层级理论 - 版本历史

2021年12月29日 (三) 14:33 薄荷

2021-12-29T14:33:51Z

2020年11月21日 (六) 15:29 Fernando

2020-11-21T15:29:40Z

Typhoid：/* See also */

2020-11-19T23:53:03Z

2020年11月11日 (三) 16:24 Typhoid

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2020年11月11日 (三) 16:11 Typhoid

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Moonscar：Moved page from wikipedia:en:Hierarchy theory (history)

2020-10-25T13:06:18Z

Moved page from wikipedia:en:Hierarchy theory (history)

Moonscar：Moved page from wikipedia:en:Hierarchy theory (history)

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Moved page from wikipedia:en:Hierarchy theory (history)

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此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。

'''Hierarchy theory''' is a means of studying [[ecological systems]] in which the relationship between all of the components is of great complexity. Hierarchy theory focuses on [[Level of organization|levels of organization]] and issues of [[Scale (analytical tool)|scale]], with a specific focus on the role of the observer in the definition of the system.<ref>{{cite web |last=Allen |first=Timothy F. H. |date=2001 |title=A summary of the principles of hierarchy theory |url=http://isss.org/hierarchy.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20011218001638/http://isss.org/hierarchy.htm |archivedate=2001-12-18 |accessdate=2016-03-19}}</ref> Complexity in this context does not refer to an intrinsic property of the system but to the possibility of representing the systems in a plurality of non-equivalent ways depending on the pre-analytical choices of the observer. Instead of analyzing the whole structure, hierarchy theory refers to the analysis of hierarchical levels, and the interactions between them.

Hierarchy theory is a means of studying ecological systems in which the relationship between all of the components is of great complexity. Hierarchy theory focuses on levels of organization and issues of scale, with a specific focus on the role of the observer in the definition of the system. Complexity in this context does not refer to an intrinsic property of the system but to the possibility of representing the systems in a plurality of non-equivalent ways depending on the pre-analytical choices of the observer. Instead of analyzing the whole structure, hierarchy theory refers to the analysis of hierarchical levels, and the interactions between them.

层次理论是研究生态系统的一种方法，其中各组成部分之间的关系是非常复杂的。层级理论侧重于组织的层次和规模问题，具体侧重于观察者在系统定义中的作用。在这种情况下，复杂性并不是指系统的内在属性，而是指根据观察者的预先分析选择，以多种不等价的方式表示系统的可能性。层次理论不是对整体结构的分析，而是对层次结构及其相互作用的分析。

==See also==

* [[Biological organisation]]

* [[Timothy F. H. Allen]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==

* {{cite thesis |type=Ph.D. thesis |last=Brooks |first=Daniel Stephen |date=August 2014 |title=The concept of levels of organization in the biological sciences |location=Bielefeld |publisher=[[Bielefeld University]] |oclc=942715109 |url=http://d-nb.info/1082033960/34 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite journal |last=Eronen |first=Markus I. |date=August 2014 |title=Levels of organization: a deflationary account |journal=[[Biology and Philosophy]] |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=39–58 |doi=10.1007/s10539-014-9461-z |ref=harv}}

* {{cite journal |last1=Potochnik |first1=Angela |last2=McGill |first2=Brian J. |date=January 2012 |title=The limitations of hierarchical organization |journal=[[Philosophy of Science (journal)|Philosophy of Science]] |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=120–140 |doi=10.1086/663237 |jstor=663237 |url=http://homepages.uc.edu/~potochaa/hierarchy.pdf |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last1=Ahl |first1=Valerie |last2=Allen |first2=Timothy F. H. |date=1996 |title=Hierarchy theory: a vision, vocabulary, and epistemology |location=New York |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=0231084803 |oclc=34149766 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=Timothy F. H. |last2=Hoekstra |first2=Thomas W. |date=2015 |origyear=1992 |title=Toward a unified ecology |edition=2nd |series=Complexity in ecological systems series |location=New York |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=9780231168885 |oclc=920475391 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last1=O'Neill |first1=Robert V. |last2=Deangelis |first2=Donald Lee |last3=Waide |first3=J. B. |last4=Allen |first4=Timothy F. H. |date=1986 |title=A hierarchical concept of ecosystems |series=Monographs in population biology |volume=23 |location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=069108436X |oclc=13526197 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOU9DwAAQBAJ |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=Timothy F. H |last2=Starr |first2=Thomas B. |date=2017 |origyear=1982 |title=Hierarchy: perspectives for ecological complexity |edition=2nd |location=Chicago |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0226489544 |oclc=967919711 |doi=10.7208/chicago/9780226489711.001.0001 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite journal |last=Guttman |first=Burton S. |date=February 1976 |title=Is 'levels of organization' a useful biological concept? |journal=[[BioScience]] |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=112–113 |doi=10.2307/1297326 |jstor=1297326 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last=Pattee |first=Howard Hunt |authorlink=Howard H. Pattee |date=1973 |title=Hierarchy theory: the challenge of complex systems |series=International library of systems theory and philosophy |location=New York |publisher=[[George Braziller]] |isbn=080760674X |oclc=638741 |ref=harv}}

[[Category:Hierarchy]]

Category:Hierarchy

类别: 层级

[[Category:Systems ecology]]

Category:Systems ecology

类别: 系统生态学

{{Sci-stub}}

<noinclude>

<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Hierarchy theory]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[层级理论/edithistory]]</small></noinclude>

[[Category:待整理页面]]

@@ 第1行： / 第1行： @@
-此词条由Typhoid翻译。由Fernando审校。
+{{#seo:
-'''Hierarchy theory''' is a means of studying [[ecological systems]] in which the relationship between all of the components is of great complexity. Hierarchy theory focuses on [[Level of organization|levels of organization]] and issues of [[Scale (analytical tool)|scale]], with a specific focus on the role of the observer in the definition of the system. Complexity in this context does not refer to an intrinsic property of the system but to the possibility of representing the systems in a plurality of non-equivalent ways depending on the pre-analytical choices of the observer. Instead of analyzing the whole structure, hierarchy theory refers to the analysis of hierarchical levels, and the interactions between them.
+'''层级理论 Hierarchy theory'''是研究各组成部分之间关系复杂的生态系统的一种方法。层级理论聚焦于层次结构与规模问题，而且特别关注观察者在系统定义中的作用。<ref>{{cite web |last=Allen |first=Timothy F. H. |date=2001 |title=A summary of the principles of hierarchy theory |url=http://isss.org/hierarchy.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20011218001638/http://isss.org/hierarchy.htm |archivedate=2001-12-18 |accessdate=2016-03-19}}</ref>在这种情况下，复杂度不是指代系统的一种固有属性，而是指根据观察者的预分析选择，以多元不等价的方式来描绘系统的可能性。层级理论指的是对层次结构与其间相互作用的分析，而不是去分析整个结构。
-层级理论是研究各组成部分之间关系复杂的生态系统的一种方法。层级理论聚焦于层次结构与规模问题，而且特别关注观察者在系统定义中的作用。<ref>{{cite web |last=Allen |first=Timothy F. H. |date=2001 |title=A summary of the principles of hierarchy theory |url=http://isss.org/hierarchy.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20011218001638/http://isss.org/hierarchy.htm |archivedate=2001-12-18 |accessdate=2016-03-19}}</ref>在这一语境下，复杂度不是指代系统的一种固有属性，而是指“依赖观察者的事先分析选择，以多元的不平等的方式表征系统”的可能性。层级理论指的是对层次结构与其间相互作用的分析，而不是去分析整个结构。
+==另见==
-==See also==
+* [[生物学组织]]
-* [[Timothy F. H. Allen]]  蒂莫西．艾伦
+==参考文献==
 {{Reflist}}
@@ 第37行： / 第23行： @@
-==Further reading==
+==进一步阅读==
 * {{cite thesis |type=Ph.D. thesis |last=Brooks |first=Daniel Stephen |date=August 2014 |title=The concept of levels of organization in the biological sciences |location=Bielefeld |publisher=[[Bielefeld University]] |oclc=942715109 |url=http://d-nb.info/1082033960/34 |ref=harv}}
@@ 第58行： / 第44行： @@
-[[Category:Hierarchy]]
+生命起源是最迷人的科学问题之一，也是生物、化学、地质等多个学科的汇合地。而从复杂性科学的视角看，生命起源和发展是一个多次涌现、逐层跃迁的过程。
-Category:Hierarchy
+该课程介绍关于生命起源的四大经典理论和最新工作，并讨论生命分阶段起源的定量研究设想。
-[[Category:Systems ecology]]
+====[https://campus.swarma.org/course/2757 货币的内在层次结构 ]====
-Category:Systems ecology
+但这些思维方式存在着一定的局限性，我们需要用一种不同的方式来思考货币体系，也就是要提出的层级体系的概念。在文中，他区分了货币的层级结构，金融机构的层级结构，货币体系的层级结构以及做市商的层级结构等。
-类别: 系统生态学
+通过层级分析，他认为已有的各种理论都只是捕捉到了货币体系整体的一部分，并不是货币体系的完整真相，并以此从一个全新的视角解读了经济危机以及中央银行“最后贷款人”的作用。
-<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Hierarchy theory]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[层级理论/edithistory]]</small></noinclude>
+'''本词条内容源自wikipedia及公开资料，遵守 CC3.0协议。'''
-[[Category:待整理页面]]
+[[Category:层级]]

@@ 第1行： / 第1行： @@
-此词条由Typhoid翻译
+此词条由Typhoid翻译。由Fernando审校。
-'''Hierarchy theory''' is a means of studying [[ecological systems]] in which the relationship between all of the components is of great complexity. Hierarchy theory focuses on [[Level of organization|levels of organization]] and issues of [[Scale (analytical tool)|scale]], with a specific focus on the role of the observer in the definition of the system.<ref>{{cite web |last=Allen |first=Timothy F. H. |date=2001 |title=A summary of the principles of hierarchy theory |url=http://isss.org/hierarchy.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20011218001638/http://isss.org/hierarchy.htm |archivedate=2001-12-18 |accessdate=2016-03-19}}</ref> Complexity in this context does not refer to an intrinsic property of the system but to the possibility of representing the systems in a plurality of non-equivalent ways depending on the pre-analytical choices of the observer. Instead of analyzing the whole structure, hierarchy theory refers to the analysis of hierarchical levels, and the interactions between them.
+'''Hierarchy theory''' is a means of studying [[ecological systems]] in which the relationship between all of the components is of great complexity. Hierarchy theory focuses on [[Level of organization|levels of organization]] and issues of [[Scale (analytical tool)|scale]], with a specific focus on the role of the observer in the definition of the system. Complexity in this context does not refer to an intrinsic property of the system but to the possibility of representing the systems in a plurality of non-equivalent ways depending on the pre-analytical choices of the observer. Instead of analyzing the whole structure, hierarchy theory refers to the analysis of hierarchical levels, and the interactions between them.
 Hierarchy theory is a means of studying ecological systems in which the relationship between all of the components is of great complexity. Hierarchy theory focuses on levels of organization and issues of scale, with a specific focus on the role of the observer in the definition of the system. Complexity in this context does not refer to an intrinsic property of the system but to the possibility of representing the systems in a plurality of non-equivalent ways depending on the pre-analytical choices of the observer. Instead of analyzing the whole structure, hierarchy theory refers to the analysis of hierarchical levels, and the interactions between them.
-层级理论是当各组成部分存在很强的复杂度关系时研究生态系统的一种方法。层级理论聚焦于层次结构与规模问题，具体针对于观察者在系统定义中的作用。在这种情况下，复杂度不是指代系统的一种固有属性，而是指根据观察者的预分析选择，以多元不等价的方式来描绘系统的可能性。层级理论指的是对层次结构与其间相互作用的分析，而不是去分析整个结构。
+层级理论是研究各组成部分之间关系复杂的生态系统的一种方法。层级理论聚焦于层次结构与规模问题，而且特别关注观察者在系统定义中的作用。<ref>{{cite web |last=Allen |first=Timothy F. H. |date=2001 |title=A summary of the principles of hierarchy theory |url=http://isss.org/hierarchy.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20011218001638/http://isss.org/hierarchy.htm |archivedate=2001-12-18 |accessdate=2016-03-19}}</ref>在这一语境下，复杂度不是指代系统的一种固有属性，而是指“依赖观察者的事先分析选择，以多元的不平等的方式表征系统”的可能性。层级理论指的是对层次结构与其间相互作用的分析，而不是去分析整个结构。
    --[[用户:Typhoid|Typhoid]]（[[用户讨论:Typhoid|讨论]]）[翻译]  存疑“在这种情况下，复杂度不是指代系统的一种固有属性，而是指根据观察者的预分析选择，以多元不等价的方式来描绘系统的可能性。”

@@ 第11行： / 第11行： @@
 ==See also==
-* [[Biological organisation]]
+* [[Biological organisation]]  生物学组织
-* [[Timothy F. H. Allen]]
+* [[Timothy F. H. Allen]]  蒂莫西．艾伦
-* [[Deep history]]
+* [[Deep history]]  深历史
-* [[Big history]]
+* [[Big history]]  大历史
-* [[Deep time]]
+* [[Deep time]]  深时
-* [[Deep ecology]]
+* [[Deep ecology]]   深层生态学
-* [[Infrastructure-based development]]
+* [[Infrastructure-based development]]  轨道发展
-* [[World-systems theory]]
+* [[World-systems theory]]  世界系统理论
 ==References==

@@ 第1行： / 第1行： @@
-此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，翻译字数共108，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。
+此词条由Typhoid翻译
 '''Hierarchy theory''' is a means of studying [[ecological systems]] in which the relationship between all of the components is of great complexity. Hierarchy theory focuses on [[Level of organization|levels of organization]] and issues of [[Scale (analytical tool)|scale]], with a specific focus on the role of the observer in the definition of the system.<ref>{{cite web |last=Allen |first=Timothy F. H. |date=2001 |title=A summary of the principles of hierarchy theory |url=http://isss.org/hierarchy.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20011218001638/http://isss.org/hierarchy.htm |archivedate=2001-12-18 |accessdate=2016-03-19}}</ref> Complexity in this context does not refer to an intrinsic property of the system but to the possibility of representing the systems in a plurality of non-equivalent ways depending on the pre-analytical choices of the observer. Instead of analyzing the whole structure, hierarchy theory refers to the analysis of hierarchical levels, and the interactions between them.
@@ 第6行： / 第6行： @@
 层级理论是当各组成部分存在很强的复杂度关系时研究生态系统的一种方法。层级理论聚焦于层次结构与规模问题，具体针对于观察者在系统定义中的作用。在这种情况下，复杂度不是指代系统的一种固有属性，而是指根据观察者的预分析选择，以多元不等价的方式来描绘系统的可能性。层级理论指的是对层次结构与其间相互作用的分析，而不是去分析整个结构。
-−
+  --[[用户:Typhoid|Typhoid]]（[[用户讨论:Typhoid|讨论]]）[翻译]  存疑“在这种情况下，复杂度不是指代系统的一种固有属性，而是指根据观察者的预分析选择，以多元不等价的方式来描绘系统的可能性。”
 ==See also==

←上一版本		2020年11月11日 (三) 16:11的版本
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	Hierarchy theory is a means of studying ecological systems in which the relationship between all of the components is of great complexity. Hierarchy theory focuses on levels of organization and issues of scale, with a specific focus on the role of the observer in the definition of the system. Complexity in this context does not refer to an intrinsic property of the system but to the possibility of representing the systems in a plurality of non-equivalent ways depending on the pre-analytical choices of the observer. Instead of analyzing the whole structure, hierarchy theory refers to the analysis of hierarchical levels, and the interactions between them.		Hierarchy theory is a means of studying ecological systems in which the relationship between all of the components is of great complexity. Hierarchy theory focuses on levels of organization and issues of scale, with a specific focus on the role of the observer in the definition of the system. Complexity in this context does not refer to an intrinsic property of the system but to the possibility of representing the systems in a plurality of non-equivalent ways depending on the pre-analytical choices of the observer. Instead of analyzing the whole structure, hierarchy theory refers to the analysis of hierarchical levels, and the interactions between them.

−	层次理论是研究生态系统的一种方法，其中各组成部分之间的关系是非常复杂的。层次理论侧重于组织的层次和规模问题，具体侧重于观察者在系统定义中的作用。在这种情况下，复杂性并不是指系统的内在属性，而是指根据观察者的预先分析选择，以多种不等价的方式表示系统的可能性。层次理论不是对整体结构的分析，而是对层次结构及其相互作用的分析。	+	层级理论是当各组成部分存在很强的复杂度关系时研究生态系统的一种方法。层级理论聚焦于层次结构与规模问题，具体针对于观察者在系统定义中的作用。在这种情况下，复杂度不是指代系统的一种固有属性，而是指根据观察者的预分析选择，以多元不等价的方式来描绘系统的可能性。层级理论指的是对层次结构与其间相互作用的分析，而不是去分析整个结构。