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第186行： − 因果循环图有助于将系统的结构和行为可视化，并对系统进行定性分析。为了进行更详细的定量分析，环路图被转换成库存和流程图。库存和流量模型有助于对系统进行定量研究和分析，这些模型通常是用计算机软件建立和模拟的。+ 第192行：
第196行： − 库存是指随着时间的推移而累积或消耗的任何实体。流量是股票的变化率。+ 第252行：
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无编辑摘要
此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。[[Image:Adoption SFD ANI s.gif|thumb|327px|Dynamic stock and flow diagram of model ''New product adoption'' (model from article by [[John Sterman]] 2001)新产品采用模式的动态库存和流程图（模式来自文章John Sterman 2001）]]
此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。[[Image:Adoption SFD ANI s.gif|thumb|327px|Dynamic stock and flow diagram of model ''New product adoption'' (model from article by [[John Sterman]] 2001)新产品采用模式的动态存量流量图（模式来自文章John Sterman 2001）]]
Dynamic stock and flow diagram of model New product adoption (model from article by [[John Sterman 2001)]]
Dynamic stock and flow diagram of model New product adoption (model from article by [[John Sterman 2001)]]
新产品采用模式的动态存量流量图(模式来自文章[ John Sterman 2001]])
The second major noncorporate application of system dynamics came shortly after the first. In 1970, Jay Forrester was invited by the Club of Rome to a meeting in Bern, Switzerland. The Club of Rome is an organization devoted to solving what its members describe as the "predicament of mankind"—that is, the global crisis that may appear sometime in the future, due to the demands being placed on the Earth's carrying capacity (its sources of renewable and nonrenewable resources and its sinks for the disposal of pollutants) by the world's exponentially growing population. At the Bern meeting, Forrester was asked if system dynamics could be used to address the predicament of mankind. His answer, of course, was that it could. On the plane back from the Bern meeting, Forrester created the first draft of a system dynamics model of the world's socioeconomic system. He called this model WORLD1. Upon his return to the United States, Forrester refined WORLD1 in preparation for a visit to MIT by members of the Club of Rome. Forrester called the refined version of the model WORLD2. Forrester published WORLD2 in a book titled World Dynamics.
The second major noncorporate application of system dynamics came shortly after the first. In 1970, Jay Forrester was invited by the Club of Rome to a meeting in Bern, Switzerland. The Club of Rome is an organization devoted to solving what its members describe as the "predicament of mankind"—that is, the global crisis that may appear sometime in the future, due to the demands being placed on the Earth's carrying capacity (its sources of renewable and nonrenewable resources and its sinks for the disposal of pollutants) by the world's exponentially growing population. At the Bern meeting, Forrester was asked if system dynamics could be used to address the predicament of mankind. His answer, of course, was that it could. On the plane back from the Bern meeting, Forrester created the first draft of a system dynamics model of the world's socioeconomic system. He called this model WORLD1. Upon his return to the United States, Forrester refined WORLD1 in preparation for a visit to MIT by members of the Club of Rome. Forrester called the refined version of the model WORLD2. Forrester published WORLD2 in a book titled World Dynamics.
系统动力学的第一个非公司领域的应用出现之后，紧随其后出现了第二个主要的非公司应用。1970年，Jay Forrester 应罗马俱乐部的邀请参加了在瑞士伯尔尼举行的一次会议。罗马俱乐部是一个致力于解决其成员所描述的”人类困境”的组织，即今后某个时候可能出现的全球危机，因为世界人口呈指数增长，对地球的承载能力（可再生和不可再生资源的来源及其处理污染物的汇）提出了要求。在伯尔尼会议上，Forrester 被问及是否可以用系统动力学来解决人类的困境。当然，他的回答是可以。在从伯尔尼会议回来的飞机上，弗雷斯特创建了世界社会经济系统系统动力学模型的初稿。他把这个模型叫做 WORLD1。回到美国后，弗雷斯特精炼了 WORLD1，为罗马俱乐部成员访问麻省理工学院做准备。称这个模型为 WORLD2的改进版本。在一本名为《世界动力学》的书中出版了 WORLD2。
系统动力学的第一个非公司领域的应用出现之后，紧随其后出现了第二个主要的非公司应用。1970年，Jay Forrester 应罗马俱乐部的邀请参加了在瑞士伯尔尼举行的一次会议。罗马俱乐部是一个致力于解决其成员所描述的”人类困境”的组织，即今后某个时候可能出现的全球危机，因为世界人口呈指数增长，对地球的承载能力（可再生和不可再生资源的来源及其处理污染物的汇）提出了要求。在伯尔尼会议上，Forrester 被问及是否可以用系统动力学来解决人类的困境。当然，他的回答是可以。在从伯尔尼会议回来的飞机上，弗雷斯特创建了世界社会经济系统系统动力学模型的初稿。他把这个模型叫做 WORLD1。回到美国后，弗雷斯特精炼了 WORLD1，为罗马俱乐部成员访问麻省理工学院做准备，称这个模型为 WORLD2的改进版本，并在一本名为《世界动力学》的书中出版了 WORLD2。
==系统动力学主题 Topics in systems dynamics==
==系统动力学主题 Topics in systems dynamics==
The elements of system dynamics diagrams are feedback, accumulation of flows into stocks and time delays.
The elements of system dynamics diagrams are feedback, accumulation of flows into stocks and time delays.
系统动力学图的要素包括反馈、流到存量的累积和时间延迟。
===库存和流程图 Stock and flow diagrams===
===存量-流量图 Stock and flow diagrams===
这里Stock有文献描述为流位变量，具体翻译成什么内容有待考虑，下同
这里Stock有文献描述为流位变量，具体翻译成什么内容有待考虑，下同
建议翻译为：存量和流量-liujing
{{Main article|Stock and flow}}
{{Main article|Stock and flow}}
Causal loop diagrams aid in visualizing a system’s structure and behavior, and analyzing the system qualitatively. To perform a more detailed quantitative analysis, a causal loop diagram is transformed to a stock and flow diagram. A stock and flow model helps in studying and analyzing the system in a quantitative way; such models are usually built and simulated using computer software.
Causal loop diagrams aid in visualizing a system’s structure and behavior, and analyzing the system qualitatively. To perform a more detailed quantitative analysis, a causal loop diagram is transformed to a stock and flow diagram. A stock and flow model helps in studying and analyzing the system in a quantitative way; such models are usually built and simulated using computer software.
因果循环图有助于将系统的结构和行为可视化，并对系统进行定性分析。为了进行更详细的定量分析，环路图被转换成存量-流量图。存量-流量模型有助于对系统进行定量研究和分析，这些模型通常是用计算机软件建立和模拟的。
A stock is the term for any entity that accumulates or depletes over time. A flow is the rate of change in a stock.
A stock is the term for any entity that accumulates or depletes over time. A flow is the rate of change in a stock.
存量是指随着时间的推移而累积或消耗的任何实体。流量是股票的变化率。
*Identify the most important stocks and flows that change these stock levels 确定改变这些库存水平的最重要的库存和流量
*Identify the most important stocks and flows that change these stock levels 确定改变这些存量水平的最重要的存量和流量
*Draw a causal loop diagram that links the stocks, flows and sources of information 绘制一个因果循环图，将库存、流量和信息来源联系起来
*Draw a causal loop diagram that links the stocks, flows and sources of information 绘制一个因果循环图，将存量、流量和信息来源联系起来
[[Image:Adoption SFD ANI.gif|centre|Dynamic stock and flow diagram of ''New product adoption'' model “新产品采用”模型的动态库存和流程图|frame]]
[[Image:Adoption SFD ANI.gif|centre|Dynamic stock and flow diagram of ''New product adoption'' model “新产品采用”模型的动态存量流量图|frame]]
frame
frame
To get intermediate values and better accuracy, the model can run in continuous time: we multiply the number of units of time and we proportionally divide values that change stock levels. In this example we multiply the 15 years by 4 to obtain 60 trimesters, and we divide the value of the flow by 4.<br>
To get intermediate values and better accuracy, the model can run in continuous time: we multiply the number of units of time and we proportionally divide values that change stock levels. In this example we multiply the 15 years by 4 to obtain 60 trimesters, and we divide the value of the flow by 4.<br>
为了得到中间值和更好的准确性，该模型可以在连续时间内运行: 我们乘以时间单位的数量，并按比例除以改变库存水平的值。在这个例子中，我们把15年乘以4得到60个三个月，然后我们把流量的值除以4。 Br
为了得到中间值和更好的准确性，该模型可以在连续时间内运行: 我们乘以时间单位的数量，并按比例除以改变存量水平的值。在这个例子中，我们把15年乘以4得到60个三个月，然后我们把流量的值除以4。 Br
Dividing the value is the simplest with the [[Euler method]], but other methods could be employed instead, such as [[Runge–Kutta methods]].
Dividing the value is the simplest with the [[Euler method]], but other methods could be employed instead, such as [[Runge–Kutta methods]].
框架
框架
==申请 Application==
==应用 Application==
System dynamics has found application in a wide range of areas, for example [[Population dynamics|population]], agriculture<ref>F. H. A. Rahim, N. N. Hawari and N. Z. Abidin, “Supply and demand of rice in Malaysia: A system dynamics approach”, International Journal of Supply Chain and Management, Vol.6, No.4, pp. 234-240, 2017.</ref>, [[Ecosystem model|ecological]] and [[Economics|economic]] systems, which usually interact strongly with each other.
System dynamics has found application in a wide range of areas, for example [[Population dynamics|population]], agriculture<ref>F. H. A. Rahim, N. N. Hawari and N. Z. Abidin, “Supply and demand of rice in Malaysia: A system dynamics approach”, International Journal of Supply Chain and Management, Vol.6, No.4, pp. 234-240, 2017.</ref>, [[Ecosystem model|ecological]] and [[Economics|economic]] systems, which usually interact strongly with each other.
*Analyze and compare assumptions and [[mental model]]s about the way things work 分析和比较关于事物运作方式的假设和'''心理模型 Mental model'''
*Analyze and compare assumptions and [[mental model]]s about the way things work 分析和比较关于事物运作方式的假设和'''心智模型 Mental model'''
Objective: study of a crank-connecting rod system.<br /> We want to model a crank-connecting rod system through a system dynamic model. Two different full descriptions of the physical system with related systems of equations can be found here and here ; they give the same results. In this example, the crank, with variable radius and angular frequency, will drive a piston with a variable connecting rod length.
Objective: study of a crank-connecting rod system.<br /> We want to model a crank-connecting rod system through a system dynamic model. Two different full descriptions of the physical system with related systems of equations can be found here and here ; they give the same results. In this example, the crank, with variable radius and angular frequency, will drive a piston with a variable connecting rod length.
目的: 研究曲柄连杆机构。 通过建立系统动力学模型，对曲柄连杆机构进行建模。在这里和这里可以找到对物理系统和相关方程组的两种不同的完整描述，它们给出了相同的结果。在这个例子中，可变半径和角频率的曲柄将驱动连杆长度可变的活塞。
目的: 研究曲柄连杆机构。 通过建立系统动力学模型，对曲柄连杆机构进行建模。在这里可以找到对物理系统和相关方程组的两种不同的完整描述，它们给出了相同的结果。在这个例子中，可变半径和角频率的曲柄将驱动连杆长度可变的活塞。
# System dynamic modeling: the system is now modeled, according to a stock and flow system dynamic logic.<br /> The figure below shows the stock and flow diagram [[Image:TRUE Piston SFD.png|centre|Stock and flow diagram for crank-connecting rod system 曲柄连杆系统的库存和流程图|frame]]
# System dynamic modeling: the system is now modeled, according to a stock and flow system dynamic logic.<br /> The figure below shows the stock and flow diagram [[Image:TRUE Piston SFD.png|centre|Stock and flow diagram for crank-connecting rod system 曲柄连杆系统的存量流量图|frame]]
System dynamic modeling: the system is now modeled, according to a stock and flow system dynamic logic.<br /> The figure below shows the stock and flow diagram frame
System dynamic modeling: the system is now modeled, according to a stock and flow system dynamic logic.<br /> The figure below shows the stock and flow diagram frame
系统动态建模: 根据库存和流量系统的动态逻辑对系统进行建模。 Br / 下图显示了库存和流程图框架
系统动态建模: 根据存量和流量系统的动态逻辑对系统进行建模。 Br / 下图显示了存量-流量图框架
# Simulation: the behavior of the crank-connecting rod dynamic system can then be simulated.<br /> The next figure is a 3D simulation created using [[procedural animation]]. Variables of the model animate all parts of this animation: crank, radius, angular frequency, rod length, and piston position.
# Simulation: the behavior of the crank-connecting rod dynamic system can then be simulated.<br /> The next figure is a 3D simulation created using [[procedural animation]]. Variables of the model animate all parts of this animation: crank, radius, angular frequency, rod length, and piston position.