[[File:Index of economic complexity - Iran.svg|thumb|Economic complexity index for [[Iran]] (1964–2014)]]
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[[File:Index of economic complexity - Iran.svg|thumb|经济复杂性指数[[伊朗(1964-2014)]]
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Economic complexity index for [[Iran (1964–2014)]]
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经济复杂性指数[[伊朗(1964-2014)]
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== 背景 ==
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== Background 背景==
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经济复杂性指数是由麻省理工学院媒体实验室的'''凯撒·伊达尔戈César A. Hidalgo'''和哈佛大学肯尼迪政府学院的'''里卡多·豪斯曼 Ricardo Hausmann''' 共同开发的。César Hidalgo 是麻省理工学院媒体实验室的科学家，也是'''集体学习研究组 Collective Learning Group''' 的负责人。2008-2010年于哈佛大学国际发展中心从事博士后研究工作，期间，Hidalgo和他的同事Ricardo Hausmann合作发表了一系列论文，探讨如何利用经济复杂性去刻画一个国家和地区的经济水平与生产能力。并在 2009 年发表的论文 The building blocks of economic complexity 中提出了'''经济复杂性指数 Economic Complexity Index，ECI'''。经济复杂性指数的数据可在经济复杂性观测站获得。其原始公式于2009年发表在美国国家科学院院刊上。<ref>{{cite journal | title= The Building Blocks of Economic Complexity | author= Cesar A. Hidalgo, Ricardo Hausmann | journal= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | publisher=PNAS | year=2009| volume= 106 | issue= 26 | pages= 10570–10575 | doi= 10.1073/pnas.0900943106 | pmid= 19549871 | pmc= 2705545 | arxiv= 0909.3890 | bibcode= 2009PNAS..10610570H }}</ref>
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The ECI was developed by [[César Hidalgo]], from the MIT Media Lab and [[Ricardo Hausmann]], from Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government. ECI data is available in [[The Observatory of Economic Complexity]]. The original formulation of the Economic Complexity Index was published in PNAS in 2009.<ref>{{cite journal | title= The Building Blocks of Economic Complexity | author= Cesar A. Hidalgo, Ricardo Hausmann | journal= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | publisher=PNAS | year=2009| volume= 106 | issue= 26 | pages= 10570–10575 | doi= 10.1073/pnas.0900943106 | pmid= 19549871 | pmc= 2705545 | arxiv= 0909.3890 | bibcode= 2009PNAS..10610570H }}</ref>
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The ECI was developed by César Hidalgo, from the MIT Media Lab and Ricardo Hausmann, from Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government. ECI data is available in The Observatory of Economic Complexity. The original formulation of the Economic Complexity Index was published in PNAS in 2009.
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== 基础 ==
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经济复杂性指数是由麻省理工学院媒体实验室的'''凯撒·伊达尔戈César A. Hidalgo'''和哈佛大学肯尼迪政府学院的'''里卡多·豪斯曼 Ricardo Hausmann''' 共同开发的。César Hidalgo 是麻省理工学院媒体实验室的科学家，也是'''集体学习研究组 Collective Learning Group''' 的负责人。2008-2010年于哈佛大学国际发展中心从事博士后研究工作，期间，Hidalgo和他的同事Ricardo Hausmann合作发表了一系列论文，探讨如何利用经济复杂性去刻画一个国家和地区的经济水平与生产能力。并在 2009 年发表的论文 The building blocks of economic complexity 中提出了'''经济复杂性指数 Economic Complexity Index，ECI'''。经济复杂性指数的数据可在经济复杂性观测站获得。其原始公式于2009年发表在美国国家科学院院刊上。
In its strict mathematical definition, the ECI is defined in terms of an [[eigenvector]] of a [[Matrix (mathematics)|matrix]] connecting countries to countries, which is a projection of the matrix connecting countries to the products they export. Since the ECI considers information on the diversity of countries and the ubiquity of products, it is able to produce a measure of economic complexity containing information about both the diversity of a country's export and their sophistication. For example, Japan or Germany, with high ECIs, export many goods that are of low ubiquity and that are produced by highly diversified countries, indicating that these are diverse and sophisticated economies. Countries with low ECI, like Angola or Zambia, export only a few products, which are of relatively high ubiquity and which are exported by countries that are not necessarily very diversified, indicating that these are countries that have little diversity and that the products that they export are not very sophisticated.
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In its strict mathematical definition, the ECI is defined in terms of an eigenvector of a matrix connecting countries to countries, which is a projection of the matrix connecting countries to the products they export. Since the ECI considers information on the diversity of countries and the ubiquity of products, it is able to produce a measure of economic complexity containing information about both the diversity of a country's export and their sophistication. For example, Japan or Germany, with high ECIs, export many goods that are of low ubiquity and that are produced by highly diversified countries, indicating that these are diverse and sophisticated economies. Countries with low ECI, like Angola or Zambia, export only a few products, which are of relatively high ubiquity and which are exported by countries that are not necessarily very diversified, indicating that these are countries that have little diversity and that the products that they export are not very sophisticated.
Hidalgo and Hausmann propose the concept of ECI not only as a descriptive measure, but also as a predictive tool for [[economic growth]] and [[income inequality]]. According to the statistics models presented in their [[The Atlas of Economic Complexity|Atlas of Economic Complexity]] (2011),<ref>{{cite web |url= http://atlas.media.mit.edu/book/ |title= The Atlas of Economic Complexity |author= Ricardo Hausmann, Cesar Hidalgo |publisher= Puritan Press, Cambridge MA |accessdate= 26 April 2012 |display-authors= etal |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120518210853/http://atlas.media.mit.edu/book/ |archivedate= 18 May 2012 }}</ref> the ECI is a more accurate predictor of GDP per capita growth than traditional measures of governance, competitiveness (World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Index) and human capital (as measured in terms of educational attainment). ECI also shows a strong negative correlation with income inequality, suggesting that more knowledge intense productive structures are more inclusive in terms of income distribution, and providing a statistically more powerful explanation of cross-national variations in income inequality than [[Kuznets Curve]].<ref>{{citation |author= Dominik Hartmann, Miguel Guevara, Cristian Jara-Figueroa, Manuel Aristaran, Cesar Hidalgo |title= Linking Economic Complexity, Institutions, and Income Inequality |journal= World Development |year=2018 |volume= 93 |pages= 75–93 |doi= 10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.12.020 |arxiv= 1505.07907 |url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305750X15309876}}</ref>
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Hidalgo and Hausmann propose the concept of ECI not only as a descriptive measure, but also as a predictive tool for economic growth and income inequality. According to the statistics models presented in their Atlas of Economic Complexity (2011), the ECI is a more accurate predictor of GDP per capita growth than traditional measures of governance, competitiveness (World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Index) and human capital (as measured in terms of educational attainment). ECI also shows a strong negative correlation with income inequality, suggesting that more knowledge intense productive structures are more inclusive in terms of income distribution, and providing a statistically more powerful explanation of cross-national variations in income inequality than Kuznets Curve.
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凯撒·伊达尔戈 César A. Hidalgo 和里卡多·豪斯曼 Ricardo Hausmann所提出的经济复杂性指数概念不仅是一种描述性指标，而且也是经济增长和收入不平等的预测工具。根据他们在《经济复杂性地图集》（2011）一书中提出的统计模型，与传统的治理、竞争力（世界经济论坛的全球竞争力指数）和人力资本（按教育程度衡量）指标相比，经济复杂性指数能够更准确地预测人均GDP增长。经济复杂性还显示出与收入不平等的强烈负相关性，表明知识密集型的生产结构在收入分配方面更具包容性，并对收入不平等的跨国差异提供了一个从统计上讲比库兹涅茨曲线更强有力的解释。
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== 应用 ==
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凯撒·伊达尔戈 César A. Hidalgo 和里卡多·豪斯曼 Ricardo Hausmann所提出的经济复杂性指数概念不仅是一种描述性指标，而且也是经济增长和收入不平等的预测工具。根据他们在《经济复杂性地图集》（2011）一书中提出的统计模型，<ref>{{cite web |url= http://atlas.media.mit.edu/book/ |title= The Atlas of Economic Complexity |author= Ricardo Hausmann, Cesar Hidalgo |publisher= Puritan Press, Cambridge MA |accessdate= 26 April 2012 |display-authors= etal |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120518210853/http://atlas.media.mit.edu/book/ |archivedate= 18 May 2012 }}</ref>与传统的治理、竞争力（世界经济论坛的全球竞争力指数）和人力资本（按教育程度衡量）指标相比，经济复杂性指数能够更准确地预测人均GDP增长。经济复杂性还显示出与收入不平等的强烈负相关性，表明知识密集型的生产结构在收入分配方面更具包容性，并对收入不平等的跨国差异提供了一个从统计上讲比库兹涅茨曲线更强有力的解释。<ref>{{citation |author= Dominik Hartmann, Miguel Guevara, Cristian Jara-Figueroa, Manuel Aristaran, Cesar Hidalgo |title= Linking Economic Complexity, Institutions, and Income Inequality |journal= World Development |year=2018 |volume= 93 |pages= 75–93 |doi= 10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.12.020 |arxiv= 1505.07907 |url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305750X15309876}}</ref>
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--[[用户:小头盔|小头盔]]（[[用户讨论:小头盔|讨论]]） 第二句中提到的著作为一本书，未引进，所以采用了网上已经出现过的译名；后面那半句，原译文对句子结构理解错误，ECI is a more accurate predictor than traditional measures of A, B, and C.注意measures为复数。最后一句中的statistically从结构上讲修饰powerful，所以我的理解是“从统计上讲更有力”，而非“统计学解释”。
按照上述定义，经济复杂性指数被描述为一个与国家出口商品多样性相关的指数，但是在后续的研究中，经济复杂性指数被斯德哥尔摩环境研究所的 Eric Kemp-Benedict 证明是和多样性正交的量，证明它在解释多样性上的能力有限，但尽管经济复杂性指数和产品多样性的关系被证明是正交的，但是这也并不能意味着完全无关，在电子科技大学研究员高见的研究中，就表明中国城市的经济复杂性和多样性呈现正相关。
经济复杂性指数是由麻省理工学院媒体实验室的凯撒·伊达尔戈César A. Hidalgo和哈佛大学肯尼迪政府学院的里卡多·豪斯曼 Ricardo Hausmann 共同开发的。César Hidalgo 是麻省理工学院媒体实验室的科学家，也是集体学习研究组 Collective Learning Group 的负责人。2008-2010年于哈佛大学国际发展中心从事博士后研究工作，期间，Hidalgo和他的同事Ricardo Hausmann合作发表了一系列论文，探讨如何利用经济复杂性去刻画一个国家和地区的经济水平与生产能力。并在 2009 年发表的论文 The building blocks of economic complexity 中提出了经济复杂性指数 Economic Complexity Index，ECI。经济复杂性指数的数据可在经济复杂性观测站获得。其原始公式于2009年发表在美国国家科学院院刊上。[1]
