整体论 Holism - 版本历史

薄荷：/* 参见 */

2022-05-21T03:35:09Z

参见

薄荷：/* 进一步阅读 */

2020-12-27T16:38:04Z

进一步阅读

薄荷：薄荷移动页面整体论至整体论 Holism

2020-12-03T08:59:58Z

薄荷移动页面整体论至整体论 Holism

2020年12月3日 (四) 08:59 薄荷

2020-12-03T08:59:38Z

2020年12月3日 (四) 08:59 薄荷

2020-12-03T08:59:15Z

2020年12月3日 (四) 08:58 薄荷

2020-12-03T08:58:25Z

薄荷：/* 饮食与健康 */

2020-12-03T08:43:24Z

饮食与健康

薄荷：/* Meaning含义 */

2020-12-03T08:42:29Z

Meaning含义

2020年12月3日 (四) 08:37 薄荷

2020-12-03T08:37:52Z

2020年11月23日 (一) 01:43 Smile

2020-11-23T01:43:10Z

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 *[[反还原论 Antireductionism]]
 *[[紧急情况论 Emergentism]]
-*[[盖亚假说 Gaia hypothesis]]
+*[[盖亚假说]]
 *[[整体教育 Holistic education]]
 *[[科学中的整体论 Holism in science]]
@@ 第27行： / 第27行： @@
 *[[协同作用 Synergy]]
+<br>
 ==参考文献==

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	* Phillips, D.C. ''Holistic Thought in Social Science''. Stanford University Press. Stanford. 1976.		* Phillips, D.C. ''Holistic Thought in Social Science''. Stanford University Press. Stanford. 1976.

		+
		+	==编者推荐==
		+	====[https://campus.swarma.org/course/626 多主体仿真与人工社会]====
		+	本课程主要讲述了多主体仿真技术的应用，以及系统与整体的重要性。
		+
		+
		+	====[https://campus.swarma.org/course/646 “自我”的涌现]====
		+	本课程将会带我们从反馈、层次、自创生系统、自指、自我意识，逐渐地带我们走近对“自我”的涌现的思考。
		+
		+
		+	====[https://campus.swarma.org/course/1115 从聚集到涌现]====
		+	本课程中，将介绍秩序不仅来源于聚集，更在于这些大量个体相互作用之后产生的涌现。

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	}}		}}

−	<font color="#ff8000"> 整体论 Holism</font>（源自希腊 holos“all，whole，entire”）是指“各种系统（例如物理的、生物的、社会的）应该被视为整体，而不仅仅作为各个部分的集合”的观点。<ref>{{Citation \| first = Barry \| last = Oshry \| title = Seeing Systems: Unlocking the Mysteries of Organizational Life \| publisher = Berrett-Koehler \| year = 2008}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation \| first = Sunny Y \| last = Auyang \| title = Foundations of Complex-system Theories: in Economics, Evolutionary Biology, and Statistical Physics \| publisher = Cambridge University Press \| year = 1999}}.</ref> ~~“整体论”由扬·斯密茨~~ Jan ~~Smuts在1926年出版的《整体论与进化~~ Holism and Evolution》<ref name=oed>"holism, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87726. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>一书中提出。	+	'''<font color="#ff8000"> 整体论 Holism</font>'''（源自希腊 holos“all，whole，entire”）是指“各种系统（例如物理的、生物的、社会的）应该被视为整体，而不仅仅作为各个部分的集合”的观点。<ref>{{Citation \| first = Barry \| last = Oshry \| title = Seeing Systems: Unlocking the Mysteries of Organizational Life \| publisher = Berrett-Koehler \| year = 2008}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation \| first = Sunny Y \| last = Auyang \| title = Foundations of Complex-system Theories: in Economics, Evolutionary Biology, and Statistical Physics \| publisher = Cambridge University Press \| year = 1999}}.</ref> “整体论”由'''扬·斯密茨 Jan Smuts'''在1926年出版的《整体论与进化 Holism and Evolution》<ref name=oed>"holism, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87726. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>一书中提出。

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	==含义==		==含义==
−	'''整体论 holism'''的确切含义取决于语境。Smuts最初用整体论来指自然界中从单元结构的有序组合中产生整体的倾向。<ref name=oed /> 然而，在整体论的一般用法中，“整体论”通常指整体优于部分之和的观点。<ref name=poynton>J. C. Poynton (1987) SMUTS'S HOLISM AND EVOLUTION SIXTY YEARS ON, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 46:3, 181-189, DOI:10.1080/00359198709520121</ref>在这个含义下，整体论也被称为<font color="#ff8000">整体主义 wholism </font> ，并与<font color="#ff8000">还原论 reductionism</font>或<font color="#ff8000"> 原子论 atomism </font>形成对比。<ref> "wholism, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/228738. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>	+	'''整体论 holism'''的确切含义取决于语境。Smuts最初用整体论来指自然界中从单元结构的有序组合中产生整体的倾向。<ref name=oed /> 然而，在整体论的一般用法中，“整体论”通常指整体优于部分之和的观点。<ref name=poynton>J. C. Poynton (1987) SMUTS'S HOLISM AND EVOLUTION SIXTY YEARS ON, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 46:3, 181-189, DOI:10.1080/00359198709520121</ref>在这个含义下，整体论也被称为'''<font color="#ff8000">整体主义 wholism </font>''' ，并与'''<font color="#ff8000">还原论 reductionism</font>'''或'''<font color="#ff8000"> 原子论 atomism </font>'''形成对比。<ref> "wholism, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/228738. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>

@@ 第1行： / 第1行： @@
+<font color="#ff8000"> 整体论 Holism</font>（源自希腊 holos“all，whole，entire”）是指“各种系统（例如物理的、生物的、社会的）应该被视为整体，而不仅仅作为各个部分的集合”的观点。<ref>{{Citation | first = Barry | last = Oshry | title = Seeing Systems: Unlocking the Mysteries of Organizational Life | publisher = Berrett-Koehler | year = 2008}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | first = Sunny Y | last = Auyang | title = Foundations of Complex-system Theories: in Economics, Evolutionary Biology, and Statistical Physics | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1999}}.</ref> “整体论”由扬·斯密茨 Jan Smuts在1926年出版的《整体论与进化 Holism and Evolution》<ref name=oed>"holism, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87726. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>一书中提出。
@@ 第22行： / 第20行： @@
 *[[反还原论 Antireductionism]]
 *[[紧急情况论 Emergentism]]
-*[[Gaia hypothesis]]
+*[[盖亚假说 Gaia hypothesis]]
 *[[整体教育 Holistic education]]
 *[[科学中的整体论 Holism in science]]
 *[[一元论 Monism]]
 *[[有机主义 Organicism]]
-*[[协同作用  Synergy]]
+*[[协同作用 Synergy]]
@@ 第45行： / 第42行： @@
 [[Category:哲学理论]]
@@ 第52行： / 第54行： @@
 [[Category:涌现]]
 [[Category:Jan Smuts]]

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 ===饮食与健康 ===
-The term holistic when applied to [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] or medical [[health]] refers to [[intuitive]] approach to [[food]], [[eating]], or [[Lifestyle (sociology)|lifestyle]].<ref name="Chesak 2018">{{cite web | last=Chesak | first=Jennifer | title=The No BS Guide to Holistic, Healthier Eating | website=Healthline | date=October 23, 2018 | url=https://www.healthline.com/health/food-nutrition/how-to-start-intuitive-eating | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref> One example is in the context of [[holistic medicine]], "holism" refers to treating all aspects of a person's health, including psychological and societal factors, rather than only his/her physical conditions or symptoms.<ref>"holistic, adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87727. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref> In this sense, holism may also be called "'''holiatry'''".<ref>[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/holism Dictionary.com: holism]</ref> Several approaches are used by [[medical doctors]], [[dietitian]]s, and [[religion|religious]] institutions, usually recommended based on an individual basis.<ref name="Fenton 2010">{{cite web | last=Fenton | first=Crystal | title=Holistic Diet | website=LIVESTRONG.COM | date=April 16, 2010 | url=https://www.livestrong.com/article/107401-holistic-diet/ | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref name="doctoroz.com 2011">{{cite web | title=28-Day Holistic Health Overhaul | website=doctoroz.com | date=January 27, 2011 | url=https://www.doctoroz.com/article/28-day-holistic-health-overhaul | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref name="TODAY.com 2016">{{cite web | title=8 foods for a longer, healthier life | website=TODAY.com | date=October 21, 2016 | url=https://www.today.com/health/eat-adventist-8-foods-longer-healthier-life-t13901 | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref> Adherents of religious institutions, that practice a holistic dietary and health approach, have been shown have longer lifespans than those of surrounding populations, including [[Hinduism]],<ref name="Fenton 2010"></ref> [[Shinto]],<ref name="Eesti Rahvaluule">{{cite web | title=FACING THE SPIRITS: ILLNESS AND HEALING IN A JAPANESE COMMUNITY | website=Eesti Rahvaluule | url=http://www.folklore.ee/rl/pubte/ee/usund/ingl/kalland.html | access-date=October 9, 2020}}</ref> and the [[Seventh-Day Adventist Church]].<ref name="TODAY.com 2016"></ref>
+</br>
 ==参见 ==

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-==Meaning含义==
+==含义==
-The exact meaning of "holism" depends on context. Smuts originally used "holism" to refer to the tendency in nature to produce wholes from the ordered grouping of unit structures. However, in common usage, "holism" usually refers to the idea that a whole is greater than the sum of its parts. In this sense, "holism" may also be spelled "wholism", and it may be contrasted with reductionism or atomism.
+===饮食与健康 ===
 The term holistic when applied to [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] or medical [[health]] refers to [[intuitive]] approach to [[food]], [[eating]], or [[Lifestyle (sociology)|lifestyle]].<ref name="Chesak 2018">{{cite web | last=Chesak | first=Jennifer | title=The No BS Guide to Holistic, Healthier Eating | website=Healthline | date=October 23, 2018 | url=https://www.healthline.com/health/food-nutrition/how-to-start-intuitive-eating | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref> One example is in the context of [[holistic medicine]], "holism" refers to treating all aspects of a person's health, including psychological and societal factors, rather than only his/her physical conditions or symptoms.<ref>"holistic, adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87727. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref> In this sense, holism may also be called "'''holiatry'''".<ref>[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/holism Dictionary.com: holism]</ref> Several approaches are used by [[medical doctors]], [[dietitian]]s, and [[religion|religious]] institutions, usually recommended based on an individual basis.<ref name="Fenton 2010">{{cite web | last=Fenton | first=Crystal | title=Holistic Diet | website=LIVESTRONG.COM | date=April 16, 2010 | url=https://www.livestrong.com/article/107401-holistic-diet/ | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref name="doctoroz.com 2011">{{cite web | title=28-Day Holistic Health Overhaul | website=doctoroz.com | date=January 27, 2011 | url=https://www.doctoroz.com/article/28-day-holistic-health-overhaul | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref name="TODAY.com 2016">{{cite web | title=8 foods for a longer, healthier life | website=TODAY.com | date=October 21, 2016 | url=https://www.today.com/health/eat-adventist-8-foods-longer-healthier-life-t13901 | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref> Adherents of religious institutions, that practice a holistic dietary and health approach, have been shown have longer lifespans than those of surrounding populations, including [[Hinduism]],<ref name="Fenton 2010"></ref> [[Shinto]],<ref name="Eesti Rahvaluule">{{cite web | title=FACING THE SPIRITS: ILLNESS AND HEALING IN A JAPANESE COMMUNITY | website=Eesti Rahvaluule | url=http://www.folklore.ee/rl/pubte/ee/usund/ingl/kalland.html | access-date=October 9, 2020}}</ref> and the [[Seventh-Day Adventist Church]].<ref name="TODAY.com 2016"></ref>
@@ 第24行： / 第19行： @@
 The term holistic when applied to diet or medical health refers to intuitive approach to food, eating, or lifestyle. One example is in the context of holistic medicine, "holism" refers to treating all aspects of a person's health, including psychological and societal factors, rather than only his/her physical conditions or symptoms. In this sense, holism may also be called "holiatry". Several approaches are used by medical doctors, dietitians, and religious institutions, usually recommended based on an individual basis. Adherents of religious institutions, that practice a holistic dietary and health approach, have been shown have longer lifespans than those of surrounding populations, including Hinduism, and the Seventh-Day Adventist Church.<ref name="TODAY.com 2016"></ref>
-当用于饮食或医疗健康时，术语“整体”指的是对食物、饮食或生活方式的直觉方法。<ref name="Chesak 2018">{{cite web | last=Chesak | first=Jennifer | title=The No BS Guide to Holistic, Healthier Eating | website=Healthline | date=October 23, 2018 | url=https://www.healthline.com/health/food-nutrition/how-to-start-intuitive-eating | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref>举个例子，在整体医学的背景下，整体论是指治疗一个人健康的所有方面，包括心理和社会因素，而不仅仅是他/她的身体状况或症状。<ref>"holistic, adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87727. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>从这个意义上讲，整体论也可以称为<font color="#ff8000"> 整体主义 holiatry </font>。<ref>[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/holism Dictionary.com: holism]</ref>医生、营养师和宗教机构通常根据个人基础推荐几种方法。<ref name="Fenton 2010">{{cite web | last=Fenton | first=Crystal | title=Holistic Diet | website=LIVESTRONG.COM | date=April 16, 2010 | url=https://www.livestrong.com/article/107401-holistic-diet/ | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref name="doctoroz.com 2011">{{cite web | title=28-Day Holistic Health Overhaul | website=doctoroz.com | date=January 27, 2011 | url=https://www.doctoroz.com/article/28-day-holistic-health-overhaul | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref name="TODAY.com 2016">{{cite web | title=8 foods for a longer, healthier life | website=TODAY.com | date=October 21, 2016 | url=https://www.today.com/health/eat-adventist-8-foods-longer-healthier-life-t13901 | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref>宗教机构的信徒，如<font color="#ff8000">印度教 Hinduism </font> <ref name="Fenton 2010"></ref>、<font color="#ff8000">神道教 Shinto </font><ref name="Eesti Rahvaluule">{{cite web | title=FACING THE SPIRITS: ILLNESS AND HEALING IN A JAPANESE COMMUNITY | website=Eesti Rahvaluule | url=http://www.folklore.ee/rl/pubte/ee/usund/ingl/kalland.html | access-date=October 9, 2020}}</ref>和<font color="#ff8000">基督复临安息日会 Seventh-Day Adventist Church </font> <ref name="TODAY.com 2016"></ref>的信徒，他们使用一个全面的饮食和健康的方法，事实证明，他们比周围人口的寿命更长。
+当用于饮食或医疗健康时，术语“整体 holistic”指的是对食物、饮食或生活方式的直觉方法。<ref name="Chesak 2018">{{cite web | last=Chesak | first=Jennifer | title=The No BS Guide to Holistic, Healthier Eating | website=Healthline | date=October 23, 2018 | url=https://www.healthline.com/health/food-nutrition/how-to-start-intuitive-eating | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref>举个例子，在整体医学的背景下，整体论是指治疗一个人健康的所有方面，包括心理和社会因素，而不仅仅是他/她的身体状况或症状。<ref>"holistic, adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87727. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>从这个意义上讲，整体论也可以称为'''<font color="#ff8000"> 整体主义 holiatry </font>'''。<ref>[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/holism Dictionary.com: holism]</ref>医生、营养师和宗教机构通常根据个人基础推荐几种方法。<ref name="Fenton 2010">{{cite web | last=Fenton | first=Crystal | title=Holistic Diet | website=LIVESTRONG.COM | date=April 16, 2010 | url=https://www.livestrong.com/article/107401-holistic-diet/ | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref name="doctoroz.com 2011">{{cite web | title=28-Day Holistic Health Overhaul | website=doctoroz.com | date=January 27, 2011 | url=https://www.doctoroz.com/article/28-day-holistic-health-overhaul | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref name="TODAY.com 2016">{{cite web | title=8 foods for a longer, healthier life | website=TODAY.com | date=October 21, 2016 | url=https://www.today.com/health/eat-adventist-8-foods-longer-healthier-life-t13901 | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref>宗教机构的信徒，如'''<font color="#ff8000">印度教 Hinduism </font>''' <ref name="Fenton 2010"></ref>、'''<font color="#ff8000">神道教 Shinto </font>'''<ref name="Eesti Rahvaluule">{{cite web | title=FACING THE SPIRITS: ILLNESS AND HEALING IN A JAPANESE COMMUNITY | website=Eesti Rahvaluule | url=http://www.folklore.ee/rl/pubte/ee/usund/ingl/kalland.html | access-date=October 9, 2020}}</ref>和'''<font color="#ff8000">基督复临安息日会 Seventh-Day Adventist Church </font> '''<ref name="TODAY.com 2016"></ref>的信徒，他们使用一个全面的饮食和健康的方法，事实证明，他们比周围人口的寿命更长。
 ==参见 ==

@@ 第1行： / 第1行： @@
-此词条暂由Henry翻译。已由Smile审校
 '''Holism''' (from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc|ὅλος}} ''holos'' "all, whole, entire") is the idea that various [[system]]s (e.g. physical, biological, social) should be viewed as wholes, not merely as a collection of parts.<ref>{{Citation | first = Barry | last = Oshry | title = Seeing Systems: Unlocking the Mysteries of Organizational Life | publisher = Berrett-Koehler | year = 2008}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | first = Sunny Y | last = Auyang | title = Foundations of Complex-system Theories: in Economics, Evolutionary Biology, and Statistical Physics | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1999}}.</ref> The term "holism" was coined by [[Jan Smuts]] in his 1926 book ''[[Holism and Evolution]]''.<ref name=oed>"holism, n." OED Online, [[Oxford University Press]], September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87726. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>
@@ 第15行： / 第15行： @@
 The exact meaning of "holism" depends on context. Smuts originally used "holism" to refer to the tendency in nature to produce wholes from the ordered grouping of unit structures. However, in common usage, "holism" usually refers to the idea that a whole is greater than the sum of its parts. In this sense, "holism" may also be spelled "wholism", and it may be contrasted with reductionism or atomism.
-整体论的确切含义取决于语境。Smuts最初用整体论来指自然界中从单元结构的有序组合中产生整体的倾向。<ref name=oed /> 然而，在整体论的一般用法中，“整体论”通常指整体优于部分之和的观点。<ref name=poynton>J. C. Poynton (1987) SMUTS'S HOLISM AND EVOLUTION SIXTY YEARS ON, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 46:3, 181-189, DOI:10.1080/00359198709520121</ref>在这个含义下，整体论也被称为<font color="#ff8000">整体主义 wholism </font> ，并与<font color="#ff8000"> 还原论 reductionism</font>或<font color="#ff8000"> 原子论 atomism </font>形成对比。<ref> "wholism, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/228738. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>
+整体论的确切含义取决于语境。Smuts最初用整体论来指自然界中从单元结构的有序组合中产生整体的倾向。<ref name=oed /> 然而，在整体论的一般用法中，“整体论”通常指整体优于部分之和的观点。<ref name=poynton>J. C. Poynton (1987) SMUTS'S HOLISM AND EVOLUTION SIXTY YEARS ON, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 46:3, 181-189, DOI:10.1080/00359198709520121</ref>在这个含义下，整体论也被称为<font color="#ff8000">整体主义 wholism </font> ，并与<font color="#ff8000">还原论 reductionism</font>或<font color="#ff8000"> 原子论 atomism </font>形成对比。<ref> "wholism, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/228738. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>
@@ 第28行： / 第28行： @@
-== See also参见 ==
+==参见 ==
-*[[Antireductionism]]
+*[[反还原论 Antireductionism]]
-反还原论
+*[[紧急情况论 Emergentism]]
 *[[Gaia hypothesis]]
 盖亚假说
-*[[Holistic education]]
+*[[整体教育 Holistic education]]
-整体教育
+*[[科学中的整体论 Holism in science]]
-*[[Holism in science]]
+*[[一元论 Monism]]
-科学中的整体论
+*[[有机主义 Organicism]]
-* [[Monism]]
+*[[协同作用  Synergy]]
-==References参考==
 {{reflist}}
@@ 第54行： / 第48行： @@
-== Further reading 拓展阅读==
+== 进一步阅读 ==
 * Fodor, Jerry, and Ernst Lepore, ''Holism: A Shopper's Guide'' Wiley. New York. 1992
@@ 第62行： / 第56行： @@
-== External links外部链接 ==
+[[Category:哲学理论]]
+[[Category:自然哲学]]
-{{Wiktionary}}
+[[Category:科学哲学]]
+[[Category:社会理论]]
-{{wikiquote}}
+[[Category:涌现]]
 [[Category:Jan Smuts]]
-类别: Jan Smuts
+此词条暂由Henry翻译。已由Smile审校