“知识图谱”的版本间的差异

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{{About|Google's specific implementation of knowledge graph technology|knowledge engine technology in general|Knowledge engine (disambiguation){{!}}Knowledge engine|knowledge graphs in information science|Knowledge graph}}
 
{{About|Google's specific implementation of knowledge graph technology|knowledge engine technology in general|Knowledge engine (disambiguation){{!}}Knowledge engine|knowledge graphs in information science|Knowledge graph}}
  
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{{use mdy dates|date=May 2012}}
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[[Image:Google Knowledge Panel.png|right|thumb|截至2015年1月在[[Google 搜索]]上显示的关于托马斯·杰弗逊的知识图谱的内容]]
  
  
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'''知识图谱'''是[[Google]]的一个[[知识库]]，Google通过它从各种渠道收集信息,丰富[[Google搜索引擎]]的搜索结果。这些信息会被放在搜索结果旁的一个[[信息框]]中呈现给用户。2012年5月，Google搜索引擎开始引入这项功能，首先可在美国使用，年末扩展到了全球。<ref>{{cite web |url= http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2012/05/introducing-knowledge-graph-things-not.html |title=Introducing the Knowledge Graph: Things, Not Strings |work=Google Official Blog}}</ref> Google把这些出现在搜索结果右侧(移动端出现在顶部)的信息框称为“知识图谱卡”。<ref>{{cite web |title=Your business information in the Knowledge Panel |url=https://support.google.com/business/answer/6331288 |website=Google My Business Help |publisher=[[Google]] |accessdate=December 10, 2017}}</ref>
  
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[[Image:Google Knowledge Panel.png|right|thumb|Knowledge Graph data about Thomas Jefferson displayed on [[Google Search]], as of January 2015]]
 
  
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Knowledge Graph data about Thomas Jefferson displayed on [[Google Search, as of January 2015]]
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Google知识图谱涵盖的内容在其推行后迅速增长，在7个月内增长了三倍(涵盖了5.7亿个信息点和180亿条信息关系<ref>{{cite web |first=Casey |last=Newton |title=Google's Knowledge Graph tripled in size in seven months |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/googles-knowledge-graph-tripled-in-size-in-seven-months/ |website=[[CNET]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=December 4, 2012 |accessdate=December 10, 2017}}</ref>)。到2016年年中，据Google报告，它已经覆盖了700亿个信息关系<ref>{{cite web |first=Barry |last=Schwartz |title=Google's Freebase To Close After Migrating To Wikidata: Knowledge Graph Impact? |url=https://www.seroundtable.com/google-freebase-wikidata-knowledge-graph-19591.html |website=[[Search Engine Roundtable]] |date=December 17, 2014 |accessdate=December 10, 2017}}</ref> ，并解决了每月处理的1000亿次搜索中的“大约三分之一”的问题。到2020年5月，这个数字已经增长到5000亿，涉及50亿个信息点。<ref>{{cite web |first=James |last=Vincent |title=Apple boasts about sales; Google boasts about how good its AI is |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/10/4/13122406/google-phone-event-stats |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=October 4, 2016 |accessdate=December 10, 2017}}</ref>
  
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美国的狮身人面像：托马斯·杰弗逊的性格的知识图表数据显示在[谷歌搜索，截至2015年1月]上
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目前还没有官方文件说明 Google知识图谱是如何实现的。<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1695/paper4.pdf|title=Towards a Definition of Knowledge Graphs|last1=Ehrlinger|first1=Lisa|last2=Wöß|first2=Wolfram|date=2016}}</ref> 根据Google的说法，知识图谱的信息来源很多，包括[[中情局世界概况]]、[[维基数据]]和[[维基百科]]。<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url= http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2012/05/introducing-knowledge-graph-things-not.html |title=Introducing the Knowledge Graph: Things, Not Strings |work=Google Official Blog
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|first=Amit |last=Singhal |date=May 16, 2012 |accessdate=September 6, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Barry |last=Schwartz |title=Google's Freebase To Close After Migrating To Wikidata: Knowledge Graph Impact? |url=https://www.seroundtable.com/google-freebase-wikidata-knowledge-graph-19591.html |website=[[Search Engine Roundtable]] |date=December 17, 2014 |accessdate=December 10, 2017}}</ref> 它被用于回答[[Google助手]]<ref>{{cite web |first=Matthew |last=Lynley |title=Google unveils Google Assistant, a virtual assistant that’s a big upgrade to Google Now |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/05/18/google-unveils-google-assistant-a-big-upgrade-to-google-now/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[Oath Inc.]] |date=May 18, 2016 |accessdate=December 10, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/why-google-assistant-will-win-the-ai-race-2016-10|title=Google is going to win the next major battle in computing|last=Kovach|first=Steve|date=October 4, 2016|website=[[Business Insider]]|publisher=[[Axel Springer SE]]|accessdate=December 10, 2017}}</ref> 和[[Google家庭中]]的语音询问。<ref>{{cite web |first=Dieter |last=Bohn |title=Google Home: a speaker to finally take on the Amazon Echo |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/5/18/11688376/google-home-speaker-announced-virtual-assistant-io-2016 |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=May 18, 2016 |accessdate=December 10, 2017}}</ref>因为它的回答没有来源或引用而引起了许多争议。
  
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== 历史 ==
  
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Google在2012年5月16日正式发布了Google知识图谱，作为一种显著提高Google搜索引擎的信息质量的方式。<ref> name="Introducing the Knowledge Graph">{{cite web |first=Amit |last=Singhal |authorlink=Amit Singhal |title=Introducing the Knowledge Graph: things, not strings |url=https://googleblog.blogspot.no/2012/05/introducing-knowledge-graph-things-not.html |website=Official Google Blog |publisher=[[Google]] |date=May 16, 2012 |accessdate=December 10, 2017}}</ref> 起初只支持英语，2012年12月增加了西班牙语、法语、德语、葡萄牙语、日语、俄罗斯语及意大利语等七种语言。<ref>{{cite web |first=Casey |last=Newton |title=How Google is taking the Knowledge Graph global |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/how-google-is-taking-the-knowledge-graph-global/ |website=[[CNET]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=December 14, 2012 |accessdate=December 10, 2017}}</ref> 2017年3月增加了孟加拉语。<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://india.googleblog.com/2017/03/making-it-easier-to-search-in-bengali.html|title=Making it easier to Search in Bengali|work=Official Google India Blog|access-date=2018-01-26|language=en-US}}</ref>
  
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The '''Knowledge Graph''' is a [[knowledge base]] used by [[Google]] and its services to enhance its [[Google Search|search engine]]'s results with information gathered from a variety of sources. The information is presented to users in an [[infobox]] next to the search results. Knowledge Graph infoboxes were added to Google's search engine in May 2012, starting in the United States, with international expansion by the end of the year.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2012/05/introducing-knowledge-graph-things-not.html |title=Introducing the Knowledge Graph: Things, Not Strings |work=Google Official Blog  
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该知识图谱由[[Freebase]]部分提供支持。<ref>{{cite web |url= http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2012/05/introducing-knowledge-graph-things-not.html |title=Introducing the Knowledge Graph: Things, Not Strings |work=Google Official Blog </ref>
  
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The Knowledge Graph is a knowledge base used by Google and its services to enhance its search engine's results with information gathered from a variety of sources. The information is presented to users in an infobox next to the search results. Knowledge Graph infoboxes were added to Google's search engine in May 2012, starting in the United States, with international expansion by the end of the year.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2012/05/introducing-knowledge-graph-things-not.html |title=Introducing the Knowledge Graph: Things, Not Strings |work=Google Official Blog
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2014年8月，''[[New Scientist]]''杂志报道，Google启动了一个'''知识库'''项目。<ref>{{cite web |first=Hal |last=Hodson |title=Google’s fact-checking bots build vast knowledge bank |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22329832-700-googles-fact-checking-bots-build-vast-knowledge-bank/ |website=[[New Scientist]] |date=August 20, 2014 |accessdate=December 10, 2017}}</ref>文章发表后，Google联系到''[[Search Engine Land]]''，解释说知识库是一篇研究论文，而不是Google的主动服务，在其报道中，''Search Engine Land'' 提到，Google指出：他们在用"很多模型"研究从文本中自动收集语义的可能性。<ref>{{cite web |first=Greg |last=Sterling |title=Google "Knowledge Vault" To Power Future Of Search |url=https://searchengineland.com/google-builds-next-gen-knowledge-graph-future-201640 |website=[[Search Engine Land]] |date=August 25, 2014 |accessdate=December 10, 2017}}</ref> Google知识库旨在处理信息关系，从互联网上自动收集和整合信息，形成一个能够直接回答诸如“麦当娜出生在哪里”等问题的知识库。2014年的一份报告指出，知识图谱聚合了超过16亿信息关系，其中2.71亿被认为是“可信的事实”，被认为可信度超过90%。
  
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知识图谱是一个知识库，谷歌及其服务利用从各种来源收集的信息来增强其搜索引擎的结果。这些信息在搜索结果旁边的信息框中呈现给用户。2012年5月，知识图谱信息框被添加到谷歌的搜索引擎中，从美国开始，到今年年底进行国际扩张。 引入知识图谱: 事物，而不是字符串 |  http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2012/05/Introducing-Knowledge-Graph-Things-Not.html  : Google 官方博客
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== 争议 ==
  
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|first=Amit |last=Singhal |date=May 16, 2012 |accessdate=September 6, 2014}}</ref> The information covered by the Knowledge Graph grew significantly after launch, tripling its size within seven months (covering 570 million entities and 18 billion facts<ref>{{cite web |first=Casey |last=Newton |title=Google's Knowledge Graph tripled in size in seven months |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/googles-knowledge-graph-tripled-in-size-in-seven-months/ |website=[[CNET]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=December 4, 2012 |accessdate=December 10, 2017}}</ref>) and answering "roughly one-third" of the 100 billion monthly searches Google processed in May 2016. The Knowledge Graph has been criticized for providing answers without [[Citation|source attribution or citation]].
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=== 缺乏信息来源 ===
  
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|first=Amit |last=Singhal |date=May 16, 2012 |accessdate=September 6, 2014}}</ref> The information covered by the Knowledge Graph grew significantly after launch, tripling its size within seven months (covering 570 million entities and 18 billion facts) and answering "roughly one-third" of the 100 billion monthly searches Google processed in May 2016. The Knowledge Graph has been criticized for providing answers without source attribution or citation.
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截止2016年5月，Google每月处理的1000亿次搜索中“约三分之一”都会出现出现知识图谱卡。[[维基媒体基金会]]的研究主管 Dario Taraborelli 告诉[[The Washington Post]]，Google知识图谱卡中信息来源的缺失损害了人们判断信息真假的能力，甚至损害到构建完整观点的能力。该报道还称，这些卡片“经常来源不明”，比如女演员Betty White年龄的知识图谱卡就被评价为“来源不明但是语气肯定，仿佛是上帝写下的”。<ref>{{cite web |first=Caitlin |last=Dewey |title=You probably haven’t even noticed Google’s sketchy quest to control the world’s knowledge |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2016/05/11/you-probably-havent-even-noticed-googles-sketchy-quest-to-control-the-worlds-knowledge/ |website=[[The Washington Post]] |date=May 11, 2016 |accessdate=December 10, 2017}}</ref>
  
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返回文章页面知识图谱所涵盖的信息在发布后显著增长，在七个月内增长了三倍(涵盖了5.7亿个实体和180亿个事实) ，并且回答了谷歌在2016年5月每月处理的1,000亿次搜索中的“大约三分之一”。知识图谱因为提供了没有来源归属或引用的答案而受到批评。
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=== 维基百科阅读量减少 ===
  
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据[[The Register]]报道，谷歌搜索结果旁的知识图谱卡上直接显示结果导致维基百科的读者数大幅下降，因为卡片获取了维基百科上的一些信息。<ref>{{cite web |first=Andrew |last=Orlowski |title=Google stabs Wikipedia in the front |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/01/13/google_stabs_wikipedia_in_the_front |website=[[The Register]] |date=January 13, 2014 |accessdate=December 10, 2017}}</ref> [[The Daily Dot]]在2014年指出: “就实际内容而言，维基百科仍然没有真正的竞争对手。大家都在争夺流量。但作为一个非营利组织，流量并不像商业媒体网站那样等同于收入”。 在这篇文章发表后，维基百科的运营团体维基媒体基金会的一位发言人表示，他们“欢迎”知识图谱卡片功能，并正在“调查”流量下降的情况，并且说到“我们也没有发现搜索引擎引荐来源的显著下降。我们还与参与知识图谱卡片工作的谷歌工作人员保持着沟通”。<ref>{{cite web |first=Joe |last=Kloc |title=Is Google accidentally killing Wikipedia? |url=https://www.dailydot.com/news/wikipedia-falling-traffic-meaning/ |website=[[The Daily Dot]] |date=January 8, 2014 |accessdate=December 10, 2017}}</ref>
  
  
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Information from the Knowledge Graph is presented as a box, which Google has referred to as the "knowledge panel", to the right (top on mobile) of search results.<ref>{{cite web |title=Your business information in the Knowledge Panel |url=https://support.google.com/business/answer/6331288 |website=Google My Business Help |publisher=[[Google]] |accessdate=December 10, 2017}}</ref> According to Google, this information is retrieved from many sources, including the ''[[The World Factbook|CIA World Factbook]]'', [[Wikidata]], and [[Wikipedia]].<ref name="Introducing the Knowledge Graph" /><ref>{{cite web |first=Barry |last=Schwartz |title=Google's Freebase To Close After Migrating To Wikidata: Knowledge Graph Impact? |url=https://www.seroundtable.com/google-freebase-wikidata-knowledge-graph-19591.html |website=[[Search Engine Roundtable]] |date=December 17, 2014 |accessdate=December 10, 2017}}</ref> In October 2016, Google announced that the Knowledge Graph held over 70 billion facts.<ref>{{cite web |first=James |last=Vincent |title=Apple boasts about sales; Google boasts about how good its AI is |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/10/4/13122406/google-phone-event-stats |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=October 4, 2016 |accessdate=December 10, 2017}}</ref> There is no official documentation on the technology used for the Knowledge Graph implementation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1695/paper4.pdf|title=Towards a Definition of Knowledge Graphs|last1=Ehrlinger|first1=Lisa|last2=Wöß|first2=Wolfram|date=2016}}</ref>
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== 参见 ==
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Information from the Knowledge Graph is presented as a box, which Google has referred to as the "knowledge panel", to the right (top on mobile) of search results. According to Google, this information is retrieved from many sources, including the CIA World Factbook, Wikidata, and Wikipedia. In October 2016, Google announced that the Knowledge Graph held over 70 billion facts. There is no official documentation on the technology used for the Knowledge Graph implementation.
 
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来自知识图谱的信息被显示为搜索结果右侧(移动设备上方)的一个方框，谷歌称之为“知识面板”。根据谷歌的说法，这些信息可以从很多渠道获得，包括世界概况、维基百科和维基百科。2016年10月，谷歌宣布知识图谱包含了超过700亿的事实。没有关于知识图实现所使用的技术的官方文档。
 
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Information from the Knowledge Graph is used to answer direct spoken questions in [[Google Assistant]]<ref>{{cite web |first=Matthew |last=Lynley |title=Google unveils Google Assistant, a virtual assistant that’s a big upgrade to Google Now |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/05/18/google-unveils-google-assistant-a-big-upgrade-to-google-now/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[Oath Inc.]] |date=May 18, 2016 |accessdate=December 10, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/why-google-assistant-will-win-the-ai-race-2016-10|title=Google is going to win the next major battle in computing|last=Kovach|first=Steve|date=October 4, 2016|website=[[Business Insider]]|publisher=[[Axel Springer SE]]|accessdate=December 10, 2017}}</ref> and [[Google Home]] voice queries.<ref>{{cite web |first=Dieter |last=Bohn |title=Google Home: a speaker to finally take on the Amazon Echo |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/5/18/11688376/google-home-speaker-announced-virtual-assistant-io-2016 |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=May 18, 2016 |accessdate=December 10, 2017}}</ref>
 
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Information from the Knowledge Graph is used to answer direct spoken questions in Google Assistant and Google Home voice queries.
 
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来自知识图谱的信息用于回答谷歌助手和谷歌家庭语音查询中的直接语音问题。
 
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== History ==
 
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Google announced Knowledge Graph on May 16, 2012, as a way to significantly enhance the value of information returned by Google searches.<ref name="Introducing the Knowledge Graph">{{cite web |first=Amit |last=Singhal |authorlink=Amit Singhal |title=Introducing the Knowledge Graph: things, not strings |url=https://googleblog.blogspot.no/2012/05/introducing-knowledge-graph-things-not.html |website=Official Google Blog |publisher=[[Google]] |date=May 16, 2012 |accessdate=December 10, 2017}}</ref> Initially only available in English, the Knowledge Graph was expanded in December 2012 to [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Russian language|Russian]], and [[Italian language|Italian]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Casey |last=Newton |title=How Google is taking the Knowledge Graph global |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/how-google-is-taking-the-knowledge-graph-global/ |website=[[CNET]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=December 14, 2012 |accessdate=December 10, 2017}}</ref> Support for [[Bengali language|Bengali]] was added in March, 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://india.googleblog.com/2017/03/making-it-easier-to-search-in-bengali.html|title=Making it easier to Search in Bengali|work=Official Google India Blog|access-date=2018-01-26|language=en-US}}</ref>
 
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Google announced Knowledge Graph on May 16, 2012, as a way to significantly enhance the value of information returned by Google searches. Initially only available in English, the Knowledge Graph was expanded in December 2012 to Spanish, French, German, Portuguese, Japanese, Russian, and Italian. Support for Bengali was added in March, 2017.
 
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谷歌在2012年5月16日宣布知识图谱，作为一种显著提高谷歌搜索返回的信息价值的方式。最初只有英语版本，2012年12月知识图谱扩展到西班牙语、法语、德语、葡萄牙语、日语、俄语和意大利语。2017年3月增加了对孟加拉语的支持。
 
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The Knowledge Graph was powered in part by [[Freebase (database)|Freebase]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2012/05/introducing-knowledge-graph-things-not.html |title=Introducing the Knowledge Graph: Things, Not Strings |work=Google Official Blog
 
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The Knowledge Graph was powered in part by Freebase.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2012/05/introducing-knowledge-graph-things-not.html |title=Introducing the Knowledge Graph: Things, Not Strings |work=Google Official Blog
 
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知识图谱部分由 Freebase 提供支持。 引入知识图谱: 事物，而不是字符串 |  http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2012/05/Introducing-Knowledge-Graph-Things-Not.html  : Google 官方博客
 
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|first=Amit |last=Singhal |date=May 16, 2012 |accessdate=July 31, 2019}}</ref>
 
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|first=Amit |last=Singhal |date=May 16, 2012 |accessdate=July 31, 2019}}</ref>
 
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| first Amit | last Singhal | date May 16,2012 | accessdate July 31,2019} / ref
 
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In August 2014, ''[[New Scientist]]'' reported that Google had launched '''Knowledge Vault'''.<ref>{{cite web |first=Hal |last=Hodson |title=Google’s fact-checking bots build vast knowledge bank |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22329832-700-googles-fact-checking-bots-build-vast-knowledge-bank/ |website=[[New Scientist]] |date=August 20, 2014 |accessdate=December 10, 2017}}</ref> After publication, Google reached out to ''[[Search Engine Land]]'' to explain that Knowledge Vault was a research paper, not an active Google service, and in its report, ''Search Engine Land'' referenced indications by the company that "numerous models" were being experimented with to examine the possibility of automatically gathering meaning from text.<ref>{{cite web |first=Greg |last=Sterling |title=Google "Knowledge Vault" To Power Future Of Search |url=https://searchengineland.com/google-builds-next-gen-knowledge-graph-future-201640 |website=[[Search Engine Land]] |date=August 25, 2014 |accessdate=December 10, 2017}}</ref>  The Knowledge Vault was meant to deal with facts, automatically gathering and merging information from across the Internet into a knowledge base capable of answering direct questions, such as "Where was [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] born". It was reported that its main ability over the Knowledge Graph was to gather information automatically rather than relying on crowd sourced facts compiled by humans; by the time of the 2014 report, it had collected over 1.6 billion facts, 271 million of which were considered "confident facts", a term for information deemed more than 90% true.
 
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In August 2014, New Scientist reported that Google had launched Knowledge Vault. After publication, Google reached out to Search Engine Land to explain that Knowledge Vault was a research paper, not an active Google service, and in its report, Search Engine Land referenced indications by the company that "numerous models" were being experimented with to examine the possibility of automatically gathering meaning from text.  The Knowledge Vault was meant to deal with facts, automatically gathering and merging information from across the Internet into a knowledge base capable of answering direct questions, such as "Where was Madonna born". It was reported that its main ability over the Knowledge Graph was to gather information automatically rather than relying on crowd sourced facts compiled by humans; by the time of the 2014 report, it had collected over 1.6 billion facts, 271 million of which were considered "confident facts", a term for information deemed more than 90% true.
 
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2014年8月，《新科学家》杂志报道说，谷歌已经启动了知识库。发表后，谷歌联系了 Search Engine Land，解释说知识库是一篇研究论文，不是谷歌的活跃服务，在其报告中，Search Engine Land 引用了该公司的一些迹象，即正在试验“多种模型” ，以检验从文本中自动收集意义的可能性。知识库旨在处理事实，自动收集并整合来自互联网的信息，形成一个能够直接回答诸如“麦当娜出生在哪里”等问题的知识库。据报告，它在知识图谱方面的主要能力是自动收集信息，而不是依靠人为汇编的众包事实; 截至2014年报告时，它已收集了16亿多事实，其中2.71亿被视为”确信事实” ，这个术语指的是被认为超过90% 正确的信息。
 
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== Criticism ==
 
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=== Lack of source attribution ===
 
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By May 2016, knowledge boxes were appearing for "roughly one-third" of the estimated 100 billion monthly searches the company processed. Dario Taraborelli, head of research at the [[Wikimedia Foundation]], told ''[[The Washington Post]]'' that Google's omission of sources in its knowledge boxes "undermines people’s ability to verify information and, ultimately, to develop well-informed opinions". The publication also reported that the boxes are "frequently unattributed", such as a knowledge box on the age of actress [[Betty White]], which is "as unsourced and absolute as if handed down by God".<ref>{{cite web |first=Caitlin |last=Dewey |title=You probably haven’t even noticed Google’s sketchy quest to control the world’s knowledge |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2016/05/11/you-probably-havent-even-noticed-googles-sketchy-quest-to-control-the-worlds-knowledge/ |website=[[The Washington Post]] |date=May 11, 2016 |accessdate=December 10, 2017}}</ref>
 
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By May 2016, knowledge boxes were appearing for "roughly one-third" of the estimated 100 billion monthly searches the company processed. Dario Taraborelli, head of research at the Wikimedia Foundation, told The Washington Post that Google's omission of sources in its knowledge boxes "undermines people’s ability to verify information and, ultimately, to develop well-informed opinions". The publication also reported that the boxes are "frequently unattributed", such as a knowledge box on the age of actress Betty White, which is "as unsourced and absolute as if handed down by God".
 
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到2016年5月，在该公司每月处理的约1000亿次搜索中，“大约三分之一”的知识盒出现了。维基媒体基金会的研究主管 Dario Taraborelli 告诉《华盛顿邮报》 ，谷歌在其知识库中遗漏信息来源，“损害了人们核实信息的能力，并最终形成消息灵通的观点”。该出版物还报道称，这些盒子“经常不具名” ，比如一个关于女演员贝蒂 · 怀特年龄的知识盒，“来源不明，绝对无误，就像上帝传下来的一样”。
 
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=== Declining Wikipedia article readership ===
 
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According to ''[[The Register]]'', the implementation of direct answers in Google search results has caused significant readership declines for the online encyclopedia [[Wikipedia]], from which the Knowledge Graph obtains some of its information.<ref>{{cite web |first=Andrew |last=Orlowski |title=Google stabs Wikipedia in the front |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/01/13/google_stabs_wikipedia_in_the_front |website=[[The Register]] |date=January 13, 2014 |accessdate=December 10, 2017}}</ref> ''[[The Daily Dot]]'' noted in 2014 that "Wikipedia still has no real competitor as far as actual content is concerned. All that's up for grabs are traffic stats. And as a nonprofit, traffic numbers don't equate into revenue in the same way they do for a commercial media site". After the article's publication, a spokesperson for the [[Wikimedia Foundation]], which operates Wikipedia, stated that it "welcomes" the Knowledge Graph functionality, that it was "looking into" the traffic drops, and that "We've also not noticed a significant drop in search engine referrals. We also have a continuing dialog with staff from Google working on the Knowledge Panel".<ref>{{cite web |first=Joe |last=Kloc |title=Is Google accidentally killing Wikipedia? |url=https://www.dailydot.com/news/wikipedia-falling-traffic-meaning/ |website=[[The Daily Dot]] |date=January 8, 2014 |accessdate=December 10, 2017}}</ref>
 
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According to The Register, the implementation of direct answers in Google search results has caused significant readership declines for the online encyclopedia Wikipedia, from which the Knowledge Graph obtains some of its information. The Daily Dot noted in 2014 that "Wikipedia still has no real competitor as far as actual content is concerned. All that's up for grabs are traffic stats. And as a nonprofit, traffic numbers don't equate into revenue in the same way they do for a commercial media site". After the article's publication, a spokesperson for the Wikimedia Foundation, which operates Wikipedia, stated that it "welcomes" the Knowledge Graph functionality, that it was "looking into" the traffic drops, and that "We've also not noticed a significant drop in search engine referrals. We also have a continuing dialog with staff from Google working on the Knowledge Panel".
 
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据《登记册》报道，谷歌搜索结果中直接答案的使用导致在线百科全书维基百科的读者人数明显下降，知识图谱从中获取了一些信息。《每日点报》在2014年指出，“就实际内容而言，维基百科仍然没有真正的竞争对手。所有这些都是交通统计数据。而且作为一个非营利组织，流量数字并不像商业媒体网站那样等同于收入。”。这篇文章发表后，运营维基百科的维基媒体基金会发言人表示，他们“欢迎”知识图谱功能，正在“调查”流量下降的情况，并且“我们也没有注意到搜索引擎推荐数量的显著下降。我们还与谷歌知识小组的工作人员不断进行对话”。
 
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== See also ==
 
  
 
{{Portal|Internet}}
 
{{Portal|Internet}}
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* [[Linked data]]
 
* [[Linked data]]
  
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* [[Ontology (information science)]] – also called knowledge graphs
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* [[Ontology (information science)]] – 也被叫做知识图
  
 
* [[Semantic integration]]
 
* [[Semantic integration]]
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==References==
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==参考文献==
  
 
{{reflist|30em}}
 
{{reflist|30em}}

2020年8月11日 (二) 15:04的版本

此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。

25px  此article介紹的是Google's specific implementation of knowledge graph technology。For knowledge engine technology in general, see Knowledge engine. For knowledge graphs in information science, see Knowledge graph.
截至2015年1月在Google 搜索上显示的关于托马斯·杰弗逊的知识图谱的内容


知识图谱是Google的一个知识库，Google通过它从各种渠道收集信息,丰富Google搜索引擎的搜索结果。这些信息会被放在搜索结果旁的一个信息框中呈现给用户。2012年5月，Google搜索引擎开始引入这项功能，首先可在美国使用，年末扩展到了全球。[1] Google把这些出现在搜索结果右侧(移动端出现在顶部)的信息框称为“知识图谱卡”。[2]


Google知识图谱涵盖的内容在其推行后迅速增长，在7个月内增长了三倍(涵盖了5.7亿个信息点和180亿条信息关系[3])。到2016年年中，据Google报告，它已经覆盖了700亿个信息关系[4] ，并解决了每月处理的1000亿次搜索中的“大约三分之一”的问题。到2020年5月，这个数字已经增长到5000亿，涉及50亿个信息点。[5]

目前还没有官方文件说明 Google知识图谱是如何实现的。[6] 根据Google的说法，知识图谱的信息来源很多，包括中情局世界概况、维基数据和维基百科。[7][8] 它被用于回答Google助手[9][10] 和Google家庭中的语音询问。[11]因为它的回答没有来源或引用而引起了许多争议。

历史

Google在2012年5月16日正式发布了Google知识图谱，作为一种显著提高Google搜索引擎的信息质量的方式。[12] 起初只支持英语，2012年12月增加了西班牙语、法语、德语、葡萄牙语、日语、俄罗斯语及意大利语等七种语言。[13] 2017年3月增加了孟加拉语。[14]

该知识图谱由Freebase部分提供支持。[15]

2014年8月，New Scientist杂志报道，Google启动了一个知识库项目。[16]文章发表后，Google联系到Search Engine Land，解释说知识库是一篇研究论文，而不是Google的主动服务，在其报道中，Search Engine Land 提到，Google指出：他们在用"很多模型"研究从文本中自动收集语义的可能性。[17] Google知识库旨在处理信息关系，从互联网上自动收集和整合信息，形成一个能够直接回答诸如“麦当娜出生在哪里”等问题的知识库。2014年的一份报告指出，知识图谱聚合了超过16亿信息关系，其中2.71亿被认为是“可信的事实”，被认为可信度超过90%。

争议

缺乏信息来源

截止2016年5月，Google每月处理的1000亿次搜索中“约三分之一”都会出现出现知识图谱卡。维基媒体基金会的研究主管 Dario Taraborelli 告诉The Washington Post，Google知识图谱卡中信息来源的缺失损害了人们判断信息真假的能力，甚至损害到构建完整观点的能力。该报道还称，这些卡片“经常来源不明”，比如女演员Betty White年龄的知识图谱卡就被评价为“来源不明但是语气肯定，仿佛是上帝写下的”。[18]

维基百科阅读量减少

据The Register报道，谷歌搜索结果旁的知识图谱卡上直接显示结果导致维基百科的读者数大幅下降，因为卡片获取了维基百科上的一些信息。[19] The Daily Dot在2014年指出: “就实际内容而言，维基百科仍然没有真正的竞争对手。大家都在争夺流量。但作为一个非营利组织，流量并不像商业媒体网站那样等同于收入”。 在这篇文章发表后，维基百科的运营团体维基媒体基金会的一位发言人表示，他们“欢迎”知识图谱卡片功能，并正在“调查”流量下降的情况，并且说到“我们也没有发现搜索引擎引荐来源的显著下降。我们还与参与知识图谱卡片工作的谷歌工作人员保持着沟通”。[20]


参见

模板:Portal


参考文献

  1. ↑ "Introducing the Knowledge Graph: Things, Not Strings". Google Official Blog.
  2. ↑ "Your business information in the Knowledge Panel". Google My Business Help. Google. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  3. ↑ Newton, Casey (December 4, 2012). "Google's Knowledge Graph tripled in size in seven months". CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  4. ↑ Schwartz, Barry (December 17, 2014). "Google's Freebase To Close After Migrating To Wikidata: Knowledge Graph Impact?". Search Engine Roundtable. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  5. ↑ Vincent, James (October 4, 2016). "Apple boasts about sales; Google boasts about how good its AI is". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  6. ↑ Ehrlinger, Lisa; Wöß, Wolfram (2016). "Towards a Definition of Knowledge Graphs" (PDF).
  7. ↑ Singhal, Amit (May 16, 2012). "Introducing the Knowledge Graph: Things, Not Strings". Google Official Blog. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
  8. ↑ Schwartz, Barry (December 17, 2014). "Google's Freebase To Close After Migrating To Wikidata: Knowledge Graph Impact?". Search Engine Roundtable. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  9. ↑ Lynley, Matthew (May 18, 2016). "Google unveils Google Assistant, a virtual assistant that's a big upgrade to Google Now". TechCrunch. Oath Inc. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  10. ↑ Kovach, Steve (October 4, 2016). "Google is going to win the next major battle in computing". Business Insider. Axel Springer SE. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  11. ↑ Bohn, Dieter (May 18, 2016). "Google Home: a speaker to finally take on the Amazon Echo". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  12. ↑ name="Introducing the Knowledge Graph">Singhal, Amit (May 16, 2012). "Introducing the Knowledge Graph: things, not strings". Official Google Blog. Google. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  13. ↑ Newton, Casey (December 14, 2012). "How Google is taking the Knowledge Graph global". CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  14. ↑ "Making it easier to Search in Bengali". Official Google India Blog (in English). Retrieved 2018-01-26.
  15. ↑ {{cite web |url= http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2012/05/introducing-knowledge-graph-things-not.html |title=Introducing the Knowledge Graph: Things, Not Strings |work=Google Official Blog
  16. ↑ Hodson, Hal (August 20, 2014). "Google's fact-checking bots build vast knowledge bank". New Scientist. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  17. ↑ Sterling, Greg (August 25, 2014). "Google "Knowledge Vault" To Power Future Of Search". Search Engine Land. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  18. ↑ Dewey, Caitlin (May 11, 2016). "You probably haven't even noticed Google's sketchy quest to control the world's knowledge". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  19. ↑ Orlowski, Andrew (January 13, 2014). "Google stabs Wikipedia in the front". The Register. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  20. ↑ Kloc, Joe (January 8, 2014). "Is Google accidentally killing Wikipedia?". The Daily Dot. Retrieved December 10, 2017.

模板:Computable knowledge

模板:Google Inc.

Category:Google Search

分类: 谷歌搜索

Category:Internet search engines

分类: 互联网搜索引擎

Category:Knowledge bases

类别: 知识库

Category:Products introduced in 2012

类别: 2012年推出的产品


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