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第959行：
第959行： − + − + 第971行：
第971行： − 生命是复杂性的主要来源，进化是不同生命形式背后的主要过程。这种观点认为，进化是描述自然界中复杂性增长的过程，在谈到复杂生物和生命形式的涌现时，这种观点因此是指进化中的突然变化的过程。+ 第981行：
第981行： − + − --[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]（[[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]） 觉得原文是个半截句 the availability of resources。。。？ − 三种主要的适应能力可能是: (1)具有中等保真度的复制能力(同时具有遗传和变异的能力) ; (2)避免衰变的能力; (3)获取和加工资源的能力。这些能力最初是由 RNA 复制器(见'''“核酶 Ribozyme”''')的折叠结构决定的，而这些结构又反过来编码在各自的核酸序列中。不同复制器之间的竞争成功将取决于这些适应能力的相对价值。 第999行：
第997行： − + 第1,009行：
第1,007行： − 根据 Corning 对涌现的定义，Corning 还提到了“涌现”和“进化” :+ 第1,015行：
第1,013行： − + − --[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]（[[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]） （进化的）是自己加的不知是否合适 − 第1,027行：
第1,023行： − '''群集 Swarming''' 在许多动物物种中是一种普遍的行为，从蝗虫群到鱼群，再到鸟群。涌现结构是许多动物群体中常见的策略: 蚁群，白蚁筑成的蚁丘、蜜蜂群、浅滩或鱼群、鸟群和哺乳动物群落。+ 第1,037行：
第1,033行： − 需要详细考虑的一个例子是蚁群。蚁后不会直接下达命令，也不会告诉蚂蚁该做什么。相反，每只蚂蚁对来自幼虫、其他蚂蚁、入侵者、食物和排泄物的化学气味的刺激作出反应，并留下化学痕迹，这反过来刺激其他蚂蚁。在这里，每只蚂蚁都是一个自主的单元，它们的反应仅仅取决于它们所处的局部环境和它们的蚂蚁种类的遗传编码规则。尽管缺乏集中化的决策，蚁群仍能表现出复杂的行为，甚至被证明具有解决几何问题的能力。例如，蚁群会按照一定的例行规则找到距离所有蚁群入口的最大距离来处理尸体。+ 第1,047行：
第1,043行： − 似乎环境因素可能在影响涌现方面发挥作用，比如'''大翅目 Macrotera Portalis '''的蜜蜂。在这个物种中，蜜蜂以与降雨量一致的模式出现。具体来说，出现的模式与西南部沙漠春季和夏末的降雨情况相一致。+ − --[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]（[[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]） late summer rains and lack of activity in the spring 翻译为 春季和夏末的降雨情况+ + + + +
→Emergence and evolution： 翻译1
====Emergence and evolution 涌现与进化====
====Emergence and evolution====
涌现与进化
{{see also|Abiogenesis}}
{{see also|Abiogenesis}}
Life is a major source of complexity, and evolution is the major process behind the varying forms of life. In this view, evolution is the process describing the growth of complexity in the natural world and in speaking of the emergence of complex living beings and life-forms, this view refers therefore to processes of sudden changes in evolution.
Life is a major source of complexity, and evolution is the major process behind the varying forms of life. In this view, evolution is the process describing the growth of complexity in the natural world and in speaking of the emergence of complex living beings and life-forms, this view refers therefore to processes of sudden changes in evolution.
生命是复杂性的主要来源，进化是不同生命形式背后的主要过程。这种观点认为，进化是描述自然界中复杂性增长的过程，在谈到复杂生物和生命形式的出现时，这种观点因此指的是进化中的突然变化过程。
Life is thought to have emerged in the early RNA world when RNA chains began to express the basic conditions necessary for natural selection to operate as conceived by Darwin: heritability, variation of type, and competition for limited resources. Fitness of an RNA replicator (its per capita rate of increase) would likely be a function of adaptive capacities that were intrinsic (in the sense that they were determined by the nucleotide sequence) and the availability of resources. The three primary adaptive capacities may have been (1) the capacity to replicate with moderate fidelity (giving rise to both heritability and variation of type); (2) the capacity to avoid decay; and (3) the capacity to acquire and process resources. These capacities would have been determined initially by the folded configurations of the RNA replicators (see “Ribozyme”) that, in turn, would be encoded in their individual nucleotide sequences. Competitive success among different replicators would have depended on the relative values of these adaptive capacities.
Life is thought to have emerged in the early RNA world when RNA chains began to express the basic conditions necessary for natural selection to operate as conceived by Darwin: heritability, variation of type, and competition for limited resources. Fitness of an RNA replicator (its per capita rate of increase) would likely be a function of adaptive capacities that were intrinsic (in the sense that they were determined by the nucleotide sequence) and the availability of resources. The three primary adaptive capacities may have been (1) the capacity to replicate with moderate fidelity (giving rise to both heritability and variation of type); (2) the capacity to avoid decay; and (3) the capacity to acquire and process resources. These capacities would have been determined initially by the folded configurations of the RNA replicators (see “Ribozyme”) that, in turn, would be encoded in their individual nucleotide sequences. Competitive success among different replicators would have depended on the relative values of these adaptive capacities.
生命被认为是在早期的 RNA 世界中出现的，那时 RNA 链开始出现达尔文所构想的自然选择运作的基本条件: 遗传性、类型变异和对有限资源的竞争。'''RNA 复制器 RNA Replicators'''的适应性(其人均增长率)可能是适应能力的函数，这种适应能力是内在的(在某种意义上说，它们是由核酸序列决定的)和资源的可用性。
生命被认为是在早期的 RNA 世界中出现的，当时 RNA 链开始表达达尔文所构想的自然选择运作的基本条件: 遗传性、类型变异和对有限资源的竞争。Rna 复制因子的适合度(其人均增长率)可能是适应能力的函数，这种适应能力是内在的(在某种意义上说，它们是由核苷酸序列决定的)和资源的可用性。三种主要的适应能力可能是: (1)具有中等保真度的复制能力(同时产生遗传力和类型变异) ; (2)避免衰变的能力; (3)获取和处理资源的能力。这些能力最初是由 RNA 复制器(见“核酶”)的折叠结构决定的，而这些结构又反过来编码在各自的核苷酸序列中。不同复制因子之间的竞争成功将取决于这些适应能力的相对价值。
<blockquote>Synergistic effects of various kinds have played a major causal role in the evolutionary process generally and in the evolution of cooperation and complexity in particular... Natural selection is often portrayed as a “mechanism”, or is personified as a causal agency... In reality, the differential “selection” of a trait, or an adaptation, is a consequence of the functional effects it produces in relation to the survival and reproductive success of a given organism in a given environment. It is these functional effects that are ultimately responsible for the trans-generational continuities and changes in nature.}}</blockquote>
<blockquote>Synergistic effects of various kinds have played a major causal role in the evolutionary process generally and in the evolution of cooperation and complexity in particular... Natural selection is often portrayed as a “mechanism”, or is personified as a causal agency... In reality, the differential “selection” of a trait, or an adaptation, is a consequence of the functional effects it produces in relation to the survival and reproductive success of a given organism in a given environment. It is these functional effects that are ultimately responsible for the trans-generational continuities and changes in nature.}}</blockquote>
一般来说，各种协同作用在进化过程中，特别是在合作和复杂性的进化中起着重要的因果作用... ... 自然选择通常被描述为一种“机制”，或者被人格化为一种因果... ..。实际上，对某一特性的差异化“选择”，或适应性，是它对特定生物体在特定环境中的生存和繁殖成功所产生的功能性影响的结果。正是这些功能性效应最终导致了'''跨代连续性 Trans-generational Continuities'''和自然界的变化。[} / blockquote
一般来说，各种协同作用在进化过程中，特别是在合作和复杂性的进化中起着重要的因果作用... ... 自然选择通常被描述为一种“机制” ，或者被人格化为一种因果机制... ..。实际上，对某一特性或适应性的差异性”选择”是它对特定生物体在特定环境中的生存和繁殖成功所产生的功能性影响的结果。正是这些功能性影响最终导致了跨代连续性和自然界的变化。[} / blockquote
Per his definition of emergence, Corning also addresses emergence and evolution:
Per his definition of emergence, Corning also addresses emergence and evolution:
根据康宁对“涌现”的定义，他还提到了“涌现”和“进化” :
<blockquote>[In] evolutionary processes, causation is iterative; effects are also causes. And this is equally true of the synergistic effects produced by emergent systems. In other words, emergence itself... has been the underlying cause of the evolution of emergent phenomena in biological evolution; it is the synergies produced by organized systems that are the key.{{nowrap|{{Harv|Corning|2002}}}}</blockquote>
<blockquote>[In] evolutionary processes, causation is iterative; effects are also causes. And this is equally true of the synergistic effects produced by emergent systems. In other words, emergence itself... has been the underlying cause of the evolution of emergent phenomena in biological evolution; it is the synergies produced by organized systems that are the key.{{nowrap|{{Harv|Corning|2002}}}}</blockquote>
<blockquote>[In] evolutionary processes, causation is iterative; effects are also causes. And this is equally true of the synergistic effects produced by emergent systems. In other words, emergence itself... has been the underlying cause of the evolution of emergent phenomena in biological evolution; it is the synergies produced by organized systems that are the key.}}</blockquote>
<blockquote>[In] evolutionary processes, causation is iterative; effects are also causes. And this is equally true of the synergistic effects produced by emergent systems. In other words, emergence itself... has been the underlying cause of the evolution of emergent phenomena in biological evolution; it is the synergies produced by organized systems that are the key.}}</blockquote>
在进化过程中，因果关系是迭代的; 结果也是原因。这同样适用于由涌现系统产生的'''协同效应 Synergistic Effects'''。换句话说，涌现本身... ... 是生物进化中涌现现象的根本原因; 有组织的系统产生的协同作用才是（进化的）关键。
在进化过程中，因果关系是迭代的; 结果也是原因。这同样适用于由突发系统产生的协同效应。换句话说，涌现本身... ... 一直是生物进化中涌现现象进化的根本原因; 有组织的系统产生的协同作用才是关键。[} / blockquote
[} / blockquote
Swarming is a well-known behaviour in many animal species from marching locusts to schooling fish to flocking birds. Emergent structures are a common strategy found in many animal groups: colonies of ants, mounds built by termites, swarms of bees, shoals/schools of fish, flocks of birds, and herds/packs of mammals.
Swarming is a well-known behaviour in many animal species from marching locusts to schooling fish to flocking birds. Emergent structures are a common strategy found in many animal groups: colonies of ants, mounds built by termites, swarms of bees, shoals/schools of fish, flocks of birds, and herds/packs of mammals.
群集在许多动物物种中是一种众所周知的行为，从蝗虫群集到鱼群，再到群集的鸟类。紧急结构是许多动物群体中常见的策略: 蚁群、白蚁筑成的蚁丘、蜜蜂群、浅滩 / 鱼群、鸟群和哺乳动物群落。
An example to consider in detail is an ant colony. The queen does not give direct orders and does not tell the ants what to do. Instead, each ant reacts to stimuli in the form of chemical scent from larvae, other ants, intruders, food and buildup of waste, and leaves behind a chemical trail, which, in turn, provides a stimulus to other ants. Here each ant is an autonomous unit that reacts depending only on its local environment and the genetically encoded rules for its variety of ant. Despite the lack of centralized decision making, ant colonies exhibit complex behavior and have even demonstrated the ability to solve geometric problems. For example, colonies routinely find the maximum distance from all colony entrances to dispose of dead bodies.
An example to consider in detail is an ant colony. The queen does not give direct orders and does not tell the ants what to do. Instead, each ant reacts to stimuli in the form of chemical scent from larvae, other ants, intruders, food and buildup of waste, and leaves behind a chemical trail, which, in turn, provides a stimulus to other ants. Here each ant is an autonomous unit that reacts depending only on its local environment and the genetically encoded rules for its variety of ant. Despite the lack of centralized decision making, ant colonies exhibit complex behavior and have even demonstrated the ability to solve geometric problems. For example, colonies routinely find the maximum distance from all colony entrances to dispose of dead bodies.
需要详细考虑的一个例子是蚁群。蚁后不会直接下达命令，也不会告诉蚂蚁该做什么。相反，每只蚂蚁对来自幼虫、其他蚂蚁、入侵者、食物和排泄物的化学气味的刺激作出反应，并留下化学痕迹，这反过来刺激其他蚂蚁。在这里，每只蚂蚁都是一个自主的单元，它们的反应仅仅取决于它们所处的局部环境和它们的蚂蚁品种的遗传编码规则。尽管缺乏集中决策，蚁群表现出复杂的行为，甚至证明了解决几何问题的能力。例如，蜂群通常会找到距离所有蜂群入口的最大距离来处理尸体。
It appears that environmental factors may play a role in influencing emergence. Research suggests induced emergence of the bee species Macrotera portalis. In this species, the bees emerge in a pattern consistent with rainfall. Specifically, the pattern of emergence is consistent with southwestern deserts' late summer rains and lack of activity in the spring.
It appears that environmental factors may play a role in influencing emergence. Research suggests induced emergence of the bee species Macrotera portalis. In this species, the bees emerge in a pattern consistent with rainfall. Specifically, the pattern of emergence is consistent with southwestern deserts' late summer rains and lack of activity in the spring.
似乎环境因素可能在影响突现方面发挥作用。研究表明，大翅目(Macrotera portalis)蜜蜂可诱导出苗。在这个物种中，蜜蜂以与降雨量一致的模式出现。具体来说，沙漠羽化的模式与西南部沙漠夏末的降雨和春季缺乏活动的情况相一致。
====Organization of life====
====Organization of life====