngest of all the Earth's spheres, yet has made an enormous impact on the Earth and its systems in a very short time.

人类圈可以看作是人类产生的相当于生物圈。虽然生物圈是地球的总生物量及其与各系统的相互作用，但人类圈是人类生成的系统和物质的总质量，包括人口及其与地球系统的相互作用。然而，尽管生物圈能够通过光合作用和分解等过程有效地生产和循环材料，但人类圈在维持自身生存方面效率极低。随着人类技术的进步，例如发射物体进入轨道或造成毁林所需的技术，人类活动对环境的影响可能会增加。人类圈是地球上最年轻的圈子，但在很短的时间内对地球及其系统产生了巨大的影响。

Aspects of the anthroposphere include: mines from which minerals are obtained; automated agriculture which produces the food consumed by 7+ billion Sapiens; oil and gas fields; computer-based systems including the Internet; educational systems; landfills; factories; atmospheric pollution; [[artificial satellite]]s in [[outer space|space]], both active satellites and [[space junk]]; forestry and deforestation; [[urban development]]; transportation systems including roads, highways, and subways; nuclear installations; warfare.

Aspects of the anthroposphere include: mines from which minerals are obtained; automated agriculture which produces the food consumed by 7+ billion Sapiens; oil and gas fields; computer-based systems including the Internet; educational systems; landfills; factories; atmospheric pollution; artificial satellites in space, both active satellites and space junk; forestry and deforestation; urban development; transportation systems including roads, highways, and subways; nuclear installations; warfare.

人类领域的各个方面包括: 从中获取矿物的矿山; 生产70多亿智人消费的食物的自动化农业; 石油和天然气田; 包括互联网在内的计算机系统; 教育系统; 垃圾填埋场; 工厂; 大气污染; 太空中的人造卫星，包括运行中的卫星和太空垃圾; 林业和森林砍伐; 城市发展; 包括道路、公路和地铁在内的交通系统; 核设施; 战争。

[[Technofossils]] are another interesting aspect of the anthroposphere. These can include objects like mobile phones that contain a diverse range of metals and man-made materials, raw materials like [[aluminum]] that do not exist in nature, and agglomerations of plastics created in areas like the [[Pacific Garbage Patch]] and on the beaches of the Pacific Islands.<ref name="UNESCO March 2018" />

Technofossils are another interesting aspect of the anthroposphere. These can include objects like mobile phones that contain a diverse range of metals and man-made materials, raw materials like aluminum that do not exist in nature, and agglomerations of plastics created in areas like the Pacific Garbage Patch and on the beaches of the Pacific Islands.

技术化石是人类圈另一个有趣的方面。其中可包括含有各种金属和人造材料的移动电话等物体、自然界中不存在的铝等原材料，以及在太平洋垃圾带等地区和太平洋岛屿海滩上形成的聚集塑料。

== See also ==
* [[Anthropocene]]
* [[Anthropogenic metabolism]]
* [[biomass]]
* [[space junk]]

* Anthropocene
* Anthropogenic metabolism
* biomass
* space junk

= = = = = 人类世人类新陈代谢生物量太空垃圾

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==

= = 参考文献 = =

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070220083154/http://ess.geology.ufl.edu/ess/Introduction/Anthrosphere.html The Anthroposphere]

* The Anthroposphere

= = = 外部链接 = = =
* 人类圈

[[Category:Earth sciences]]
[[Category:Artificial objects]]

Category:Earth sciences
Category:Artificial objects

类别: 地球科学类别: 人造物体

{{geo-term-stub}}

<noinclude>

<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Anthroposphere]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[人类圈/edithistory]]</small></noinclude>

[[Category:待整理页面]]

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−	人类圈可以被视为一个与生物圈对应的人造圈。[[生物圈]]是地球的总[[生物量]]及其中各系统间的相互作用，而人类圈则是人类产生的系统和物质的总质量，包括人口以及与地球系统的一切互动行为。然而，尽管生物圈能够通过光合作用和分解等过程高效地生产和回收材料，但人类圈在维持自身生存方面效率极低。<ref name="UNESCO March 2018" />随着人类技术的不断发展，比如能够将物体送入太空轨道或能够大面积砍伐森林，人类活动对环境的影响可能会继续增加。人类圈是地球上最年轻的圈，但在很短的时间内对地球及其g系统产生了巨大的影响。<ref name="phys.org 2016" />	+	人类圈可以被视为一个与生物圈对应的人造圈。[[生物圈]]是地球的总[[生物量]]及其中各系统间的相互作用，而人类圈则是人类产生的系统和物质的总质量，包括人口以及与地球系统的一切互动行为。然而，尽管生物圈能够通过光合作用和分解等过程高效地生产和回收材料，但人类圈在维持自身生存方面效率极低。<ref name="UNESCO March 2018" />随着人类技术的不断发展，比如能够将物体送入太空轨道或能够大面积砍伐森林，人类活动对环境的影响可能会继续增加。人类圈是地球上最年轻的圈，但在很短的时间内对地球及其系统产生了巨大的影响。<ref name="phys.org 2016" />


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		+	===集智文章===
		+	* [https://swarma.org/?p=33287 地球系统科学简史及重大挑战]
		+	* [https://swarma.org/?p=33287 人类世：地球上的新主人]

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	==编者推荐==		==编者推荐==
		+	===集智课程===
		+	====[https://campus.swarma.org/course/3635 地球系统科学读书会]====
		+	地球科学是研究相互作用的大气圈、水圈、岩石圈和生物圈等组成的地球系统的形成、演化机制的学科。地球科学的研究对象是一个复杂的物理系统，从远古时代，人类便观察到一些独特的自然现象，在生产生活实践中，也尝试理解地球系统不同组成要素的联系，渐渐总结出了看云识天气，瑞雪兆丰年等一些列规律。但是这些经验化的规律并不能完全刻画地球系统的变化，随着现代科学的不断发展，科学家尝试对复杂的地球系统进行定量化的研究。地球的气候系统是众多的复杂系统之一，在 20 世纪 60 年代，美国气象学家真锅淑郎开始探索大气中辐射平衡与气团垂直输送之间相互作用，据此领导了第一个地球气候物理模型的开发，并展示了大气中二氧化碳浓度的增加如何导致地球表面温度升高。大约十年后，德国气象学家克劳斯·哈塞尔曼创建了一个将天气和气候联系在一起的模型，并进一步回答了尽管天气多变而混沌，但气候模型却仍然可靠。此外他还开发了识别特定信号和印记（指纹）的方法，发现自然过程和人类活动都会在气候变化中留下指纹，证明了第一次工业革命以来大气温度的快速升高主要是是由人类排放二氧化碳导致的。这些开创性的工作，也让真锅淑郎和克劳斯·哈塞尔曼获得了2021年的诺贝尔物理学奖。
		+
		+
		+	全球变暖显著地改变了地球系统的演化过程，由此引发的冰川退缩，海平面上升，极端天气气候事件频发等一系列的环境灾害，给人类社会也带来了许多严重的灾难。因此全球变暖不仅仅是一个科学前沿问题，更是一个重要的社会政治问题，影响着每个人的生存和发展。随着站点观测，卫星遥感、雷达等大量观测平台的相继建设，也产生了海量的地球系统观测数据，而目前经典的物理模型往往不能充分地利用这些数据，地球系统的许多问题也急需新的方法来深入解决。基于复杂网络的分析方法近些年来也被广泛运用，在中短期天气预报，二氧化碳空间不均匀分布的增暖效应，以及火灾的预测等问题上有了很多的创新性的工作。
		+
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		+	此外，随着计算机技术、人工智能的快速发展，许多深度学习的方法比如神经网络、图网络等也被广泛地应用于分析和解决许多的地球科学问题，目前在大气污染预报，厄尔尼诺预测，自然灾害损失评估等领域有了明显的进展。复杂网络，深度学习等新方法的成功运用，给地球科学这门古老的学科注入了新的发展动力，也为解决当前地球科学面临的许多问题和迎接未来的挑战提供了强大动能。
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@@ 第1行： / 第1行： @@
-The '''anthroposphere''' (sometimes also referred as '''technosphere''') is that part of the environment that is made or modified by humans for use in human activities and [[:Category:Human habitats|human habitat]]s. It is one of the [[Earth's spheres]].<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Kuhn| first1 = A.| last2 = Heckelei | first2 = T. | title = Anthroposphere| journal = Impacts of Global Change on the Hydrological Cycle in West and Northwest Africa| pages = 282–341| date = 4 June 2010| editor-last1 = Speth|editor-first1 = Peter|editor-last2 = Christoph|editor-first2 = Michael |editor-last3 = Diekkrüger|editor-first3 = Bernd| doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-12957-5_8| isbn = 978-3-642-12956-8}}</ref> The term was first used by nineteenth-century Austrian geologist [[Eduard Suess]]. The contemporary concept of the technosphere was first proposed as a concept by American geologist and engineer [[Peter Haff]], of [[Duke University]].<ref name="UNESCO March 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Zalasiewicz |first1=Jan |title=The unbearable burden of the technosphere |journal=UNESCO |date=27 March 2018 |url=https://en.unesco.org/courier/2018-2/unbearable-burden-technosphere |access-date=22 May 2019|language=en}}</ref> It has been estimated that as of 2016 the total weight of the anthroposphere - that is, human generated structures and systems - was 30 trillion tons.<ref name="phys.org 2016">{{cite web |title=Earth's 'technosphere' now weighs 30 trillion tons, research finds |url=https://phys.org/news/2016-11-earth-technosphere-trillion-tons.html |website=phys.org |publisher=University of Leicester |access-date=22 May 2019 |language=en-us |date=30 November 2016}}</ref>
+{{#seo:
-The anthroposphere (sometimes also referred as technosphere) is that part of the environment that is made or modified by humans for use in human activities and human habitats. It is one of the Earth's spheres. The term was first used by nineteenth-century Austrian geologist Eduard Suess. The contemporary concept of the technosphere was first proposed as a concept by American geologist and engineer Peter Haff, of Duke University. It has been estimated that as of 2016 the total weight of the anthroposphere - that is, human generated structures and systems - was 30 trillion tons.
+|keywords=人类圈,地球圈层
-人类圈(有时也称为技术圈)是人类为人类活动和人类栖息地而制造或改造的环境的一部分。它是地球的一个球体。这个术语最早是由十九世纪的奥地利地质学家爱德华 · 苏斯使用的。当代技术领域的概念最初是由杜克大学的美国地质学家和工程师彼得 · 哈夫提出的。据估计，截至2016年，人类圈的总重量——即人类创造的结构和系统——为30万亿吨。
+'''人类圈 anthroposphere'''（也称'''技术圈 technosphere'''）是指人类为了人类活动和人类栖息地而制造或改造的一部分环境。它属于地球几大圈层之一。<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Kuhn| first1 = A.| last2 = Heckelei | first2 = T. | title = Anthroposphere| journal = Impacts of Global Change on the Hydrological Cycle in West and Northwest Africa| pages = 282–341| date = 4 June 2010| editor-last1 = Speth|editor-first1 = Peter|editor-last2 = Christoph|editor-first2 = Michael |editor-last3 = Diekkrüger|editor-first3 = Bernd| doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-12957-5_8| isbn = 978-3-642-12956-8}}</ref>这个词最早由19世纪的奥地利地质学家爱德华·苏伊斯 Eduard Suess使用。同时代的技术圈一词最初是由杜克大学的美国地质学家兼工程师彼得·哈夫 Peter Haff提出的。<ref name="UNESCO March 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Zalasiewicz |first1=Jan |title=The unbearable burden of the technosphere |journal=UNESCO |date=27 March 2018 |url=https://en.unesco.org/courier/2018-2/unbearable-burden-technosphere |access-date=22 May 2019|language=en}}</ref>据估计，截至2016年，人类圈的总重量（即人类产生的结构和系统）约为30万亿吨。<ref name="phys.org 2016">{{cite web |title=Earth's 'technosphere' now weighs 30 trillion tons, research finds |url=https://phys.org/news/2016-11-earth-technosphere-trillion-tons.html |website=phys.org |publisher=University of Leicester |access-date=22 May 2019 |language=en-us |date=30 November 2016}}</ref>
-The anthroposphere can be viewed as a human-generated equivalent to the [[biosphere]]. While the biosphere is the total [[biomass]] of the Earth and its interaction with its systems, the anthroposphere is the total mass of human-generated systems and materials, including the human population, and its interaction with the Earth's systems. However, while the biosphere is able to efficiently produce and recycle materials through processes like photosynthesis and decomposition, the anthroposphere is highly inefficient at sustaining itself.<ref name="UNESCO March 2018" /> As human technology becomes more evolved, such as that required to launch objects into orbit or to cause [[deforestation]], the impact of human activities on the environment potentially increases. The anthroposphere is the youngest of all the Earth's spheres, yet has made an enormous impact on the Earth and its systems in a very short time.<ref name="phys.org 2016" />
+人类圈可以被视为一个与生物圈对应的人造圈。[[生物圈]]是地球的总[[生物量]]及其中各系统间的相互作用，而人类圈则是人类产生的系统和物质的总质量，包括人口以及与地球系统的一切互动行为。然而，尽管生物圈能够通过光合作用和分解等过程高效地生产和回收材料，但人类圈在维持自身生存方面效率极低。<ref name="UNESCO March 2018" />随着人类技术的不断发展，比如能够将物体送入太空轨道或能够大面积砍伐森林，人类活动对环境的影响可能会继续增加。人类圈是地球上最年轻的圈，但在很短的时间内对地球及其g系统产生了巨大的影响。<ref name="phys.org 2016" />
-人类圈可以看作是人类产生的相当于生物圈。虽然生物圈是地球的总生物量及其与各系统的相互作用，但人类圈是人类生成的系统和物质的总质量，包括人口及其与地球系统的相互作用。然而，尽管生物圈能够通过光合作用和分解等过程有效地生产和循环材料，但人类圈在维持自身生存方面效率极低。随着人类技术的进步，例如发射物体进入轨道或造成毁林所需的技术，人类活动对环境的影响可能会增加。人类圈是地球上最年轻的圈子，但在很短的时间内对地球及其系统产生了巨大的影响。
+人类圈的各个方面包括：从中获取矿物的矿山；生产70多亿智人所需食物的自动化农业；石油和天然气田；包括互联网在内的计算机系统；教育系统；垃圾填埋场；工厂；大气污染；太空中的人造卫星和太空垃圾；林业和森林砍伐；城市发展；包括道路、公路和地铁在内的交通系统；核设施；以及战争等。
-Aspects of the anthroposphere include: mines from which minerals are obtained; automated agriculture which produces the food consumed by 7+ billion Sapiens; oil and gas fields; computer-based systems including the Internet; educational systems; landfills; factories; atmospheric pollution; [[artificial satellite]]s in [[outer space|space]], both active satellites and [[space junk]]; forestry and deforestation; [[urban development]]; transportation systems including roads, highways, and subways; nuclear installations; warfare.
+[[技术化石 Technofossils]]是人类领域另一个有趣的方面。这些物品可能包括手机等含有多种金属和人造材料的物品，铝等自然界不存在的原材料，以及在太平洋垃圾带和太平洋岛屿海滩等地区产生的垃圾塑料群。<ref name="UNESCO March 2018" />
-人类领域的各个方面包括: 从中获取矿物的矿山; 生产70多亿智人消费的食物的自动化农业; 石油和天然气田; 包括互联网在内的计算机系统; 教育系统; 垃圾填埋场; 工厂; 大气污染; 太空中的人造卫星，包括运行中的卫星和太空垃圾; 林业和森林砍伐; 城市发展; 包括道路、公路和地铁在内的交通系统; 核设施; 战争。
+== 另见 ==
-[[Technofossils]] are another interesting aspect of the anthroposphere. These can include objects like mobile phones that contain a diverse range of metals and man-made materials, raw materials like [[aluminum]] that do not exist in nature, and agglomerations of plastics created in areas like the [[Pacific Garbage Patch]] and on the beaches of the Pacific Islands.<ref name="UNESCO March 2018" />
+== 参考文献 ==
-技术化石是人类圈另一个有趣的方面。其中可包括含有各种金属和人造材料的移动电话等物体、自然界中不存在的铝等原材料，以及在太平洋垃圾带等地区和太平洋岛屿海滩上形成的聚集塑料。
+== 外部链接  ==
-== See also ==
+==编者推荐==
-* The Anthroposphere
+----
-[[Category:待整理页面]]
+'''本词条内容源自wikipedia及公开资料，遵守 CC3.0协议。'''

@@ 第1行： / 第1行： @@
 The '''anthroposphere''' (sometimes also referred as '''technosphere''') is that part of the environment that is made or modified by humans for use in human activities and [[:Category:Human habitats|human habitat]]s. It is one of the [[Earth's spheres]].<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Kuhn| first1 = A.| last2 = Heckelei | first2 = T. | title = Anthroposphere| journal = Impacts of Global Change on the Hydrological Cycle in West and Northwest Africa| pages = 282–341| date = 4 June 2010| editor-last1 = Speth|editor-first1 = Peter|editor-last2 = Christoph|editor-first2 = Michael |editor-last3 = Diekkrüger|editor-first3 = Bernd| doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-12957-5_8| isbn = 978-3-642-12956-8}}</ref> The term was first used by nineteenth-century Austrian geologist [[Eduard Suess]]. The contemporary concept of the technosphere was first proposed as a concept by American geologist and engineer [[Peter Haff]], of [[Duke University]].<ref name="UNESCO March 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Zalasiewicz |first1=Jan |title=The unbearable burden of the technosphere |journal=UNESCO |date=27 March 2018 |url=https://en.unesco.org/courier/2018-2/unbearable-burden-technosphere |access-date=22 May 2019|language=en}}</ref> It has been estimated that as of 2016 the total weight of the anthroposphere - that is, human generated structures and systems - was 30 trillion tons.<ref name="phys.org 2016">{{cite web |title=Earth's 'technosphere' now weighs 30 trillion tons, research finds |url=https://phys.org/news/2016-11-earth-technosphere-trillion-tons.html |website=phys.org |publisher=University of Leicester |access-date=22 May 2019 |language=en-us |date=30 November 2016}}</ref>
 The anthroposphere (sometimes also referred as technosphere) is that part of the environment that is made or modified by humans for use in human activities and human habitats. It is one of the Earth's spheres. The term was first used by nineteenth-century Austrian geologist Eduard Suess. The contemporary concept of the technosphere was first proposed as a concept by American geologist and engineer Peter Haff, of Duke University. It has been estimated that as of 2016 the total weight of the anthroposphere - that is, human generated structures and systems - was 30 trillion tons.
 人类圈(有时也称为技术圈)是人类为人类活动和人类栖息地而制造或改造的环境的一部分。它是地球的一个球体。这个术语最早是由十九世纪的奥地利地质学家爱德华 · 苏斯使用的。当代技术领域的概念最初是由杜克大学的美国地质学家和工程师彼得 · 哈夫提出的。据估计，截至2016年，人类圈的总重量——即人类创造的结构和系统——为30万亿吨。
 The anthroposphere can be viewed as a human-generated equivalent to the [[biosphere]]. While the biosphere is the total [[biomass]] of the Earth and its interaction with its systems, the anthroposphere is the total mass of human-generated systems and materials, including the human population, and its interaction with the Earth's systems. However, while the biosphere is able to efficiently produce and recycle materials through processes like photosynthesis and decomposition, the anthroposphere is highly inefficient at sustaining itself.<ref name="UNESCO March 2018" /> As human technology becomes more evolved, such as that required to launch objects into orbit or to cause [[deforestation]], the impact of human activities on the environment potentially increases. The anthroposphere is the youngest of all the Earth's spheres, yet has made an enormous impact on the Earth and its systems in a very short time.<ref name="phys.org 2016" />
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 人类圈可以看作是人类产生的相当于生物圈。虽然生物圈是地球的总生物量及其与各系统的相互作用，但人类圈是人类生成的系统和物质的总质量，包括人口及其与地球系统的相互作用。然而，尽管生物圈能够通过光合作用和分解等过程有效地生产和循环材料，但人类圈在维持自身生存方面效率极低。随着人类技术的进步，例如发射物体进入轨道或造成毁林所需的技术，人类活动对环境的影响可能会增加。人类圈是地球上最年轻的圈子，但在很短的时间内对地球及其系统产生了巨大的影响。
 Aspects of the anthroposphere include: mines from which minerals are obtained; automated agriculture which produces the food consumed by 7+ billion Sapiens; oil and gas fields; computer-based systems including the Internet; educational systems; landfills; factories; atmospheric pollution; [[artificial satellite]]s in [[outer space|space]], both active satellites and [[space junk]]; forestry and deforestation; [[urban development]]; transportation systems including roads, highways, and subways; nuclear installations; warfare.
@@ 第20行： / 第19行： @@
 人类领域的各个方面包括: 从中获取矿物的矿山; 生产70多亿智人消费的食物的自动化农业; 石油和天然气田; 包括互联网在内的计算机系统; 教育系统; 垃圾填埋场; 工厂; 大气污染; 太空中的人造卫星，包括运行中的卫星和太空垃圾; 林业和森林砍伐; 城市发展; 包括道路、公路和地铁在内的交通系统; 核设施; 战争。
 [[Technofossils]] are another interesting aspect of the anthroposphere. These can include objects like mobile phones that contain a diverse range of metals and man-made materials, raw materials like [[aluminum]] that do not exist in nature, and agglomerations of plastics created in areas like the [[Pacific Garbage Patch]] and on the beaches of the Pacific Islands.<ref name="UNESCO March 2018" />
@@ 第26行： / 第27行： @@
 技术化石是人类圈另一个有趣的方面。其中可包括含有各种金属和人造材料的移动电话等物体、自然界中不存在的铝等原材料，以及在太平洋垃圾带等地区和太平洋岛屿海滩上形成的聚集塑料。
 == See also ==
 * [[Anthropocene]]
 * [[Anthropogenic metabolism]]
@@ 第38行： / 第43行： @@
 * space junk
-= = = = = 人类世人类新陈代谢生物量太空垃圾
+'''''【终译版】'''''
-== References ==
+* 人类世
 {{reflist}}
 == External links ==
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070220083154/http://ess.geology.ufl.edu/ess/Introduction/Anthrosphere.html The Anthroposphere]
 * The Anthroposphere
 * 人类圈
 [[Category:Earth sciences]]
 [[Category:Artificial objects]]
 [[Category:待整理页面]]